Study of Sexual Concordance in Men and Women with Different Typologies of Adherence to the Sexual Double Standard / Estudio de la concordancia sexual en hombres y mujeres con diferentes tipologías de adhesión al doble estándar sexual

ResumenAntecedentes/Objetivo: La concordancia sexual (i.e., relación entre respuesta genital y excitación sexual subjetiva) parece ser mayor en hombres que en mujeres. Entre los factores que podrían explicar dicha diferencia estaría el doble estándar sexual (DES). Se examina la concordancia sexual en función de la tipología de adhesión al DES (igualitaria, favorable al hombre y favorable a la mujer). Método: Durante la exposición a un filme de contenido sexual, se registró la respuesta genital (circunferencia peniana/amplitud del pulso vaginal) y la excitación sexual autoinformada de 104 adultos jóvenes (42 hombres y 62 mujeres), distribuidos en las tipologías de adhesión al DES a partir de sus puntuacio-nes en la Sexual Double Standard Scale. Resultados: Se obtuvo concordancia sexual en hombres y mujeres con tipología igualitaria y favorable al hombre. La excitación sexual subjetiva explicó un porcentaje significativo de la varianza de la respuesta genital en la tipología igualitaria (hombres: R2= 0,32, p < 0,01; mujeres: R2= 0,19, p < 0,05) y en la favorable al hombre (hombres: R2= 0,21, p < 0,05; mujeres: R2= 0,23, p < 0,05). Conclu-siones: El acuerdo entre la respuesta genital y la excitación sexual subjetiva depende de la tipología de adhesión al DES.

AbstractBackground/Objective: Sexual concordance (i.e., relationship between genital response and subjective sexual arousal) is higher in men than in women. Among the factors that could explain this difference would be the sexual double standard (SDS). Sexual concordance is examined by SDS typologies of adherence (egalitarian, man-favorable, and woman-favorable). Method: During exposure to a film with sexual content, genital response (penile circumference/vaginal pulse amplitude) and self-reported sexual arousal were recorded in 104 young adults (42 men and 62 women), distributed into SDS typologies of adherence on the basis of their scores on the Sexual Double Standard Scale. Results: Sexual concordance was obtained in men and women with egalitarian and man-favorable typology. Subjective sexual arousal explained a significant percentage of the variance in genital response in the egalitarian typology (men: R2= .32, p < .01; women: R2= .19, p < .05) and man-favorable typology (men: R2= .21, p < .05; women: R2= .23, p < .05). Conclusions: Agreement between genital responsiveness and subjective sexual arousal depends on DES adherence typology.

Desarrollo afectivo-sexual en las personas con trastornos del espectro autista / Affective-sexual development in people with autistic spectrum disorders

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo que afectan la comunicación social y que presentan patrones de conducta repetitiva, estereotipada o/y inflexible. Un tercio de los casos diagnosticados de TEA tienen discapacidad intelectual y 2/3 una capacidad intelectual dentro de la norma. Los síntomas nucleares de autismo y otros asociados pueden afectar el desarrollo afectivo-sexual. En este artículo se expone qué dificultades en el desarrollo afectivo-sexual pueden presentar las personas con TEA y cuáles son las más frecuentemente descritas. Se propone de una manera breve, guías dirigidas a la evaluación y a la ayuda para un desarrollo afectivo-sexual satisfactorio en las personas con autismo-TEA.

Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present repetitive, stereotyped and inflexible behaviour. A third of the people with a diagnosis of ASD also have intellectual disability associated and two thirds present an intellectual capacity within the average range. The nuclear autistic and others associated symptoms can affect the affective and sexual development. This article exposes which are the problems people with ASD present in the affective and sexual development, the most frequently described and brief guides for evaluation and support for an adequate affective-sexual development in people with ASD.

