Development of a DNAzyme-Driven Fluorescent Light-Up Aptasensor for Label-Free Detection of Multiple lncRNAs.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as the dynamic regulatory molecules that control the expression of genes and affect numerous biological processes, and their dysregulation is associated with tumor progression. Herein, we develop a fluorescent light-up aptasensor to simultaneously measure multiple lncRNAs in living cells and breast tissue samples based on the DNAzyme-mediated cleavage reaction and transcription-driven synthesis of light-up aptamers. When target lncRNAs are present, they can be recognized by template probes to form the active DNAzyme structures, initiating the T4 PNK-catalyzed dephosphorylation-triggered extension reaction to generate double-strand DNAs with the T7 promoter sequences. The corresponding T7 promoters can initiate the transcription amplification catalyzed by the T7 RNA polymerase to generate abundant Broccoli aptamers and malachite green aptamers, which can bind DFHBI-1T and MG to generate strong fluorescence signals. Taking advantage of the good selectivity of DNAzyme-mediated cleavage of lncRNAs, high amplification efficiency of T7 transcription-driven amplification reaction, and bright fluorescence of the RNA aptamer-fluorophore complex, this method exhibits high sensitivity with a detection limit of 21.4 aM for lncRNA HOTAIR and 18.47 aM for lncRNA MALAT1, and it can accurately measure multiple lncRNAs in both tumor cell lines and breast tissue samples, providing a powerful paradigm for biomedical research and early clinic diagnostics.

High SNHG expression may predict a poor lung cancer prognosis based on a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been revealed to be dysregulated in lung cancer tissues, and abnormal expression of SNHGs is significantly correlated with the prognosis of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to explore the correlation between the expression level of SNHGs and the prognosis of lung cancer. METHODS: A comprehensive search of six related databases was conducted to obtain relevant literature. Relevant information, such as overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), TNM stage, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and tumor size, was extracted. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to evaluate the relationship between SNHG expression and the survival outcome of lung cancers. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were performed to explore the stability and reliability of the overall results. RESULTS: Forty publications involving 2205 lung cancer patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled HR and 95% CI values indicated a significant positive association between high SNHG expression and poor OS (HR: 1.890, 95% CI: 1.595-2.185), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.57-3.39) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 2.01, 95% CI: 0.66-6.07). The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI values indicated that increased SNHG expression may be correlated with advanced TNM stage (OR: 1.509, 95% CI: 1.267-1.799), increase risk of distant lymph node metastasis (OR: 1.540, 95% CI: 1.298-1.828), and large tumor size (OR: 1.509, 95% CI: 1.245-1.829). Sensitivity analysis and publication bias results showed that each result had strong reliability and robustness, and there was no significant publication bias or other bias. CONCLUSION: Most SNHGs are upregulated in lung cancer tissues, and high expression of SNHGs predicts poor survival outcomes in lung cancer. SNHGs may be potential prognostic markers and promising therapeutic targets.

Pseudouridine Detection and Quantification Using Bisulfite Incorporation Hindered Ligation.

Pseudouridine (Ψ) is a widespread RNA modification found in various RNA species, including rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, mRNA, and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Understanding the function of Ψ in these RNA types requires a robust method for the detection and quantification of the Ψ level at single-nucleotide resolution. A previously used method utilizes Ψ labeling by N-cyclohexyl-N'-ß-(4-methylmorpholinium)ethylcarbodiimide (CMC). The quantification of Ψ is based on the stop ratio after reverse transcription. However, the use of CMC followed by strong alkaline treatment causes severe RNA degradation, often requiring a large amount of RNA. The removal of CMC and recovery of RNA by ethanol precipitation are also time-consuming. Here, we introduce a Bisulfite Incorporation Hindered ligation-based method (BIHIND), which can detect and quantify Ψ sites on rRNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNA. BIHIND can be coupled with quantitative PCR (BIHIND-qPCR) for quantitative detection of Ψ fraction at individual modification sites, as well as with next-generation sequencing (BIHIND-seq) for high-throughput sequencing of Ψ without requiring reverse transcription. We validated the robustness of BIHIND with the elucidation of Ψ dynamics following pseudouridine synthase depletion.

Quantum Dots-Based Protocols for the Detection of RNAs.

RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a crucial role in various cellular processes and is involved in the development and progression of several diseases. RNA molecules have gained considerable attention as potential biomarkers for various ailments, as they reflect the activity of genes in a particular cell or tissue. By measuring the levels of specific RNA molecules, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), researchers can infer the expression patterns of genes associated with a particular disease. Aberrant expression of specific miRNAs or lncRNAs has been associated with conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. Detection and quantification of these RNAs in biological samples, such as blood or tissue, can provide valuable diagnostic or prognostic information. Yet their analysis is a challenging endeavor due to their length, sequence similarity across family members, sensitivity to disintegration, and low quantity in total samples. New advances in nanophotonics have provided novel options for fabrication of quantum dots (QDs)-based biosensing devices capable of detecting a variety of disease-specific RNAs. Thus, we proposed and designed a nanophotonic method employing oligonucleotide-conjugated quantum dot nanoconjugates for the rapid and accurate detection of RNAs. Despite the abundance of other molecules in the sample, the approach delivers highly selective, precise identification of the target RNAs. The data also indicated the method's great practicality and simplicity in determining RNAs selectively. Overall, the approach enables the evaluation of RNA expression in relation to the initial onset and progression of a human health disorder.

