Gallium maltolate, a promising low toxicity drug with curative effect on mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate protozoan that infects a wide range of hosts, especially horses. Clinically, the infection is characterized by rapid weight loss, anemia and mobility disorders. This study evaluated the efficacy of treatment gallium maltolate (GaM) in rats infected with T. evansi in the acute and chronic phases of the disease and its influence on the enzyme and blood parameters. 48 animals (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 8 groups (A-H) of 6 animals each, namely: A: (negative control) uninfected; B: acutely infected positive control; C: chronically infected positive control; D: acutely infected, treated with GaM for 7 days post infection (p.i.); E: acutely infected treated with GaM for 3 days before infection (b.i) and 7 days p.i.; F: chronically infected, treated with GaM for 7 days p.i.; G: chronically infected, treated with GaM for 3 days b.i. and 7 days p.i.; and H: uninfected treated with GaM for 10 days. Acute infected animals (B, D and E) had a progressive increase in parasitemia and were died or euthanized before completing treatment days (5th days p.i.) as they had high parasitemia (over 100 field trypanosomes in the blood smear). Thus, it can be concluded that GaM was not effective against an acute infection. In untreated chronically infected animals (C) the parasitemia also increased progressively and they were euthanized on the 7th day p.i.. The chronically infected and treated animals (F and G) showed low parasitemia and after treatment became negative, showing no trypanosomes in the bloodstream until the 50th day of the experiment. Thus, we conclude that GaM was effective against chronic infections. In uninfected and treated animals (H) hematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters had no significant changes when compared to the negative control group (A) demonstrating the low toxicity of GaM.

Molecular characterization of trypanocide-resistant strains derived from a single field isolate of Trypanosoma evansi.

Four strains (SB-PR, SB-RS, SB-RD, and SB-RM) of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) were used in this study. SB-PR is known to be trypanocide-sensitive, while the others are trypanocide-resistant to suramin, diminazene diaceturate, and melarsomine hydrochloride, respectively. SB-RS, SB-RD, and SB-RM are derivatives of a single field isolate of SB-PR. Trypanocide resistance will not only increase costs and decrease production efficiency but will also affect effective treatment strategies. Therefore, studies on this topic are important to avoid inefficient production and ineffective treatment. This paper aims to presents a comparative molecular characterization of the trypanocide-resistant strains compared to the parent population. Comparative molecular characterization of these strains based on a protein profile analysis performed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), DNA fingerprinting of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and the molecular characterization of expression-site-associated 6 (ESAG6), variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), and T. evansi adenosine transporter-1 (TevAT1) gene sequences. The results show three derived strains (SB-RS, SB-RD, and SB-RM) exhibit different banding patterns than SB-PR. According to the RAPD results, SB-RS and SB-RD are different strains with DNA fingerprint similarities of about 77.8 %, while the DNA fingerprint of SB-RM has a similarity of 44.4 % to SB-RS and SB-RD. No differences in VSG were found among the four strains; however, ESAG6 showed differences in both nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as well as in its secondary and 3D structure. In conclusion, all molecular analyses of the ESAG6 gene showed that SB-PR, SB-RS, SB-RD, and SB-RM are different strains. Furthermore, SB-PR, SB-RS, SB-RD, and SB-RM did not exhibit the TevAT1 gene, so the resistance mechanism was determined to be unrelated to that gene.