Brain sexual development in Kallmann syndrome

Prenatal and one-two month postnatal testosterone influences human neural and behavioural development, since the prenatal and one-two month postnatal hormone environment clearly contributes to the development of sex-related variation in human behaviour, and plays a role in the development of the sexual brain and individual differences in behaviour within each sex, as well as differences between the sexes. Olfactory system development, brain sexual maturation and sexual behaviour in man and animals are closely related. Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder which combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Hypogonadism is characterized by the absence or reduced levels of gonadotropinreleasing hormone, and anosmia is due to aplasia of the olfactory bulb. The overlap between the formation of the olfactory system and the migration of neurons that synthesize the gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) is common knowledge. GnRH neurons migrate from the medial portion of the nasal epithelium through the olfactory nerves and the main olfactory bulb to the anterior hypothalamus. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations of KS are: anosmia, the absence of puberty, and modifications in sexual behaviour. The structures responsible for the maturation of the main and accessory olfactory systems, the sexual differentiation of the brain and its relationship with clinical manifestations and sexual behaviour in Kallmann syndrome are analyzed in this review. The importance of the treatment of KS at early ages is suggested in order to improve brain sexual development and its clinical and sexual behaviour manifestations

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Desenvolvimento sexual e maturação puberal / Sexual and puberal development

Os fenômenos do desenvolvimento sexual e puberal são eventos progressivos e coordenados. Dependem de fatores cromossômicos - gênicos, gonadais e hormonais. Tais eventos nos indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino, sendo sincrônicos, permitirão um conveniente desenvolvimento sexual e puberal. Analisar tais fenômenos é o propósito deste estudo.(AU)

The sexual and puberal modifications are coordinate and progressive during differents life phases. Many factors are involved like genic-chromosomic, gonadal and hormonal. Those events that occurred in males and females are synchronous and to create a perfect development. Our proposal is review those situations.(AU)

Desarrollo psicosocial del adolescente / Adolescent psychosocial development

Resulta cada vez más necesario que los pediatras tengan mayores conocimientos de salud del adolescente. Para empezar, deben familiarizarse con el desarrollo psicosocial propio de este período, asunto indispensable para la atención del grupo etario. En este artículo se revisa el desarrollo psicosocial normal del adolescente con ese objetivo. La adolescencia es una etapa que se ha ido prolongando progresivamente, en la que ocurren cambios rápidos y de gran magnitud, que llevan a la persona a hacerse tanto biológica, como psicológica y socialmente madura, y potencialmente capaz de vivir en forma independiente. Son tareas del desarrollo de este período, la búsqueda y consolidación de la identidad y el logro de la autonomía. Si bien constituye un proceso de alta variabilidad individual en cuanto a su comienzo y término, a la progresión a través de sus etapas, a la sincronía del desarrollo entre los diversos ámbitos y en otros aspectos, el desarrollo psicosocial de este período tiende a presentar características comunes y un patrón progresivo de 3 fases: adolescencia temprana, media y tardía. En este artículo se describe el desarrollo psicológico, cognitivo, social, sexual y moral de los jóvenes en cada una de ellas.

It is increasingly necessary that pediatricians have greater knowledge of adolescent health. To begin with they should be familiar with the psychosocial development of this period, an issue which is imperative for the health care of the age group. With that purpose, this article reviews the normal adolescent psychosocial development. Adolescence is a stage that has been progressively prolonged, during which fast and big changes occur, that lead human beings to become biologically, psychologically and socially mature, and potentially able to live independently. Developmental tasks of this period are the establishment of identity and the achievement of autonomy. Although it is a process of high individual variability in terms of its beginning and end, the progression through stages, the synchrony of development between the various areas, and in other aspects, the psychosocial development of this period usually have common characteristics and a progressive pattern of 3 phases: early, middle and late adolescence. Psychological, cognitive, social, sexual and moral development of young people in each of them are described in this article.