The long noncoding RNAs lnc10 and lnc11 regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba.

Although long non-coding RNAs have been recognized to play important roles in plant, their possible functions and potential mechanism in Ginkgo biloba flavonoid biosynthesis are poorly understood. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites and healthy components of Ginkgo biloba. They have been widely used in food, medicine, and natural health products. Most previous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms of structural genes and transcription factors that regulate flavonoid biosynthesis. Few reports have examined the biological functions of flavonoid biosynthesis by long non-coding RNAs in G. biloba. Long noncoding RNAs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba have been identified through RNA sequencing, but the function of lncRNAs has not been reported. In this study, the expression levels of lnc10 and lnc11 were identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that lnc10 and lnc11 were expressed in all detected organs, and they showed significantly higher levels in immature and mature leaves than in other organs. In addition, to fully identify the function of lnc10 and lnc11 in flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba, lnc10 and lnc11 were cloned from G. biloba, and were transformed into Arabidopsis and overexpressed. Compared with the wild type, the flavonoid content was increased in transgenic plants. Moreover, the RNA-sequencing analysis of wild-type, lnc10-overexpression, and lnc11-overexpression plants screened out 2019 and 2552 differentially expressed genes, and the transcript levels of structural genes and transcription factors associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were higher in transgenic Arabidopsis than in the wild type, indicating that lnc10 and lnc11 activated flavonoid biosynthesis in the transgenic lines. Overall, these results suggest that lnc10 and lnc11 positively regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba.

Expression analysis of long non-coding RNAs in a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) profile on renal ischemia reperfusion in a mouse model. Methods: Microarray analysis was used to study the expression of misregulated lncRNA in a mouse model of renal ischemia reperfusion(I/R) with long ischemia time. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to verify the expression of selected lncRNAs and mRNAs.The potential functions of the lncRNA was analyzed by bioinformatics tools and databases. Results: Kidney function was impaired in I/R group compared to the normal group. Analysis showed that a total of 2267 lncRNAs and 2341 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were significantly expressed in I/R group (≥2.0-fold, p < 0.05).The qPCR result showed that lncRNAs and mRNAs expression were consistent with the microarray analysis. The co-expression network profile analysis based on five validated lncRNAs and 203 interacted mRNAs showed it existed a total of 208 nodes and 333 connections. The GO and KEEG pathway analysis results showed that multiple lncRNAs are involved the mechanism of I/R. Conclusion: Multiple lncRNAs are involved in the mechanism of I/R.These analysis results will help us to further understand the mechanism of I/R and promote the new methods targeted at lncRNA to improve I/R injury.

lncRNA CCAT1 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the expression patterns of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) and the changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion induced by silencing CCAT1 in bladder cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The expression levels of CCAT1 were determined using realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cancerous tissues and paired normal tissues from 34 patients with bladder cancer. The relationship between clinical characteristics and CCAT1 expression was analyzed. And then we conducted cell experiments. Bladder urothelial carcinoma cell lines T24 and 5637 cells were transfected with CCAT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or scramble siRNA. Cell proliferation and apoptosis changes were determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and a flow cytometry assay. Migration and invasion changes were measured using a wound healing assay and a trans-well assay. microRNAs (miRNAs) were predicted by Starbase 2.0, and their differential expression levels were studied. Results: CCAT1 was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer (P < 0.05). CCAT1 upregulation was positively related to tumor stage (P = 0.004), tumor grade (P = 0.001) and tumor size (P = 0.042). Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were promoted by abnormally expressed CCAT1. miRNAs miR-181b-5p, miR-152-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-148a-3p and miR-490-3p were potentially related to the aforementioned functions of CCAT1. Conclusion: CCAT1 plays an oncogenic role in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. In addition, CCAT1 may be a potential therapeutic target in this cancer.

Long non-coding RNA AFAP1-AS1 facilitates tumor growth and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Long non-coding RNAs can regulate tumorigenesis of various cancers. Dys-regulation of lncRNA-AFAP1-AS1 has not been studied in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). This study was to examine the function involvement of AFAP1-AS1 in tumor growth and metastasis of CRC. METHODS: Relative expression of AFAP1-AS1 in CRC tissues and CRC cells lines was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Functional involvement of AFAP1-AS1 in tumor proliferation and metastasis was evaluated in AFAP1-AS1-specific siRNA-treated CRC cells and in CRC cell xenograft. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene expression was determined using western blot. RESULTS: Relative expression of AFAP1-AS1 was significantly elevated in CRC tissues and CRC HCT116 and SW480 cell lines. AFAP1-AS1 knock-down suppressed SW480 cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. Also AFAP1-AS1 knock-down inhibited tumor metastasis-associated genes expression in terms of EMT. This carcinostatic action by AFAP1-AS1 knock-down was further confirmed by suppression of tumor formation and hepatic metastasis of CRC cells in nude mice. CONCLUSION: lncRNA-AFAP1-AS1 knock-down exhibits antitumor effect on colorectal carcinoma in respects of suppression of cell proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells.

