Co-existence of atypical tuberculid with lupus vulgaris.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is an uncommon form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis accounting for ≤2% of mycobacterium tuberculosis cases and is more often reported from developing countries. Tuberculid, a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to mycobacteria or its fragments, is a another rare cutaneous manifestation seen in association with tuberculosis of other organ systems including tuberculous lymphadenitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc. Co-occurrence of a tuberculid with CTB is extremely rare. Herein we report a childhood case of lupus vulgaris, a type of CTB, associated with an atypical presentation of tuberculid.

The Enemy within-Multifocal Tuberculous Abscesses Complicating Dermatomyositis.

Tuberculosis can present with diverse manifestations, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Although cold abscesses can complicate spinal tuberculosis, subcutaneous abscesses due to tuberculosis are considerably uncommon and, unlike cold abscesses, necessitate surgical drainage.1 We present an extremely rare case of disseminated tuberculosis in a patient with subcutaneous involvement mimicking cellulitis.

[Scrofuloderma, cutaneous and pulmonary tuberculosis associated with COVID-19. Report of one case]. / Escrofuloderma: tuberculosis cutánea y pulmonar asociada a coinfección COVID-19. Reporte de caso.

Cutaneous tuberculosis represents 1-1.5% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including a variety of clinical conditions. Scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris are the most common forms. We report a 49-year-old woman who sought medical attention through tele-dermatology concerning a cervical nodule associated with suppuration and cutaneous involvement. The diagnoses of scrofuloderma and pulmonary tuberculosis were confirmed, and during her evolution she presented a coinfection with SARS-CoV-2. The possible associations between tuberculosis and COVID-19 were reviewed.

Multiple subcutaneous tuberculous abscesses in a dermatomyositis patient without pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Even though remarkable progress for diagnostics of pulmonary TB has been made, it is still a challenge to establish a definitive diagnosis for extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in clinical practice. Among all the presentations of EPTB, cold abscesses are unusual and deceptive, which are often reported in the chest wall and spine. Subcutaneous abscess in the connective tissue of limbs is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old man with dermatomyositis was hospitalized because of multiple subcutaneous tuberculous abscesses in his limbs, but without pulmonary tuberculosis. Particularly, one insidious abscess appeared during anti-TB treatment due to "paradoxical reaction". After routine anti-TB therapy, local puncture drainage and surgical resection, the patient was cured and discharged. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous infection should be kept in mind for the subcutaneous abscess of immunocompromised patients, even without previous TB history. Treatment strategy depends on the suppurating progress of abscess lesions. Meanwhile, complication of newly-developed insidious abscess during treatment should be vigilant.

Lichenoid granulomatous dermatitis as a tuberculid in association with spondylitis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Lichenoid granulomatous dermatitis (LGD) is a histopathologic pattern with a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate, typical of lichenoid dermatitis, combined with dermal histiocytes and granulomatous inflammation. Prior reports have described cases of LGD caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, with evidence of intralesional acid-fast bacilli or mycobacterial DNA. Herein, we report a patient with pulmonary and extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection who developed LGD. No evidence of M. tuberculosis was detected within the cutaneous lesions, suggesting a potential delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculosis.

Simultaneous Occurrence of Papulonecrotic Tuberculid and Erythema Induratum in an Asian Woman.

A 31-year-old Indonesian woman presented with a 2-month history of recurrent painful nodules on the legs. Review of systems did not reveal any respiratory, gastrointestinal, or abdominal findings. She had been to Singapore working as a domestic helper for close to a year. There was no contact history of tuberculosis.

Concomitant metastatic cutaneous tuberculous abscesses and Pott disease in an immunocompetent patient.

Tuberculosis affects one-third of the world's population. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis including cutaneous and skeletal manifestations has increased in the last decades. The authors report a clinical case of concomitant metastatic cutaneous abscesses and Pott disease in an immunocompetent patient, a rare presentation of tuberculosis.

[A CASE OF MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS ORIGINATED FROM CUTANEOUS INFECTION].