Relación de la edad cronológica y la maduración sexual con la maduración ósea por resonancia magnética nuclear de la epífisis del radio distal en futbolistas adolescentes / Relationship of chronological age and sexual maturity with skeletal maturity by magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis in adolescent football players

Introducción: Aunque el grado de fusión de la epífisis del radio distal izquierdo (ERDI) por resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) se ha relacionado con la edad cronológica (EC), se desconoce su relación con el Tanner genital en población latinoamericana. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación de la EC y la maduración sexual con la maduración ósea (MO) por RMN de la ERDI en futbolistas adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó 60 futbolistas hombres con edad legal certificada entre 12 y 18 años. Se realizó una evaluación médica y una RMN de la ERDI con un resonador de 1.5 T según un protocolo descrito. La lectura de la imagen fue realizada por 3 evaluadores cegados. Se determinó la MO en tres estadios (A: inmaduros; B: en desarrollo; C: maduros) y se evaluó la variabilidad inter e intra-observador. Resultados: Entre los futbolistas incluidos, se encontró un promedio de índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal de 19,6 ± 2,0 Kg/m2 y 1,1 ± 1,2%, respectivamente. Se encontró correlación de la EC y el estadio de maduración por Tanner genital con la MO (Tau_b de Kendall 0,686 y 0,693, respectivamente; p < 0,001). Todos los jugadores clasificados en el grado C tenían 17 o más años y Tanner estadio V. La concordancia inter-observador e intra-observador, mostró un índice kappa de 0,36 (p < 0,001) y 0,60 (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Conclusión: Se encontró relación de la EC y la maduración sexual con la MO por RMN de la ERDI en futbolistas adolescentes. La clasificación por grados de MO en 3 categorías, podría ser más práctica y tener implicaciones para la competencia

Introduction: Although the grade of fusion of the left distal radial epiphysis (LDRE) observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been linked to chronological age (CA), its relationship to Tanner stage of the genitals in the Latin American population is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the relationship of CA and sexual maturity with skeletal maturity (SM) determined by MRI of the LDRE in adolescent football players from Medellin, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 60 male football players with certified legal age between 12 and 18 years. Medical evaluation and MRI of the LDRE using a 1.5 T scanner was performed according to a described protocol. The image reading was performed by 3 blinded evaluators. SM was classified as: A: immature; B: developing; C: mature, and interand intra-observer variability was assessed. Results: Among the football players included in the study, the average body mass index and body fat were 19.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2 and 11.1 ± 1.2%, respectively. A correlation of CA and the Tanner stage of genital maturity with SM (Kendall’s Tau b 0.686 and 0.693, respectively; P < .001) was found. All players classified as stage C were 17 or older and Tanner stage V. The inter-observer and intraobserver agreement showed a kappa index of 0.36 (P < .001) and 0.60 (P < .001), respectively

Desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas mestiças da raça Santa Inês em Brachiaria humidícula e efeito do sexo no ganho de peso de cordeiros / Reproductive performance of crossbred ewes race Santa Ines in Brachiaria humidicula and e ffect of sex on weight gain of lambs

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas deslanadas em função do manejo alimentar das crias e idade de desmame, além de mensurar o efeito do sexo no ganho de peso de cordeiros. Sessenta e quatro ovelhas mestiças da raça Santa Inês foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2 - quatro idades de desmame (56, 70, 84 e 98 dias), sexo e manejo alimentar das crias, cada tratamento com quatro repetições. As ovelhas foram manejadas com a cria ao pé, em 14 piquetes de 1,5 ou 2,0 hectares, formados com pastagem de Brachiaria humidícola. As crias nascidas de partos simples, filhos de reprodutores Santa Inês puros de origem (PO). Após o desmame de todos os grupos, sessenta e quatro cordeiros (32 machos e 32 fêmeas) foram distribuídos ao acaso em baias individuais e confinados por 30 dias. A comparação dos parâmetros foi realizada pelo ajuste do modelo de regressão linear simples. Verificou-se vício de tempo longo do manejo alimentar das crias de + 3,7% (P<0,05) para o intervalo entre partos e de + 1,4% (P<0,05) para o período de serviço. Houve efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) da idade de desmame sobre o intervalo entre partos e período de serviço. Verificou-se vício de tempo longo do sexo das crias de + 2,0% (P<0,05) para o intervalo entre partos e de + 0,8% (P<0,05) para o período de serviço das ovelhas. Constatou-se vício de tempo longo do sexo de + 35,2% e + 36,9% (P<0,05), respectivamente, para o ganho de peso diário de cordeiros do nascimento ao desmame e pós desmame em confinamento. A suplementação das crias em alimentador privativo e a antecipação da idade de desmame reduzem o intervalo entre partos e período de serviço de ovelhas deslanadas em pastagem de Brachiaria humidícula. O sexo da cria é fonte de variação na análise da eficiência reprodutiva de matrizes ovinas e no ganho de peso de cordeiros mestiços da raça Santa Inês do nascimento ao desmame e após o desmame.