Prognostic thirteen-long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) could improve the survival prediction of gastric cancer / El pronóstico de 13 largos RNA no codificantes (IncRNA) podría mejorar la predicción de supervivencia del cáncer gástrico

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to construct the prognostic predictive model of lncRNAs signature and improve the survival prediction of GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The expression profiling of lncRNAs in large GC cohorts was performed from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases using the lncRNAs-mining approach, including training data set (N=160) and testing data set (N=159). A 13-lncRNAs signature significantly associated with overall survival (OS) in the training data set was selected. The prognostic value of this 13-lncRNAs signature was then confirmed in the test validation set and the entire validation set, respectively. RESULTS: Based on lncRNA expression profiling of 319 patients with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), prognostic 13-lncRNAs signature was found to be significantly associated with the prognosis of GC. Compared to patients with low-risk scores, patients with high-risk scores had a significantly shorter survival time. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis indicated that this 13-lncRNAs signature was potentially involved in multiple biological processes, such as DNA replication and cell cycle signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic model of the 13-lncRNAs signature established by our study could improve the survival prediction of GC to a greater extent

OBJETIVO: Las pruebas acumuladas demostraron que los ARN no codificantes de larga duración (ARNlC) desempeñaban los importantes papeles reguladores en la tumorigénesis y la progresión del cáncer gástrico (CG). El objetivo de este estudio fue construir el modelo predictivo de pronóstico de la firma de los lncRNA y mejorar la predicción de supervivencia del GC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: El perfil de expresión de los lncARN en grandes cohortes de GC se realizó a partir de las bases de datos del Atlas del Genoma del Cáncer (TCGA) utilizando el enfoque de minería de lncARN, incluyendo el conjunto de datos de entrenamiento (N=160) y el conjunto de datos de pruebas (N=159). Se eligió la firma de 13 lncARN significativamente asociada con la supervivencia general (OS) en la serie de capacitación. El valor pronóstico de esta firma de 13-lncARN se confirmó luego en la serie de validación de pruebas y en toda la serie de validación, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Basado en el perfil de expresión de lncRNA de 319 pacientes con adenocarcinoma de estómago (STAD), se encontró que la firma de 13-lncRNA de pronóstico estaba significativamente asociada con el pronóstico de GC. En comparación con los pacientes con puntuaciones de bajo riesgo, los pacientes con puntuaciones de alto riesgo tuvieron un tiempo de supervivencia significativamente más corto. Además, el análisis de enriquecimiento funcional indicó que esta firma de 13-lncARN estaba potencialmente involucrada en múltiples procesos biológicos, como la replicación del ADN y la vía de señalización del ciclo celular. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de pronóstico de la firma de 13-lncARN establecido por nuestro estudio podría mejorar mejor la predicción de supervivencia del GC

Identificação e anotação funcional de RNAs longos não codificadores associados à subtipos moleculares em tumores pancreáticos / Identification of long non coding RNAs associated to molecular subtypes in pancreatic tumors

