Leflunomide for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Uveitis in a Dog.

A 5 yr old castrated male bichon frise presented with chronic bilateral uveitis that had previously been controlled with systemic steroid administration for 6 mo, resulting in weight gain, polyuria, and polydipsia. To control the uveitis without systemic side effects, oral cyclosporine was started after discontinuing oral steroid, but discontinued one month later because of severe vomiting. Leflunomide (2 mg/kg q 12 hr) was initiated, and the uveitis symptoms resolved after 2 mo. The dose was tapered according to the remission of clinical signs, with no relapse during the following 13 mo. Leflunomide therapy was then discontinued due to vomiting caused by severe gastroenteritis and pancreatitis, and topical prednisolone monotherapy was continued . At 8 mo after discontinuation of leflunomide, bilateral uveitis recurred, and leflunomide therapy was resumed. However, the patient lost vision due to the progression of clinical signs at 33 mo after commencing leflunomide, and evisceration of the glaucomatous right eye was performed at 43 mo. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and melanin-laden macrophages in the uveal tissue, and the patient was diagnosed with immune-mediated uveitis. This case indicated that oral leflunomide may be a viable treatment option for canine idiopathic immune-mediated uveitis.

Septic Peritonitis Secondary to Neoplasia in Two Canine Cancer-Bearing Patients Lacking Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Organ Rupture.

In this case report, we describe the presentation, diagnosis, and outcome of septic peritonitis secondary to neoplasia in patients lacking evidence of gastrointestinal content leakage, liver abscessation, or other treatment-associated risk factors. Two dogs presented with a diagnosis of neoplasia and nonspecific clinical signs such as lethargy, hyporexia, vomiting, and discomfort that was localized to the abdomen. The diagnoses at presentation consisted of a perianal tumor consistent with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma and systemic mastocytosis. Neither of the dogs was considered systemically immunocompromised or had received recent cytotoxic chemotherapy treatment or surgical procedures. A common finding on blood work in the two dogs was the presence of band neutrophils. The diagnosis of septic peritonitis via fluid analysis and cytology was delayed in both cases. No treatment for the supposed underlying cause of septic peritonitis was pursued and euthanasia was pursued in both cases owing to poor prognosis. On necropsy, one dog was suspected to have developed septic peritonitis because of an abscessed lymph node, and in the other case, no definitive source was identified. Septic peritonitis can arise secondary to neoplasia that is not primarily involving the liver or gastrointestinal tract in canine patients that lack treatment-associated risk factors.

Early-life behavioral features are associated with chronic emesis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Chronic emesis (CE) is a poorly understood condition in human and nonhuman primates that negatively impacts the quality of life. Early identification of risk factors for the development of CE is likely to improve the ability to manage CE cases successfully and is, therefore, desirable. Using a case-control study, we reviewed the necropsy records of the California National Primate Research Center and identified 24 animals with recorded CE, defined as five or more incidents of emesis in 1 month. A group of 89 healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), comparable in age and percent time housed indoors, was similarly identified. Next, we investigated the association between the occurrence of CE during later stages of life after infancy and the behavioral temperament scores attained in infancy, age, sex, birth location, rearing condition, history of self-injurious behavior (SIB), and the number of lifetime sedation events. Our analysis revealed that CE was associated with degrees of temperament constructs obtained in infancy (data was available for n = 113), such as Confidence (odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.08, p = 0.07), Gentleness (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96, p = 0.03), Nervousness (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 0.98, 4.23, p = 0.05), and Vigilance (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 015, 0.87, p = 0.02), suggesting that CE is linked to behavioral phenomenon measured in early life, long before it becomes a medical concern. Our data suggest that CE was positively correlated with a history of SIB (OR 4.26, 95% CI: 0.98, 18.47, p = 0.04). Accurate prediction of CE can then assist behavioral and colony management professionals in making informed decisions regarding the care of animals at risk of developing CE. Moreover, the novel information we reported here could have valuable implications in human medicine, where gastrointestinal distress is a common complaint affecting a person's quality of life.

Epiploic foramen entrapment in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To report small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen in a dog. ANIMALS: Nine-year-old male castrated Shih Tzu. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: The dog presented with an 8-year history of vomiting and regurgitation and acute onset of melena, lethargy, anorexia, anemia, and suspected gastrointestinal mass or obstruction on prereferral imaging. Abnormalities on abdominal radiographs included a large, midcaudal soft tissue structure and cranial displacement and segmental dilation of the small intestine. On abdominal ultrasound, severe gastric dilation, jejunal tortuosity and stacking, and peritoneal effusion were observed. Epiploic herniation of the small intestine and segmental jejunal devitalization was diagnosed on exploratory laparotomy, and the dog underwent hernia reduction, jejunal resection and anastomosis, and nasogastric tube placement. RESULTS: Severe gastric distention and atony persisted 24 h after surgery, despite medical management. The dog was taken to surgery for decompressive gastrotomy and placement of gastrostomy and nasojejunostomy tubes for postoperative decompression and feeding, respectively. Three days after the original surgery, the dog developed a septic abdomen from anastomotic dehiscence and underwent jejunal resection and anastomosis and peritoneal drain placement. Gastric dysmotility gradually resolved with the administration of motility stimulants, removal of gastric residual volume, and nutritional support via nasojejunostomy tube feedings. Three months after discharge, the dog was clinically normal. CONCLUSION: Epiploic foramen entrapment should be considered a type of herniation in dogs. Clinical suspicion should be raised in dogs with unresolving regurgitation and vomiting, visceral displacement, and stacking and distension of small intestine.