The purpose was to evaluate the reproductive performance of woolless ewes due to the feeding management of offsprings and weaning age in addition to measuring the effect of gender on weight gain of lambs. Sixty-four Santa Inês crossbred ewes were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 4 x 2 x 2 - four weaning ages (56, 70, 84 and 98 days), sex and feeding management of the offspring, each treatment with four replications. The ewes were managed with the offsprings at the foot in 14 paddocks of 1,5 or 2,0 hectares, formed with Brachiaria humidícola. The offsprings were born by single birth, of Santa Inês pure of origin (PO). After the weaning of all groups, sixty-four lambs (32 males and 32 females) were randomly assigned in individual stalls and confined for 30 days. The comparison of the parameters was carried out by the adjustment of the simple linear regression model. It was verified over time addiction of the offspring feed management of + 3,7% (P<0,05) for the calving intervals and of + 1,4% (P<0,05) for the service period. There was increasing linear effect (P<0,05) of weaning age on calving intervals and service period. It was verified over time, addiction of the offspring sex of + 2,0% (P<0,05) for the calving intervals and + 0,8% (P<0,05) for the ewes service period. It was observed over time addiction of sex of + 35,2% and + 36,9% (P<0,05), respectively, for the daily weight gain of lambs from birth to weaning and post-weaning in feedlot. The supplementation of the offspring in private feeder and the anticipation of the weaning age reduce the calving intervals and the service period of woolless ewes in Brachiaria humidicula pasture. The offspring sex is the source of variation in the analysis of reproductive efficiency of ewe's mat rices and in the weight gain of Santa Inês crossbred lambs from birth to weaning, and after weaning.

A masturbação em homens jovens portugueses / Masturbation among young Portuguese males

Introdução. A masturbação masculina tem sido vista como um comportamento tabu não havendo pesquisa sistematizada em Portugal acerca deste tema. Objetivos. Avaliar as práticas masturbatórias num grupo de homens jovens em Portugal, assim como comparar diferenças nessas práticas entre grupos particulares (idade, início da vida sexual ou orientação sexual). Material e método. Participaram no estudo 2.020 homens jovens (média de idades = 20,60, desvio padrão [DP] = 2,73) que preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e um questionário de práticas masturbatórias, medidas estas que foram disseminadas através da internet. Resultados. A esmagadora maioria dos homens já tinha iniciado a sua vida sexual (81,3%) e identificaram‐se como heterossexuais (91,6%). Os resultados indicam que, em média, os homens masturbaram‐se 3,69 vezes por semana (DP = 3,05), sendo que apenas 10,9% diz nunca se masturbar. Encontraram‐se diferenças significativas (F = 2,743; p = 0,047) entre orientações sexuais, sendo os homens homossexuais aqueles que se masturbam mais vezes. A idade da primeira vez que se masturbaram foi de 12,95 anos (DP = 2,01, variando entre os 5 e os 18 anos). A maioria dos homens (35,4%) diz masturbar‐se quando se excita com pornografia e 60,4% dizem apetecer‐lhes masturbarem‐se antes de adormecer. Verificou‐se que a maioria dos homens responderam que não praticam masturbação mútua sem tocar na(o) parceira(o) (61,7%), mas 59,2% dos homens dizem que a praticam tocando na(o) parceira(o). Conclusões. Os técnicos devem reconhecer que os homens jovens se masturbam de forma ampla e devem discutir a masturbação como uma atividade integradora e normativa do desenvolvimento humano e sexual (AU)