O Adenocarcinoma Pancreático Ductal (Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma - PDAC) é a sé- tima causa de mortes por câncer no mundo, com uma taxa de sobrevida de apenas 6%. Embora alguns genes estejam recorrentemente mutados em grande parte dos tumores e sejam críticos para a oncogênese, a heterogeneidade das alterações moleculares tanto no tumor quanto em componentes do microambiente tumoral se reflete em diferentes características fenotípicas com comportamentos clínicos distintos e que têm sido associados a diferentes subtipos moleculares através da análise computacional de dados de alterações somáticas e transcricionais no PDAC. RNAs não codificadores longos (lncRNAs) têm sido reconhecidos como importantes reguladores da expressão gênica em doenças proliferativas mas sua associação com subtipos em PDAC e sua contribuição para o estabelecimento de diferentes fenótipos moleculares e clínicos da doença não foi explorada até o momento. Neste trabalho, foi implementada uma abordagem computacional com o objetivo de identificar e anotar funcionalmente lncRNAs associados a subtipos moleculares de PDAC. Inicialmente, a classificação não supervisionada por Fatoração Matricial Não Negativa (Non-Negative Matrix Factorization - NMF) de dados de expressão gê- nica global de amostras clínicas disponíveis publicamente (The Cancer Genome Atlas - TCGA) resultou na identificação de quatro subgrupos distintos de PDAC, que recapitulam os fenótipos Exócrino/Endócrino, Imunogênico, Escamoso e Progenitor descritos na literatura. Uma análise de expressão diferencial permitiu a identificação de assinaturas de expressão gênica características que incluem lncRNAs associados a cada subgrupo. Através da construção de redes de coexpressão de mRNAs e lncRNAs e a identificação de módulos da rede significativamente enriquecidos em genes que participam em vias moleculares conhecidas foi possível inferir possíveis funções biológicas à lncRNAs associados aos diferentes subtipos moleculares, tais como funções exócrinas/neuroendócrinas, imunogênicas, reparo de DNA/progressão do ciclo celular e progenitoras/morfogênicas. Entre ele, o subgrupo 3, enriquecido para fenótipo Escamoso e associado a hiper-expressão do supressor tumoral TP63, possui dois lncRNAS hiper-expressos neste subgrupo em relação aos outros subgrupos, sendo que o lncRNA antissenso FAM83A-AS1 tem a predição de interagir com as proteínas FGFR2, AXIN1, PTEN, BRAF, SMAD4, TGFBR2, TP53 e CDKN2A, que exercem funções importantes na transdução de sinal e supressão tumoral no câncer incluindo o de pâncreas. Entre os lncRNAs hipo-regulados no subgrupo 3 em relação ao outros subgrupos, alguns, como FLJ42875, LOC338651, C20orf56 e LOC38838 tem predição de interação com alta afinidade à proteína BRCA2, que está envolvida no reparo de DNA e participa de processos de resistência à quimioterápicos. As informações trazidas por este estudo permitem gerar hipóteses sobre a contribuição de lncRNAs para a definição de subtipos moleculares de PDAC e priorizar candidatos e experimentos para estudos funcionais de modo a contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre os mecanismos de ação de lncRNAs na tumorigênese e agressividade do câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the seventh cause of worldwide cancer related deaths, with an overall survival rate of only 6%. Some genes might be recurrently mutated in a large number of tumors, and be critical for oncogenesis, molecular alteration heterogeneity both in the tumor as all as in the tumor microenvironment is reflected in diverse phenotypic features with distinct clinical outcomes, and this distinction in multiple molecular subtypes has been drawn through transcriptional and somatic alteration computational analysis within PDAC. Long Non Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized as important gene expression regulators in proliferative diseases, but its association to molecular subtypes in PDAC and its contribution in the establishment of diverse molecular and clinical phenotypes hasnt been explored at length until the present. This work focused on the implementation of a computational approach with the objective of lncRNA identification and functional annotation associated to distinct molecular subtypes in PDAC. Initially, Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), an unsupervised classification method, applied to global gene expression data from publicly available clinical samples (The Cancer Genome Atlas - TCGA) resulted in the identification of four distinct PDAC molecular subgroups reminiscent of Exocrine/Endocrine, Immunogenic, Squamous and Progenitor phenotypes. Differential expression analysis allowed a characteristic gene expression signature identification, including distinct molecular subtype associated lncRNAs. mRNA and lncRNA containing gene co-expression modules significantly enriched annotated pathways containing the molecular subtype associated lncRNAs allowed to designate possible molecular functions of the distinct molecular subtype associated lncRNAs, such as exocrine/neuroendocrine, immunogenic, DNA repair/cell cycle progression and progenitor/morphogenic functions. Subgroup 3, enriched with a Squamous phenotype and associated to TP63 over-expression contains two lncRNAs over-expressed compared to other subgroups; furthermore, the antisense lncRNA FAM83A-AS1 yielded a predicted lncRNA-protein interaction to FGFR2, AXIN1, PTEN, BRAF, SMAD4, TGFBR2, TP53 and CDKN2A, proteins that play important signal transduction and tumor suppressor roles in several cancer types, including pancreas. Among under-expressed lncRNAs in subgroup 3 compared to the other subgroups, some, such as FLJ42875, LOC338651, C20orf56 and LOC38838 yilded a high protein interaction prediction score with BRCA2, a protein involved in DNA repair and processes resuling in chemotherapy resistance. The information brought by this study allowed to generate hypothesis on lncRNA contribution to define PDAC molecular subtypes, helping prioritize candidates and experiments for functional studies, thus contributing to a better understanding on lncRNA mechanisms related to tumor progression and aggressiveness in pancreatic cancer

A long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in glioma

Background. Acting as a proto-oncogene, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) urothelial carcinoembryonic antigen 1 (UCA1) plays a key role in the occurrence and development of several human tumors. However, the expression and biological functions of UCA1 in glioma are less known. This study discussed the expression of UCA1 in glioma and its effect on the proliferation and cell cycle of glioma cells. Method. LncRNA UCA1 expressions in 64 glioma samples (Grade I-II in 22 cases and Grade III-IV in 42 cases, according to WHO criteria) and 10 normal brain samples were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. On this basis, the correlations of UCA1 to clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of glioma were assessed. Then, using qPCR, the lncRNA UCA1 expressions in glioma cell lines and astrocytes were detected. UCA1-overexpressing glioma cell lines U87 and U251 were further detected after siRNA transfection of these two cell lines, and the impact on cell proliferation and cell cycle was assessed with CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay and flow cytometry method (FCM), respectively. The expression of cyclin D1, a cell cycle-related protein, was detected using Western Blot. Result. LncRNA UCA1 expression in the glioma samples was obviously higher as compared with the normal brain samples (P < 0.001), and the expression was correlated significantly with grading of the tumors (P < 0.05). However, lncRNA UCA1 expression was not correlated with age, gender, tumor size and KPS score (P > 0.05). After interference of UCA1 expression by siRNA transfection, the proliferation of both U251 and SHG-44 cells was inhibited (P < 0.05), with more cells arrested in G0/G1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, cyclin D1 expression was also downregulated considerably. Conclusion. LncRNA UCA1 can promote the proliferation and cell cycle progression of glioma cells by upregulating cyclin D1 transcription. So UCA1 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator and a novel therapeutic target for glioma (AU)