Exploring microalgal and cyanobacterial metabolites with antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTD) like Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis affect millions of people annually, while currently used antiprotozoal drugs have serious side effects. Drug research based on natural products has shown that microalgae and cyanobacteria are a promising platform of biochemically active compounds with antiprotozoal activity. These unicellular photosynthetic organisms are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments including phycocyanin, chlorophylls and carotenoids, polyphenols, bioactive peptides, terpenes, alkaloids, which have proven antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiplasmodial and antiprotozoal properties. This review provides up-to-date information regarding ongoing studies on substances synthesized by microalgae and cyanobacteria with notable activity against Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis, respectively. Extracts of several freshwater or marine microalgae have been tested on different strains of Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites. For instance, ethanolic extract of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Tetraselmis suecica have biological activity against T. cruzi, due to their high content of carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenolic compounds and flavonoids that are associated with trypanocidal activity. Halophilic Dunaliella salina showed moderate antileishmanial activity that may be attributed to the high ß-carotene content in this microalga. Peptides such as almiramides, dragonamides, and herbamide that are biosynthesized by marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula were found to have increased activity in micromolar scale IC50 against L. donovani, T. Cruzi, and T. brucei parasites. The cyanobacterial peptides symplocamide and venturamide isolated from Symploca and Oscillatoria species, respectively, and the alkaloid nostocarbonile isolated from Nostoc have shown promising antiprotozoal properties and are being explored for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes. The discovery of new molecules from microalgae and cyanobacteria with therapeutic potential against Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis may address an urgent medical need: effective and safe treatments of NTDs.

Parasitological, Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi among Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedaries) with Evaluation of Antitrypanosomal Drugs.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in naturally diseased Dromedary camels in Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The detection of Trypanosoma evansi was performed using the parasitological, serological, and molecular diagnosis and a comparison between such methods were analyzed. In addition, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of selected antitrypanosomal drugs, cymelarsan and quinapyrmine (aquin-1.5), was trialed for treatment of diagnosed infected cases. METHODS: A total 350 randomly selected camels were evaluated using thin blood smear (TBS), RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques. RESULTS: The total prevalence was 6.9%, 7.7%, and 32.8% by TBS, RoTat1.2 PCR and CATT/T. evansi techniques, respectively. Although PCR detect T. evansi in more samples than TBS, the agreement was good (K = 0.9). Among the CATT/T. evansi results, PCR detect T. evansi in 12 and 15 CATT positive and negative camels, respectively, with low agreement (Kappa = 0.1). The use of cymelarsan and quinapyramine sulfate in the treatment of naturally infected cases demonstrated a very efficient therapeutic response. CONCLUSION: It was found that 1. Comparing the CATT/T. evansi and PCR results, the positivity of CATT was higher than PCR detection, while the agreement was poor (K = 0.1). 2. Cymelarsan and aquin-1.5 proved to be effective in the treatment of naturally infected camels, but cymelarsan presented with higher effectiveness (100%) than aquin-treated camels (83.3%). a 3. The use of cymelarsan and CATT is recommended for disease treatment and control.

Drug resistance in animal trypanosomiases: Epidemiology, mechanisms and control strategies.

Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a complex of veterinary diseases known under various names such as nagana, surra, dourine and mal de caderas, depending on the country, the infecting trypanosome species and the host. AT is caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, and the main species infecting domesticated animals are T. brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. AT transmission, again depending on species, is through tsetse flies or common Stomoxys and tabanid flies or through copulation. Therefore, the geographical spread of all forms of AT together is not restricted to the habitat of a single vector like the tsetse fly and currently includes almost all of Africa, and most of South America and Asia. The disease is a threat to millions of companion and farm animals in these regions, creating a financial burden in the billions of dollars to developing economies as well as serious impacts on livestock rearing and food production. Despite the scale of these impacts, control of AT is neglected and under-resourced, with diagnosis and treatments being woefully inadequate and not improving for decades. As a result, neither the incidence of the disease, nor the effectiveness of treatment is documented in most endemic countries, although it is clear that there are serious issues of resistance to the few old drugs that are available. In this review we particularly look at the drugs, their application to the various forms of AT, and their mechanisms of action and resistance. We also discuss the spread of veterinary trypanocide resistance and its drivers, and highlight current and future strategies to combat it.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis

A photodynamic effect occurs when photosensitiser molecules absorb light and dissipate the absorbed energy by transferring it to biological acceptors (usually oxygen), generating an excess of reactive species that are able to force cells into death pathways. Several tropical diseases present physiopathological aspects that are accessible to the application of a photosensitiser and local illumination. In addition, disease may be transmitted through infected blood donations, and many of the aetiological agents associated with tropical diseases have been shown to be susceptible to the photodynamic approach. However, there has been no systematic investigation of the application of photoantimicrobial agents in the various presentations, whether to human disease or to the disinfection of blood products or even as photo-insecticides. We aim in this review to report the advances in the photoantimicrobial approach that are beneficial to the field of anti-parasite therapy and also have the potential to facilitate the development of low-cost/high-efficiency protocols for underserved populations.

Susceptibility of Mice to Trypanosoma evansi Treated with Human Plasma Containing Different Concentrations of Apolipoprotein L-1

The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma evansi treated with human plasma containing different concentrations of apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1). For this experiment, a strain of T. evansi and human plasma (plasmas 1, 2, and 3) from 3 adult males clinically healthy were used. In vivo test used 50 mice divided in 5 groups (A to E) with 10 animals in each group. Animals of groups B to E were infected, and then treated with 0.2 ml of human plasma in the following outline: negative control (A), positive control (B), treatment with plasma 1 (C), treatment with plasma 2 (D), and treatment with plasma 3 (E). Mice treated with human plasma showed an increase in longevity of 40.9+/-0.3 (C), 20+/-9.0 (D) and 35.6+/-9.3 (E) days compared to the control group (B) which was 4.3+/-0.5 days. The number of surviving mice and free of the parasite (blood smear and PCR negative) at the end of the experiment was 90%, 0%, and 60% for groups C, D, and E, respectively. The quantification of APOL1 was performed due to the large difference in the treatments that differed in the source plasma. In plasmas 1, 2, and 3 was detected the concentration of 194, 99, and 115 mg/dl of APOL1, respectively. However, we believe that this difference in the treatment efficiency is related to the level of APOL1 in plasmas.

Atividade, seletividade e mecanismos de ação de diamidinas aromáticas e análogos sobre Trypanosoma cruzi: um enfoque sobre o kDNA / Activity, selectivity and mechanism of action of aromatic and diamidinas analogues on Trypanosoma cruzi: a focus on the kDNA

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é endêmica na América Latina, afetando mais de 15 milhões de pessoas. Como seu tratamento apresenta eficácia limitada e considerável toxicidade novas drogas são necessárias. Neste contexto, com a colaboração de grupos de química medicinal, nosso objetivo é a investigação da atividade tripanocida, seletividade, alvos celulares e mecanismos de ação de diamidinas aromáticas (DAs) e análogos. Inicialmente avaliamos o efeito tripanocida de onze Das sobre as formas tripomastigotas e amastigotas intracelulares, assim como sua toxidade para células de mamíferos e localização intracelular no parasito. Entre estes onze compostos, 2, 5 e 7 foram os mais ativos, com valores de IC50 na faixa micromolar e um alto índice de seletividade sobre as duas formas de T. cruzi. Através de microscopia de fluorescência (MF) foi possível localizar todos os compostos em organelas ricas em DNA, núcleo e mitocôndria (kDNA) e a análise utraestrutural utilizando os compostos 5 e 7 revelou que estes compostos levam a danos mitocondriais, incluindo desorganização do kDNA em formas tripomastigotas. O acúmulo das diamidinas foi maior no kDNA do que no núcleo, porém tam acúmulo não está correlacionado a uma maior atividade tripanocida. A seguir, visando um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de ação de diamidinas e análogos, investigamos uma possível correlação entre as propriedades de ligação ao kDNA de treze compostos com a atividade tripanocida, através de estudos de desnaturação térmica (Tm) e dicroísmo circular (DiC). Nossos resultados mostram tanto com kDNA purificado de epimastigotas como com uma seqüência conservada de 22-mer presente em minicírculos de T. cruzi, que a forte interação de amidinas ao kDNA não é o fator determinante para desencadear sua atividade tripanocida.Estes dados sugerem fortemente que outros fatores podem estar envolvidos no mecanismo de ação destes compostos, operando de modo primário ou secundário a interação composto: kDNA. Outros estudos serão necessários para melhor identificar os mecanismos envolvidos na ação destes compostos, visando contribuir para o desenho racional de compostos líderes para o tratamento da doença de Chagas.