Introduction. Male masturbation has been seen as taboo behavior, and there is a lack of systematic research in Portugal regarding this topic. Purpose. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the masturbatory practices of a group of young men in Portugal, as well as to compare differences in these practices between particular groups (age, onset of sexual activity or sexual orientation). Materials and methods. A sample of 2020 young men (mean age = 20.60, standard deviation [SD] = 2.73) who completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and a questionnaire of masturbatory practices participated, and these measurements were disseminated on the internet. Results. The vast majority of men had already started their sexual life (81.3%) and identified themselves as heterosexual (91.6%). The results indicate that on average, men masturbated 3.69 times per week (SD = 3.05), whereas only 10.9% said that they never masturbated. Significant differences (F = 2.743, p = 0.047) were found between sexual orientations; gay men masturbated more often. The age of the first time they masturbated was 12.95 years (SD = 2.01, ranging from 5 to 18 years). Most men (35.4%) said that they masturbated when aroused by pornography and 60.4% said they felt like masturbating before sleeping. It was found that the majority of men said they do not practice mutual masturbation touching their partner (61.7%), and 59.2% of men claimed that they did touch their partner. Conclusions. Professionals should recognize that young men masturbate broadly and should discuss masturbation as an integrative activity of human and sexual development (AU)

Funcionamiento sexual en hombres y mujeres víctimas de abuso sexual en la infancia y en la adolescencia/adultez / Sexual functioning of men and women victims of childhood and adolescence/adulthood sexual abuse

Objetivo. Examinar la relación entre diferentes tipos de victimización sexual, y su severidad, y diversos aspectos del funcionamiento sexual (deseo, excitación/inhibición y satisfacción sexual) en hombres y mujeres. Se distinguió entre victimización sexual en la infancia (VSI), en la adolescencia/adultez (VSAA) y revictimización (VSI + VSAA), teniendo en cuenta la severidad del abuso (frecuencia de victimización sexual y contacto con o sin penetración). Material y método. Un total de 228 hombres y 333 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 50 años, seleccionados incidentalmente entre la población general española, contestaron al Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, el Sexual Experiences Survey, el Sexual Desire Inventory, el Sexual Inhibition/Excitation Scales-Short Form y el Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction. Resultados. Quienes habían sufrido revictimización informaron de mayor deseo sexual solitario y mayor inhibición sexual relacionada con la dificultad para concentrarse durante las relaciones sexuales. Se observaron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en la relación entre la severidad del abuso y el funcionamiento sexual, destacándose que a medida que aumenta el número de ocasiones en que se ha sufrido el abuso, las mujeres informan de mayor deseo sexual y tendencia a excitarse sexualmente. En varones, sin embargo, el número de abusos se asoció con menor deseo sexual y mayor inhibición sexual. La satisfacción sexual fue menor en ambos sexos al experimentar mayor número de abusos durante la adolescencia/adultez (sin penetración). Conclusiones. Se destaca la importancia de considerar las experiencias de revictimización y la severidad del tipo de abuso, a la hora de evaluar el funcionamiento sexual, así como las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres víctimas de abuso (AU)