No disponible

High expression of long non-coding RNA ATB indicates a poor prognosis and regulates cell proliferation and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer

Background and aim. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to act as a critical regulator in the processes of tumor biology. In this study, whether lncRNA-ATB is a potential indicator for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was investigated and its biological function in NSCLC was also determined. Methods. The expression levels of lncRNA-ATB in NSCLC tissues and cell lines were measured. A549 cell line was explored to investigate the functions of lncRNA-ATB in NSCLC. Results. Real-time PCR results showed that lncRNA-ATB expression was up-regulated in both in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. High lncRNA-ATB expression in tumor tissue was associated with larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis in patients with NSCLC, respectively. In addition, the patients with high expression of lncRNA-ATB presented a lower survival probability. In vitro experiments showed that down-regulation of lncRNA-ATB promoted the cell apoptosis, whereas inhibited the cell viability, cell migration, and cell invasion. Conclusion. High expression of lncRNA-ATB indicated a poor prognosis and led to the cell proliferation and metastasis in NSCLC (AU)

No disponible

Characterization of HIPSTR highlights the heterogeneous expression pattern of lncRNAs in human embryos and stable cell lines / Caracterização do HIPSTR destaca o padrão de expressão heterogênea de IncRNAs em embriões humanos e linhagens estáveis de células

There is a growing appreciation that eukaryotic genomes are transcribed into numerous, previously undetected - and thus uncharacterized regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Recent studies are primarily focused on lncRNAs transcribed from intergenic regions and enhancers, leaving antisense lncRNAs the least studied group of lncRNAs. At the same time, antisense transcription occurs in up to 74 % of human gene loci, frequently - from the opposite strand of genes encoding proteins involved in regulation of transcription. Here, we identified HIPSTAR (Heterogeneously expressed from the Intronic Plus Strand of the TFAP2A-locus RNA), a novel conserved lncRNA that is transcribed antisense to the TFAP2A gene. Unlike previously reported antisense lncRNAs, HIPSTR expression does not correlate with the expression of its antisense counterpart. Although HIPSTAR and TFAP2A are co-expressed in in vitro derived neural crest and trophoblast cells, only HIPSTAR and not TFAP2A is specifically expressed in a subset of cells within 8-cell- and morula-stage human embryos. We show that, similar to HIPSTAR, in the individual cells of developing human embryos or of stable cell lines the expression of lncRNAs is more highly heterogeneous than the expression of mRNAs. Finally, we demonstrate that HIPSTAR depletion in HEK293 and H1BP, a human embryonic stem cell line, predominantly affects the expression levels of genes involved in early organismal development and cell differentiation. Together, we show that expression of HIPSTAR and hundreds other lncRNAs is highly heterogeneous in human embryos and cell lines. We use HIPSTAR to exemplify the functional relevance of lncRNAs with heterogeneous and developmental stage-specific expression patterns

Tem sido cada vez mais reconhecido que a transcrição dos genomas eucarióticos produz múltiplos transcritos novos, anteriormente não detectados e ainda não caracterizados, sendo que a maioria é constituida de RNAs não-codificantes longos (lncRNAs) regulatórios. Estudos recentes estão focados principalmente nos lncRNAs transcritos de regiões intergênicas e enhancers; assim, o grupo dos lncRNAs antisenso permanece o menos estudado de todos. Ao mesmo tempo, a transcrição antisenso ocorre em até 74% dos loci de genes humanos, frequentemente - a partir da fita oposta de genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas na regulação da transcrição. No presente trabalho, nós identificamos HIPSTR (Heterogeneously expressed from the Intronic Plus Strand of the TFAP2A-locus RNA), um lncRNA novo conservado que é transcrito a partir da fita antisenso do gene TFAP2A. Ao contrário do anteriormente relatado para os lncRNAs antisenso, a expressão de HIPSTR não está correlacionada com a expressão do gene da fita oposta. HIPSTR e TFAP2A são co-expressos em células da crista neural e em trofoblastos derivadas in vitro, mas somente HIPSTR e não TFAP2A está especificamente expresso num subconjunto de células de embriões humanos nos estágios de 8-células e mórula. Mostramos que, semelhante a HIPSTR, a expressão de lncRNAs é mais altamente heterogênea que a expressão de mRNAs em células individuais de embriões humanos em desenvolvimento ou em linhagens estáveis de células. Finalmente, nós demonstramos que a depleção de HIPSTAR em células HEK293 e H1BP, uma linhagem de células tronco embrionárias humanas, afeta predominantemente os níveis de genes envolvidos no início do desenvolvimento do organismo e na diferenciação de células. No conjunto, nós mostramos que a expressão de HIPSTR e de centenas de outros lncRNAs é altamente heterogênea em embriões humanos e linhagens celulares. Usamos HIPSTR para exemplificar a relevância funcional de lncRNAs com padrões de expressão heterogêneos e estágio-de-desenvolvimento específicos