An 86-year-old woman with severe dementia had been treated with oral prednisolone at 2 mg/day for autoimmune bullous dermatosis for several years. One year ago, she referred to our hospital due to an ulcerative skin lesion over the right tibial tuberosity. The lesion was treated by an iodine-containing ointment, but did not heal. Subsequently, a new skin lesion appeared in the right popliteal fossa. One month ago, the patient had increased sputum production that was accompanied by fever, anorexia, and dyspnea; consequently, she visited our department. Chest computed tomography revealed diffuse micronodules with ground-glass attenuation. Acid-fast bacteria staining of the sputum was positive and the polymerase chain reaction detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, the bacilli were also found in the skin lesions of the right limb. Therefore, a diagnosis of cutaneous, and miliary tuberculosis was made. Although the anti-tuberculous combination chemotherapy consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol was immediately initiated, her condition did not improve. She died on day 19 of hospitalization. Drug susceptibility testing revealed no resistance to all the three drugs; hence, it was concluded that the time-delay in diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis lead to the progression to miliary tuberculosis and subsequent death.

Disseminated cutaneous BCG infection following BCG immunotherapy in patients with lepromatous leprosy.

Cutaneous complications of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, especially in the form of generalised disease, are uncommon and mostly occur in immunocompromised individuals. There is a paucity of data on the cutaneous adverse reactions secondary to BCG immunotherapy in leprosy. We report two unique cases of disseminated cutaneous BCG infection following immunotherapy in patients with lepromatous leprosy. To our knowledge, cutaneous BCG infection presenting as widespread lesions after immunotherapy and confirmed by isolation of Mycobacterium bovis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has not been described. A high index of suspicion is required when leprosy patients who receive BCG immunotherapy develop new lesions that cannot be classified as either reaction or relapse, and diagnosis may be confirmed on histopathology and PCR.

A case of lepromatous leprosy with co-existing tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC).

The association of leprosy and cutaneous tuberculosis has been reported rarely. Though cross-immunity may exist between these two mycobacterial infections, tuberculosis can occur throughout the spectrum of leprosy. We report a case of lepromatous leprosy with Type II reaction, with tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC). The patient presented with multiple skin-coloured tender nodules of variable size, involving the upper and lower extremities, nodular enlargement of both ear lobes, erythematous plaques on the face and icthyotic patches over both lower legs and feet, for 6 months. There was also a slow-growing asymptomatic warty plaque over the right lateral malleolus, present for 1 year. Slit skin smear examination from ear lobes, forehead and nodules, and histopathology of the warty lesion, respectively confirmed the diagnoses of leprosy and tuberculosis.

Pott's paraplegia secondary to Scrofuloderma is a rare association.

STUDY DESIGN: Spinal tuberculosis as all other osteoarticular tuberculosis occurs as a result of hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primarily infected visceral focus mainly lungs, but Pott's paraplegia occurring secondarily to Scrofuloderma has not been reported till date. PURPOSE: To document such an association of Pott's paraplegia and Scrofuloderma. METHODS: A 29-year-old female presented to us with low backache and paraplegia of 1 month duration. Clinical examination showed multiple healed Scrofuloderma lesions over sterum and neck (Figure 1). Magnetic resonance imaging (Figure 4), computed tomography (Figure 3) and X-ray (Figure 2) showed Pott's spine involving dorsal vertebrae (D8-10) with pre and paravetebral abscess with intraspinal extension. She was treated by minimally invasive surgery to drain pus and granulation tissue by resecting transverse process of D9 vertebra. Drained material was sent for histopathological examination, Zielh-neelsen (ZN) staining, culture and sensitivity for M. tuberculosis. Patient completely recovered neurologically after 1 month of surgery. RESULTS: Patient completely recovered neurologically after surgery and is presently on multidrug chemotherapy and spinal brace. CONCLUSIONS: Pott's paraplegia can occur secondary to Scrofuloderma and it can be managed by multidrug antitubercular therapy and minimally invasive surgical procedure.

Simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Although papulonecrotic tuberculid is an uncommon cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, the simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum is even rarer. Papulonecrotic tuberculid occurs predominantly in young adults and is characterized by eruptions of necrotizing papules that heal with varioliform scars. Histopathologic findings include wedge-shaped necrosis of the dermis, poorly formed granulomatous infiltration, and vasculitis. Stainings and culture for acid-fast bacilli from skin biopsies are usually negative for M. tuberculosis, although the eruptions resolve with antitubercular therapy. Few patients with papulonecrotic tuberculid, especially with concurrent occurrence of erythema induratum, have been reported in the English literature. Here we report a case of a 12-year-old girl with simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum accompanying pulmonary TB.

Atypical cutaneous tuberculosis with an unusual course.