Objective. This study examined the relationship among previous sexual victimization experiences, their severity and several aspects of sexual functioning (desire, excitation/inhibition, and sexual satisfaction) in men and women. We distinguished the following types of sexual victimization: during childhood (CSA); during adolescence/adulthood (AASA); revictimization (CSA + AASA), and their severity (frequency of sexual victimization and sexual contact with penetration/without penetration). Material and method. A Spanish community sample composed by 228 men and 333 women with ages ranging between 18 and 50 years. The sample was selected incidentally and the participants were administered the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, Sexual Experiences Survey, Sexual Desire Inventory, Sexual Inhibition/Excitation Scales-Short Form and Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction. Results. Individuals who had suffered revictimization reported higher solitary sexual desire and more propensity for sexual inhibition due to difficulties for focusing/distraction during sexual relationships (SI1). Differences were observed in the association between the severity of the abuse and sexual functioning in men and women. Overall, as the frequency of sexual victimization increased, women reported more sexual desire and more propensity to get sexually excited. However, in men, the frequency of sexual victimization was associated with lower sexual desire and more sexual inhibition (SI1). For both men and women, sexual satisfaction was lower when the frequency of victimization during adolescence/adulthood (without penetration) was higher. Conclusions. Findings highlight revictimization experiences and the severity of sexual abuse in sexual functioning. Differences between men and women victims of abuse and their sexual functioning are discussed (AU)

Influência da maturação sexual na aptidão física de escolares do município de Ilhabela: um estudo longitudinal / Influence of sexual maturation on physical fitness in male students of Ilhabela Brazil: a longitudinal study

Objetivo: Verificar a influência da maturação sexual sobre as variáveis de aptidão física de acordo com a faixa etária em escolares do sexo masculino do município de Ilhabela em uma abordagem longitudinal. Método: 27 escolares do sexo masculino foram acompanhados por um período de 4 anos consecutivos, entre 10 e 13 anos de idade. As variáveis avaliadas foram: massa corporal, estatura, adiposidade, impulsão vertical, shuttle run, corrida de 50 metros e a potência aeróbica (VO2máx l.min-1 e ml.kg-1.min-1), seguindo a padronização do CELAFISCS. A determinação do nível maturacional foi feita mediante a auto-avaliação dos pêlos púbicos proposta por Matsudo (1994). A análise estatística utilizada foi a análise de regressão univariada. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Resultados: A maturação sexual explicou de maneira significativa a adiposidade aos 10, 11 e 12 anos, a força aos 10 e 12 anos, a velocidade e a potência aeróbica (VO2máx l.min-1) apenas aos 10 anos. Conclusão: A maturação sexual explica principalmente a adiposidade, mas também a força, a velocidade e a potência aeróbica em termos absolutos (VO2máx l.min-1) do que as outras variáveis analisadas dos 10 aos 13 anos de idade no sexo masculino. A agilidade e o VO2máx (ml.kg-1.min-1) não foram explicadas pela maturação em qualquer das idades avaliadas.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to verify through a longitudinal approach the influence of the sexual maturation on physical fitness according to age in peri-pubertal boys Methods: 27 male students from 10 to 13 years of age were followed during 4-year period. Variables analyzed were: body weight, height, adiposity, vertical jump, shuttle run, 50 meters run test and aerobic power (VO2máx - l.min-1 and ml.kg-1.min-1), according to CELAFISCS standard. Sexual maturation level was established through the self-assessment of Tanner (1991) stages, considering pubic hair, proposed by Matsudo (1994). Each student participated in, at least, one evaluation per year. Results were evaluated through univariate regression analysis. Level of significantly adapted was p<0.05. Results: Sexual maturation significantly accounted to adiposity values among 10, 11 and 12 years-old boys, to strength in the 10 and 12 years-old groups, and speed and aerobic power (VO2máx l.min-1) values only in the 10 years-old group. Conclusion: Based on this longitudinal study authors concluded that among peri-pubertal boys. Sexual maturation explained mainly adiposity values. Some strength, velocity, and aerobic power (absolute value). No influence was observed on agility and relative aerobic power.