Long noncoding RNAs in lung cancer: what we know in 2015

Lung cancer ranks as the first most common cancer and the first leading cause of cancer-related death in China and worldwide. Due to the difficulty in early diagnosis and the onset of cancer metastasis, the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer remains extremely low. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which lacking protein-coding ability, have recently emerged as pivotal participants in biological processes, often dysregulated in a range of cancers, including lung cancer. In this review, we highlight the recent findings of lncRNAs in lung cancer pathogenesis. While our understanding of lncRNAs in the onset and progression of lung cancer is still in its infancy, there is no doubt that understanding the activities of lncRNAs will certainly secure strong biomarkers and improve treatment options for lung cancer patients (AU)

No disponible

INXS, um longo RNA não codificador de proteínas mediador da apoptose / INXS, a long noncoding RNA that mediates apoptosis

O splicing alternativo do pré-mRNA de BCL-X produz duas isoformas de mRNAs com funções antagônicas, a pró-apoptótica BCL-XS e a anti-apoptótica BCL-XL, cujo balanço regula a homeostasia celular. Entretanto, o mecanismo que regula esse processamento ainda é desconhecido. Nesse trabalho, nós identificamos e caracterizamos um longo RNA não codificador de proteínas (lncRNA) nomeado INXS, que é transcrito a partir da fita oposta do locus genômico de BCL-X, sendo menos abundante em linhagens celulares tumorais e tecidos tumorais de pacientes quando comparados com os respectivos pares não tumorais. INXS é um RNA unspliced de 1903 nts, é transcrito pela RNA Polimerase II, possui cap 5', está enriquecido na fração nuclear das células e se liga à proteína Sam68 do complexo modulador de splicing. O tratamento de células tumorais 786-O com cada um de três agentes indutores de apoptose aumentou a expressão endógena do INXS, levando ao aumento expressivo da proporção entre os mRNAs de BCL-XS / BCL-XL, e ativação das caspases 3, 7 e 9. Estes efeitos foram anulados na presença do knockdown do INXS. Da mesma forma, a superexpressão ectópica do INXS causou uma mudança no splicing favorecendo a isoforma BCL-XS e ativação das caspases, aumentando os níveis da proteína BCL-XS e conduzindo as células à apoptose. Utilizando um modelo in vivo, cinco injeções intra-tumorais do INXS durante 15 dias causaram uma regressão acentuada no volume dos xenotumores. Portanto, INXS é um lncRNA que induz a apoptose, sugerindo que essa molécula seja um possível alvo a ser explorado na terapia contra o câncer

BCL-X mRNA alternative splicing generates pro-apoptotic BCL-XS or anti-apoptotic BCL-XL, whose balance regulates cell homeostasis. However, the mechanism that regulates the splice shifting is incompletely understood. Here, we identified and characterized a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) named INXS, transcribed from the opposite genomic strand of BCL-X, that was less abundant in tumor cell lines and patient tumor tissues compared with non-tumors. INXS is an unspliced 1903 nt-long RNA, is transcribed by RNA Polymerase II, 5'-capped, nuclear enriched and binds Sam68 splicing-modulator. The treatment of tumor cell line 786-O with each of three apoptosis-inducing agents increased endogenous INXS lncRNA, increased BCL-XS / BCL-XL mRNA ratio, and activated caspases 3, 7 and 9. These effects were abrogated in the presence of INXS knockdown. Similarly, ectopic INXS overexpression caused a shift in splicing towards BCL-XS and activation of caspases, increasing the levels of BCL-XS protein and then leading the cells to apoptosis. In a mouse xenograft model, five intra-tumor injections of INXS along 15 days caused a marked regression in tumor volume. INXS is an lncRNA that induces apoptosis, suggesting that INXS is a possible target to be explored in cancer therapies

Identificação de RNAs longos não-codificadores de proteínas regulados por micro-RNAs / Identification of long non-protein coding RNAs regulated by micro-RNAs

Estudos recentes têm revelado que a maior parte dos transcritos gerados em células humanas é composta por RNAs não-codificadores de proteínas (ncRNAs). Uma parte desses ncRNAs compreende a classe de RNAs curtos, que possuem menos que 200 nucleotídeos. Os micro-RNAs (miRNAs) fazem parte dessa classe e têm sido alvo de grande interesse, pois são preditos como possíveis reguladores de mais de 60% dos RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) humanos. Outra classe dos ncRNAs é composta por ncRNAs longos (lncRNAs, com mais de 200 nucleotídeos), que são transcritos a partir de regiões intergênicas e intrônicas do genoma humano e possuem várias funções, muitas delas relacionadas ao controle da expressão de mRNAs. Recentemente, os lncRNAs têm sido caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura e função. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos pelos quais os lncRNAs são regulados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se lncRNAs são regulados por miRNAs em células humanas. Para tanto, identificamos lncRNAs ligados ao complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA (RISC) em células da linhagem HeLa, utilizando um método aqui desenvolvido de geração de bibliotecas de cDNA direcionadas para sequenciamento em larga escala na plataforma 454/Roche. Em paralelo, sequenciamos os miRNAs ligados ao RISC nestas mesmas células. Os resultados obtidos mostram que centenas de lncRNAs de diversas classes se ligam ao RISC em células HeLa, juntamente com milhares de mRNAs e várias centenas de miRNAs. Entre os miRNAs, encontramos 37 que são preditos como alvejando os lncRNAs detectados. Estes miRNAs constituem possíveis reguladores dos lncRNAs e, portanto, nosso trabalho estabelece um mapa experimental de interações diretas entre lncRNAs e miRNAs. Dentre os lncRNAs identificados ligados ao RISC neste trabalho, destaca-se o TUG1, lincRNA sabidamente envolvido na regulação de genes relacionados à apoptose e ao ciclo celular. Mostramos por ensaio de super-expressão de miRNAs e qPCR que TUG1 é regulado pelo miRNA-148b, um dos miRNAs por nós detectados que possui um sítio alvo altamente conservado em mamíferos localizado na extremidade 3' de TUG1. Em conjunto, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento da regulação dos níveis de expressão de lncRNAs em células humanas e abre perspectivas para a modulação de miRNAs como estratégia de regulação dos níveis e das funções de lncRNAs