A prospective multicenter study of the efficacy of a fiber-supplemented dietary intervention in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: Chronic large bowel diarrhea is common in dogs and can have a significant impact on their overall health and well being. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic food with select dietary plant fibers known to contain antioxidant and polyphenol compounds on clinical signs in dogs with chronic diarrhea. METHODS: A prospective clinical study was conducted in 31 adult dogs currently experiencing chronic diarrhea from private veterinary practices in the United States. Enrolled dogs were switched to a complete and balanced dry therapeutic food containing whole grains and polyphenol-containing fiber sources for 56 days. Veterinarians evaluated changes from baseline in overall clinical signs, recurrence of clinical signs, and stool parameters at Days 2, 3, 4, 28, and 56. Dog owners evaluated stool consistency daily and nausea/vomiting, quality of life (QoL), and stooling behaviors at Days 1, 14, 28, and 56. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed-effects model with Day as a fixed-effect. RESULTS: Assessments of overall clinical response and stool parameters indicated that diarrhea improved significantly within 1 day of initiating the therapeutic food. Veterinarians reported that 68% of dogs had complete resolution of their clinical signs by Day 56 and the remaining 32% experienced improvement (P < 0.05), with no cases of recurrence. Veterinarians also reported improvement in stool consistency (P < 0.001) and reductions of blood and mucus in stool (P < 0.001). Significant improvements in nausea/vomiting, stooling behaviors, and quality of life (QoL) were reported by dog owners after 28 days and were sustained through day 56 (P < 0.05). The therapeutic food was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhea, the therapeutic food rapidly improved stool consistency, resolved clinical signs, and improved stooling behaviors and QoL. Therapeutic foods supplemented with fiber sources rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds contribute to rapid resolution of chronic diarrhea without recurrence and may contribute to long term health.

Life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding caused by jejunal heterotopic gastric mucosa in an adult dog: a rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Heterotopic gastric mucosa has been scarcely reported in the veterinary literature. Its presence can be asymptomatic or associated with various clinical signs ranging from apathy, vomiting, to abdominal pain. This report illustrates the presence of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the jejunum of an adult dog. It is the first to describe severe anemia, requiring acute blood transfusion, following intestinal hemorrhage caused by heterotopic gastric mucosa. CASE PRESENTATION: A twelve-year-old, intact male Maltese dog was presented with a history of apathy, vomiting and anemia. The dog was on a strict diet for recurrent diarrhea, food intolerance and skin allergy. Clinical examination revealed severe anemic mucous membranes and painful abdominal palpation. Blood examination confirmed severe regenerative anemia. Ultrasonography showed an intestinal neoplasm, gall bladder sludge and non-homogeneous liver parenchyma. Three-view thoracic radiographs failed to show any metastatic lesions or enlarged lymph nodes. After initial stabilization and blood transfusion, a midline exploratory laparotomy was performed. Three different masses were found in the jejunum. Resection and anastomosis of approximately 40 cm of jejunum was performed, followed by liver and lymph node biopsy and placement of an esophagostomy tube. Two days after surgery the dog started to clinically improve and was discharged from the hospital on the sixth day after surgery. Histopathology revealed the intestinal masses to be heterotopic gastric mucosa associated with intramural cystic distensions, multifocal ulceration and bleeding into the intestinal lumen. Two years after surgery, the dog did not have a recurrence of anemia or gastrointestinal signs. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates that heterotopic gastric mucosa can be considered one of the differential diagnoses in case of severe anemia due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage and suspected intestinal tumors. Although in most described cases in literature the finding seems to be incidental on necropsy, our report shows that heterotopic gastric mucosa can be the etiology of life-threatening signs. In addition, because no recurrent diarrhea episodes occurred after surgical resection of the ectopic tissue, it is likely that the heterotopic gastric mucosa was the cause of the food intolerance signs in this dog.

Idiopathic anomalous congenital band causing small intestinal obstruction in a 5-month-old dog.