La sexualidad pregenital desligada y actuada en el adulto / Pregenital sexuality unbound and enacted in the adult

El desarrollo sexual va parejo al desarrollo emocional del niño. Una experiencia de gratificación y satisfacción suficientemente sostenida en el tiempo con el primer objeto de amor, permitirán al niño dirigir sus deseos hacia el padre y demás adultos próximos y hacia otros niños, abriéndose con ello a la cultura. En esta experiencia relacional irá desplegando sus necesidades y deseos, su amor y su agresividad, y progresará desde las relaciones parciales hasta el logro de poder aceptar al otro como diferente, fuera de su control omnipotente y por ello fuente tanto de deseo como de frustración. Más tarde, ya en la adolescencia, el púber volverá a cuestionar todas sus relaciones, ideas e ilusiones, para abrirse definitivamente a la genitalidad y ésta le confrontará con su incompletud y necesidad del otro para satisfacer distintos deseos, entre ellos los sexuales. Tanto la calidad del encuentro relacional como el ejercicio de la sexualidad, estarán estrechamente relacionadas con el desarrollo psíquico y con sus posibles fallas y déficits (AU)

Secual development goes hand in hand with the emotional development of the chihld. An experience of gratification and satisfaction sustined sufficiency over time with the early love object will enable the child to direct his desires towards the father and other significant adults and towards other children, opening up to culture along with it. In this relational experience he will be gradually unfolding his needs and desires, his love and his aggressiveness, and will progress from partial relationships until attaining the ability to accept the other as other, outside of his omnipotent control, and for that reason as much a source of desire as of frustration. Later, now during adolescence, the pubescent will again call into question all of his relationships, ideas and hopes, to open up definitively to genitality; this will bring him face to face with his incompleteness and his need of the other to satisfy different desires, including the sexual ones. Both the quality of the relationa encounter as well as the exercise of sexuality will be closely linked to his psycic development and with his potential flaws, failures and limitations (AU)

Trastornos del desarrollo sexual / Disorders of sex development

Antecedentes. Los trastornos del desarrollo sexual (TDS), que tienen la posibilidad de poner en riesgo vital las emergencias endocrinológicas del recién nacido, precisan un cuidadoso enfoque multidisciplinar. Objetivos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es consolidar la propuesta de clasificación, evaluación y tratamiento de los TDS. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron las literaturas relativas a TDS, a fin de hallar el mejor enfoque para esta enfermedad. Resultados. Se precisan la historia clínica detallada, la exploración física sistémica del paciente, el laboratorio concreto y las evaluaciones de imágenes para tratar urgentemente las anormalidades con riesgo vital y la asignación de género. Conclusión. Deberá asignarse el género dependiendo del diagnóstico definitivo, el potencial de fertilidad, el aspecto de los genitales, las opciones quirúrgicas y la opinión de los padres(AU)

Background. Disorders of sex development (DSD), which has the possibility of the risk of life-threatening endocrinologic emergencies of the newborn, require a careful multidisciplinary approach. Objectives. The aim of our study is to consolidate the proposed classification, evaluation and management of DSD. Materials and methods. The literatures related with DSD were reviewed to find the best approach for this disease. Results. The detailed history, systemic physical examination of the patient, particular laboratory and imagine evaluations are needed for the urgent treatment of life-threatening abnormalities and the gender assignment. Conclusion. The gender should be assigned depending on the definitive diagnosis, fertility potential, genital appearance, surgical options, and the parents’ opinion(AU)

Pré-hipertensão arterial e pressão de pulso aumentada em adolescentes: prevalência e fatores associados / Arterial prehypertension and elevated pulse pressure in adolescents: prevalence and associated factors