Recent studies have revealed that the largest fraction of the transcripts generated in human cells is composed of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs). A portion of these RNAs encompasses the class of short RNAs, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are part of this class and are of great interest, as they are predicted to target over 60% of the human messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Another class of ncRNAs is composed of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs, longer than 200 nucleotides), which are transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome and have several functions, many of them related to the control of the mRNA expression. Recently, the structure and function of lncRNAs have been characterized. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in lncRNA regulation. This work aimed to evaluate whether lncRNAs are regulated by miRNAs in human cells. For this purpose, we identified lncRNAs bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in HeLa cells using a method developed here for the generation of strand-specific cDNA libraries for large scale RNA-sequencing in the 454/Roche plataform. In parallel, we sequenced the miRNAs bound to RISC in these cells. Our results show that hundreds of lncRNAs from diverse classes are bound to RISC in HeLa cells, along with thousands of mRNAs and several hundred miRNAs. Among the miRNAs we identified 37 that are predicted to target the detected lncRNAs. These miRNAs are possible regulators of the lncRNAs, and therefore our work establishes an experimental map of direct interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs. The lncRNA TUG1, a lincRNA involved in the regulation of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle, was identified among the lncRNAs bound to RISC. We showed by miRNA over-expression and qPCR that TUG-1 is regulated by the miRNA-148b, which is one of the miRNAs detected in our sequencings and has a binding site highly conserved in mammals located at the TUG1 3` end. Taken together, our results contribute to the understanding of the regulation of the lncRNA expression levels in human cells and open perspectives for the modulation of miRNAs as a strategy to regulate the levels and functions of lncRNAs

Análise da expressão de RNAs não codificadores longos em adenocarcinoma de pâncreas / Expression analysis of long noncoding RNAs in pancreatic adecarcinoma

RNAs não codificadores longos (lncRNAs) compõem uma fração significativa do transcriptoma. Alterações na expressão de lncRNAs já foram observadas em vários cânceres humanos, mas ainda não foram exploradas no adenocarcinoma pancreático ductal (PDAC), uma doença devastadora e agressiva para a qual faltam métodos para diagnóstico precoce e tratamentos efetivos. Utilizando uma plataforma de microarranjo de cDNA com sondas para 984 lncRNAs e 2371 mRNAs, o presente estudo identificou conjuntos de lncRNAs expressos em 38 amostras clínicas pancreáticas. O enriquecimento de (i) elementos regulatórios associados às regiões promotoras (H3K4me3); (ii) possíveis inícios de transcrição (CAGE-tags); (iii) presença de elementos conservados sugere que ao menos uma fração desses RNAs seja originada a partir de unidades transcricionais independentes, reguladas e possivelmente funcionais. Foram identificadas assinaturas de expressão gênica compostas por mRNA e lncRNAs associadas ao tumor primário e à metástase pancreática. A assinatura gIenica associada à metástase apresentou enriquecimento RNAs intrônicos de loci gênicos associados à via MAPK quinase. O aumento de expressão dos transcritos intrônicos dos loci PPP3CB, MAP3K14 e DAPK1 foi confirmado por qPCR em metástases. Em conjunto, este trabalho aponta para a importância de lncRNAs intrônicos no PDAC e para a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados para uma melhor compreensão do papel dessa classe de transcritos na biologia da doença

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) compose a significant fraction of transcriptome. Altered expression of lncRNAs has been observed in diverse human cancers, but has not being investigated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a devastating and aggressive disease that lack early diagnosis methods and effective treatments. Using a cDNA microarray platform with probes interrogating 984 lncRNAs and 2371 mRNA, the present study identified subsets of lncRNAs expressed in 38 pancreatic clinical samples. Enrichment of (i) regulatory elements associated to promoter region (H3K4me3); (ii) putative transcription start site (CAGEtags) and (iii) conserved elements, suggest that at least a fraction of these RNAs could be independent transcriptional unit, regulated, an possibly functional. Gene expression signatures comprised of mRNAs and lncRNAs and associated to primary or metastatic tumors were found. A gene signature associated to metastasis was enriched in intronic ncRNAs mapping to gene loci associated to the MAPK pathway. Over expression of intronic RNAs from PPP3CB, MAP3K14 and DAPK1 was confirmed by qPCR in metastatic samples. Taken together, this study points to the importance of intronic lncRNAs in PDAC and for the need to study this class of ncRNAs in greater detail to better understand its role in the biology of PDAC