Tripanosomiasis aguda: report de un caso y revisión del tema / Acute tripanosomiasis: report of a case

La tripanosomiasis americana o Enfermedad de Chagas es una zoonosis común en áreas endémicas del Hemisferio Occidental, entre las que se encuentra incluída México. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por una forma aguda frecuentemente asintomática y una forma crónica con graves secuelas cardíacas y gastrointestinales. A continuación se presenta el reporte de un caso de tripanosomiasis aguda en una paciente proveniente de área endemica y cuya evolución se vio complicada por el desarrollo de accidente vascular cerebral que la llevó a la muerte, y se realiza una revisión de los aspectos más importantes de la enfermedad

Prevalencia de Infeccion Chagasica en Universitarios de Santa Cruz de la Sierra-Bolivia / Prevalence of infection chagasic and Students of Santa Cruz de la Sierra-Bolivia

De una poblacion de 4.600 nuevos studiantes de la universidad Estatal de la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, se tomo una muestra aleatoria de 372 estudiantes a los que se realizo un test de hemoglutinacion indirecta (HAI) para enfermedad de chagas y un electrocardiograma (ECG) convencional. El 17.2 por ciento (64/373) tenian el test HAI positivo y de esto el 16.5 por ciento (10/64) tenian algun trasntorno electrocardiografica. En el grupo con HAI negativa el 10 por ciento (31/308) presento alguna anormalidad electrocardiografica. No se observo asociacion entre serologia positiva para la enfermedad de Chagas y alteracion del ECG en general (x2=1,67 p=0.2). Se observo una asociacion positiva entre serologia para Chagas y trastornos de conduccion intraventricular (TCIV) y esta parece intensificarse entre los menores de 19 anos con un Odds Ratio de 10.4(p<0.05)

Le traitement de la maladie du sommeil en 1994 : une situation preoccupante

Ce texte parle essentiellement des medicaments disponibles en 1994 contre la trypanosomiase en Afrique Centrale. L'auteur presente une liste rapide a etablir; il n'y en a en effet que trois a ce jour; un pour la phase lymphatico-sanguine; le Pentamidine; un pour la phase meningo-encephalitique; le melarsoprol et maintenant; le DL Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine; ou Eflornithine; ou encore D.F.M.O

Circurating trypanosomal antigen levels in sleeping sickness patients under going treatment at Alupe

Sera from 99 sleeping sickness patients admitted to Alupe Hospital were analyzed for circulating trypanosomal antigens using a sandwich antigen-trapping enzyme immunosorbent assay. Trypanosomal antigens were detected in 83 (84) of the patients. Post-treatment antigen profile in 67 patients showed five distinct patterns: in 48 of the patients antigen levels remained elevated thoughout; in 31 of the patients antigens dropped to the; negative value; and became elevated afterward; in 6.0 of the patients antigen levels were negative initially; but became elevated later; in 7.5 of the patients antigen levels remained below the negative value thoughout. The significance of these observations in the clinical management of sleeping sickness is discussed

Place du traitement de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine en Trypanosoma brucei gambiense dans l'elaboration de la strategie de lutte

Le but de cet article est de susciter une reflexion sur l'articulation logique des differentes activites de lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine; en fonction des moyens dont on dispose pour traiter les malades. En effet; on considere trop souvent le depistage comme une finalite; propre a satisfaire les statistiques et les bilans d'activites. L'auteur presente donc le traitement tel qu'il est administre au centre national et au centre regional de la Republique Centrafricaine