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de pré-hipertensão e pressão de pulso aumentada em escolares, e verificar associação dessas duas condições com sexo, idade, maturidade sexual, obesidade e atividade física. MÉTODOS: Em amostra de 456 estudantes de 12 a 17 anos, de escolas públicas e privadas do bairro do Fonseca, Niterói-RJ, entre 2003 e 2004, mediu-se a pressão arterial em duas visitas, aplicou-se questionário e foram feitas medidas antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove (8,6 por cento) adolescentes apresentaram pré-hipertensão (PH) e 13,4 por cento, pressão de pulso (PP) aumentada. Na análise bivariada, a PH mostrou associação significativa com sexo, idade e obesidade, com prevalência maior em meninos, naqueles de 15 a 17 anos, e nos obesos. A PP aumentada associou-se somente com o sexo - maior prevalência nos meninos. A maturidade sexual não mostrou associação com a PH ou PP aumentada. Na regressão logística, as associações se mantiveram, com razões de chance de prevalência de PH de 7,7 para sexo; 4,3 para idade e 4,6 para obesidade; e de PP aumentada, de 10,8 para sexo. A PP mostrou correlação positiva com a atividade física. O aumento da PP ocorreu com o aumento da pressão arterial sistólica. CONCLUSÃO: A PH e a PP aumentadas estão presentes em adolescentes em uma população com baixa prevalência de hipertensão, principalmente em meninos, indicando a necessidade de realização de estudos com desenhos prospectivos para examinar a persistência e o impacto dessas condições.

Potencial reprodutivo de touros Nelore acasalados coletivamente na proporção de um touro para 100 vacas / Reproductive potential of Nellore bulls colectivelly mated with the ratio of one bull for each one hundred cows

Utilizaram-se quatro touros selecionados por meio de exame andrológico (medida da circunferência escrotal e avaliação das qualidades físicas e morfológicas do sêmen) e de comportamento sexual (libido) que os classificaram entre muito bons e excelentes. Organizaram-se dois grupos experimentais, G1 e G2, o primeiro composto por dois touros e 200 vacas, estabelecendo, assim, a proporção de um touro para 100 vacas e o segundo, considerado como testemunha, por dois touros e 100 vacas, portanto, proporção de 1:50. Todas as matrizes eram da raça Nelore, pluríparas, não gestantes e secas. A estação de monta durou 72 dias. As taxas de gestação obtidas aos 30, 60 e 72 dias, medidas a partir dos nascimentos das crias, foram de 54,0 por cento e 57,0 por cento (P>0,05), 79,5 por cento e 82,0 por cento (P>0,05) e 87,0 por cento e 88,0 por cento (P>0,05), para os animais dos grupos G1 e G2, respectivamente. Reprodutores Nelore selecionados por meio de exames andrológicos e comportamentais (teste da libido) podem suportar até 100 vacas em estação de monta curta, com vantagens econômicas e para a eficiência reprodutiva atual e futura do rebanho, desde que observadas as regras de manejo pré-estabelecidas. A análise dos resultados revelou economia de 25,6 por cento sobre o custo da cria desmamada em comparação com proporção simulada de 1:25 (4 por cento de touros) tradicionalmente utilizada na pecuária de corte brasileira.

Four sexually mature Nellore bulls evaluated for sexual soundness using physical and morphological characteristics of semen and scrotal circumference and sexual behavior (libido), were selected after qualifying either as very good or excellent. The chosen bulls were randomly divided into two experimental groups: group 1 - two bulls for mating 200 cows (1:100 ratio), and group 2 - two bulls for mating 100 cows (1:50 ratio). Females were pluriparous, opened, and non-nursing Nellore. Pregnancy rates on 30, 60 and 72 days during the breeding season, measured through birth date of the calves, were 54.0 percent vs. 57.0 percent (P>0.05), 79.5 percent vs. 82.0 percent (P>0.05), and 87.0 percent vs. 88.0 percent (P>0.05), for groups 1 and 2, respectively. The Nellore breeders selected through physical and morphological characteristics of semen, scrotal circumference and behavior (libido test) were able to bear up to 100 cows during a short breeding season, with economic advantage and genetic gain for the present and future reproductive efficiency of the herd, as long as pre-established management rules are properly followed. Economic analysis revealed a cost reduction of 25.6 percent of the weaned calves when using the proposed 1:100 bull/cow ratio instead of the traditional 1:25 ratio.