Expressão de RNAs não codificadores intrônicos longos em linhagens celulares humanas e o seu controle epigenético por metilação do DNA / Long intronic noncoding RNA expression in human cell lines and its DNA methylation epigenetic control

Estudos recentes têm revelado que uma fração significativa do transcriptoma de eucariotos é composta por RNAs não codificadores longos (lncRNAs). Este trabalho investigou o padrão de expressão de um conjunto de lncRNAs originados a partir de regiões intrônicas de genes codificadores de proteínas em três linhagens celulares tumorais humanas utilizando microarranjos de DNA customizados. Realizamos uma série de análises in silico com a perspectiva de identificar propriedades globais desses transcritos, tais como a abundância relativa em diferentes tecidos, características evolutivas, estruturais e regulatórias, além de possíveis funções celulares. Avaliamos também a contribuição da metilação do DNA, um mecanismo de silenciamento epigenético da expressão de genes codificadores de proteínas, na regulação da expressão de lncRNAs intrônicos. Observamos que uma fração dos lncRNAs intrônicos detectados nas linhagens estudadas são conservados evolutivamente, tem padrão de expressão tecido específico, e está enriquecida em elementos regulatórios na sua extremidade 5'. Foram identificados subconjuntos de lncRNAs intrônicos possivelmente atuando sobre genes associados a vias regulatórias importantes para o controle do desenvolvimento de organismos e ciclo celular. Comparativamente a mRNAs, uma menor proporção de lncRNAs intrônicos possui ilhas CpGs (CGIs) na vizinhança de seu início de transcrição. Apesar disso, observamos que um subconjunto desses transcritos teve sua expressão sensível ao tratamento com o agente desmetilante de DNA 5-AZA, demonstrando que lncRNAs intrônicos transcritos podem estar sujeitos a regulação transcricional mediada por metilação do DNA. Dentre os lncRNAs intrônicos regulados por metilação do DNA, destaca-se o lncRNA AS-APP, cuja expressão aumentou em 25 a 80 vezes nas linhagens celulares DU-145 e HEK293, respectivamente, após tratamento com 5-AZA. Este lncRNA possui uma CGI metilada e um promotor ativo a cerca de 4 kb de distância do seu início de transcrição conhecido. O aumento da transcrição do lncRNA AS-APP após desmetilação do DNA correlacionou-se a uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de expressão do mRNA do gene APP. Este resultado sugere uma possível ação regulatória em cis do lncRNA AS-APP no locus APP, um importante gene envolvido na doença de Alzheimer e com expressão associada ao prognóstico de alguns tipos de câncer. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho reforçam a ideia de que lncRNAs intrônicos constituem unidades transcricionais independentes que se encontram sobre controle regulatório nos diferentes tipos celulares. Foi gerado também um catálogo de lncRNAs intrônicos regulados por metilação que permitirá a seleção de candidatos com maior potencial de relevância funcional para caracterização detalhada

Recent studies have revealed that a significant fraction of the eukaryotic transcriptome is composed of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). This work investigated the expression pattern in three human tumor cell lines of a set of lncRNAs originated from intronic regions of protein coding RNAs, using custom DNA oligoarrays. In silico analyses were performed to identify global properties of these transcripts such as relative abundance in different human tissues, regulatory, evolutionary and structural aspects, as well as their possible cellular functions. In addition, we evaluated the contribution of DNA methylation, an important epigenetic mechanism that control the expression of protein coding genes, in the regulation of intronic lncRNAs expression. We found that a fraction of the intronic lncRNAs detected in the cell lines are evolutionarily conserved, show a tissue specific expression pattern, and is enriched in regulatory elements at their 5' end region. Subsets of intronic lncRNAs possibly acting on genes associated to important regulatory pathways controlling organism development and cell cycle were identified. A smaller proportion of intronic lncRNAs relative to mRNAs displayed CpG islands (CGI) in the vicinity of the transcription start site. Notwithstanding, we observed that a subset of these transcripts responded to treatment with the DNA demethylation agent 5-AZA, demonstrating that intronic lncRNAs may be under transcriptional regulation mediated by DNA methylation. Among intronic lncRNAs regulated by DNA demethylation, stands out AS-APP lncRNA, which was up regulated 25 to 80 times in DU-145 and HEK293 cell lines following 5-AZA treatment, respectively,. This lncRNAs has a methylated CGI and an active promoter at 4-kb upstream from its known transcription start site. Increased AS-APP lncRNA transcription following DNA demethylation correlated with a significant decrease of APP gene messenger RNA levels. This finding suggests a possible cis-regulatory action of the lncRNA AS-APP in the APP locus, an important gene involved in Alzheimer disease and whose expression is associated with prognosis of different cancer types. The results obtained in this study reinforce the idea that intronic lncRNAs constitute independent transcriptional units under regulatory control in the different cell types. It was generated a catalog of intronic lncRNAs regulated by DNA methylation that will allow the selection of candidates with higher potential of functional relevance for detailed characterization