Cutaneous tuberculosis represents the fifth extrapulmonary form in Morocco after pleural, lymph node, urogenital, and intestinal tuberculosis. It is recognized to form a continuous immunopathologic spectrum, ranging from a high intensity to a low intensity of cell-mediated immunity, which explains the multiplicity and heterogeneity of anatomo-clinical forms. Association of multiple forms in the same patient is really rare. In this regard, we report a case of scrofuloderma on axillary tuberculosis adenitis associated to a lupus vulgaris in an immunocompetent patient, which was confirmed by histology, QuantiFERON-TB Gold test, and polymerase chain reaction. He received an antituberculous therapy with clinical regression of the lesions. In conclusion, cutaneous tuberculosis is still endemic in developing countries.The diagnosis is difficult because of its clinical polymorphism. That's why it's should be suspected clinically in the presence of any destructive or verrucous skin lesion evolving without healing for a long period and confirmed by bacteriological examinations and histology.

Parotid tuberculosis associated with cutaneous tuberculosis on a medial epicanthus.

An 83-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of a gradually enlarging, reddish, crusted papule on her left medial epicanthus. Her medical history did not reveal any systemic disease. She gave no personal history of tuberculosis or any systemic symptoms, such as night sweat, weight loss, and pulmonary abnormalities. Her husband had been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis 30 years ago. A dermatologic examination revealed a 2.5 x 1.2-cm nontender, erythematous plaque with fine, white adherent scales on the left medial epicanthus (figure 1A). All laboratory values were within the normal range. Results from a tuberculin skin test were initially negative. A skin biopsy was performed, and a pathological examination demonstrated multiple noncaseating granulomas with various diameters in the reticular dermis and an infiltrate of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the surrounding dermis (figure 2). Periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Nilsen, gram, and giemsa stains were negative for any microorganism. Leishman-Donovan-like bodies were observed within the epitheloid histiocytes that formed the granulomas. The pathological diagnosis was granulomatous dermatitis. The patient was diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) based on her clinical appearance and histopathological findings, although the parasite was not detected in the tissue specimens. Treatment with intralesional glucantime for 5 consecutive weeks did not improve her condition. By the end of the fifth week, the patient developed asymptomatic facial swelling and a 1.5 x 1.2-cm erythematous plaque in the left parotid area (figure 1B). An ultrasonographic examination demonstrated a 13 x 11 x 17-mm hypoechoic mass, which suggested pleomorphic adenoma. In addition, lymph nodes, the largest of which were 9 x 10 mm, were noted in the left cervical area. A skin biopsy from the erythematous plaque of the left parotid area demonstrated diffuse neutrophilic infiltration with formation of focal granulomas. Tuberculosis was suspected, and mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) was isolated from the culture. A tuberculin skin test was performed again, which was positive (12 mm). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 35 mm/h, and all other laboratory tests were within normal limits. Pulmonary radiography and thoracic computerized tomography findings were normal. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and ultrasonographic examination of the parotid mass were performed, which revealed necrotic material with neutrophils and lymphocytes (figure 3). We treated the patient with a standard antituberculous regimen, comprising isoniazid 300 mg/d, rifampin 600 mg/d, ethambutol 1200 mg/d, and pyrazinamide 1500 mg/d. By the end of the second month of treatment, the patient improved considerably. There was a marked reduction in facial swelling, and the lesion on the left medial epicanthus regressed dramatically (Figure 4A and Figure 4B). No adverse effects of the medication occurred. An additional 7 months of therapy with isoniazid and rifampin was planned.

Multifocal cutaneous tuberculosis coexisting with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it can affect multiple organ systems. Cutaneous TB, a less common type of extrapulmonary TB can coexist with TB of other organs. Here, we describe a case of multifocal cutaneous TB suggestive of two different morphological types with concomitant miliary pulmonary TB.

Vulvar ulcerative cutaneous tuberculosis secondary to genital tract tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that gradually poses a certain threat to public health and economic growth. Tuberculosis typically affects the lungs, pleura, and lymph nodes and rarely the skin. Cutaneous tuberculosis manifesting as ulcerated lesions is also rare and often misdiagnosed and missed by clinicians. Here, the authors report a 29-year-old female patient presenting a vulvar ulcer for 10 months, accompanied by irregular menstruation and increased vaginal secretions. After a skin biopsy and endometrial PCR testing, it was finally diagnosed as vulvar ulcerative cutaneous tuberculosis secondary to genital tuberculosis. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was effective. Cutaneous tuberculosis is called a great imitator. In order to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis by clinicians, the authors systematically reviewed this disease as well.