A 5-month-old, intact male, yellow Labrador retriever was presented with a 24-hour history of anorexia and vomiting. Abdominal imaging revealed the presence of a mechanical obstruction in the jejunum and peritoneal effusion. Cytologic evaluation and culture of the effusion prior to surgery identified a suppurative exudate with bacteria consistent with septic peritonitis and suspected to be related to the intestinal lesion. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, and a segment of jejunum was circumferentially severely constricted by an off-white, fibrous band of tissue. Resection and anastomosis of the strangulated segment of jejunum and excision of the constricting band provided resolution of the clinical signs. The dog made a complete recovery. Histologic evaluation revealed the band to be composed of fibrovascular and smooth muscle tissue, consistent with an idiopathic anomalous congenital band. No other gastrointestinal lesions were observed, either grossly at surgery or histologically in the resected segment of intestine. To our knowledge, a similar structure has not been reported in the veterinary literature. Key clinical message: Developmental abnormalities should be included in the differential list for younger patients with signs suggestive of gastrointestinal obstruction.

Anneau congénital anormal idiopathique provoquant une occlusion de l'intestin grêle chez un chien de 5 mois. Un Labrador retriever intact mâle âgé de 5 mois a été présenté avec une histoire de 24 heures d'anorexie et de vomissements. L'imagerie abdominale a révélé la présence d'une obstruction mécanique du jéjunum et d'un épanchement péritonéal. L'évaluation cytologique et la culture de l'épanchement avant la chirurgie ont identifié un exsudat suppuré avec des bactéries compatibles avec une péritonite septique et suspectées d'être liées à la lésion intestinale. Une laparotomie exploratoire a été réalisée et un segment de jéjunum était sévèrement resserré sur toute sa circonférence par une bande de tissu fibreux de couleur blanc-cassé. La résection et l'anastomose du segment étranglé du jéjunum et l'excision de la bande constrictive ont permis la résolution des signes cliniques. Le chien s'est complètement rétabli. L'évaluation histologique a révélé que la bande était composée de tissu musculaire fibrovasculaire et lisse, compatible avec une bande congénitale anormale idiopathique. Aucune autre lésion gastro-intestinale n'a été observée, ni grossièrement à la chirurgie ni histologiquement dans le segment réséqué de l'intestin. A notre connaissance, une structure similaire n'a pas été rapportée dans la littérature vétérinaire.Message clinique clé :Les anomalies du développement doivent être incluses dans la liste différentielle des patients plus jeunes présentant des signes évoquant une occlusion gastro-intestinale.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever.

A 1-year-old neutered male Labrador retriever was presented for investigation of chronic regurgitations that had started at weaning. Contrast radiographs and fluoroscopy of the thorax identified a focal narrowing of the proximal intrathoracic esophagus. Examination with CT-angiography excluded extraluminal causes for the narrowing, e.g., vascular ring anomaly. Esophagoscopy revealed the presence of a muscular stenosis with the appearance of a sphincter at the level of the proximal intrathoracic esophagus, without evidence of stricture. A diagnosis of congenital esophageal stenosis was made, suspected secondary to fibromuscular hypertrophy. Regurgitation resolved with conservative management and the dog was well at a 2-year follow-up examination. This case represents one of few small animal cases of congenital esophageal stenosis reported and apparently the only case successfully managed conservatively. Key clinical message: This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatment of a rare case of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever. Medical and conservative therapies alone may be sufficient for treatment of congenital esophageal stenosis depending on presentation and suspected histopathological type. These therapies should be considered before initiating interventional procedures.

Sténose congénitale de l'oesophage chez un Labrador retriever. Un Labrador mâle castré âgé de 1 an a été présenté pour une investigation de régurgitations chroniques qui avaient commencé au sevrage. Les radiographies de contraste et la fluoroscopie du thorax ont identifié un rétrécissement focal de l'oesophage intrathoracique proximal. L'examen par tomodensitométrie-angiographie a exclu les causes extraluminales du rétrécissement, c'est-à-dire une anomalie de l'anneau vasculaire. L'oesophagoscopie a révélé la présence d'une sténose musculaire avec apparition d'un sphincter au niveau de l'oesophage intrathoracique proximal, sans signe de rétrécissement. Un diagnostic de sténose congénitale de l'oesophage a été posé, en raison d'une suspicion d'hypertrophie fibromusculaire. La régurgitation s'est résolue avec une gestion conservatrice et le chien allait bien lors d'un examen de suivi à 2 ans. Ce cas représente l'un des rares cas de sténose congénitale de l'oesophage rapportés chez les petits animaux et apparemment le seul cas traité avec succès de manière conservatrice.Message clinique clé :Ce rapport décrit la présentation clinique, les résultats de l'imagerie diagnostique et le traitement d'un cas rare de sténose congénitale de l'oesophage chez un Labrador. Les thérapies médicales et conservatrices seules peuvent être suffisantes pour le traitement de la sténose congénitale de l'oesophage en fonction de la présentation et du type histopathologique suspecté. Ces thérapies doivent être envisagées avant d'entreprendre des procédures interventionnelles.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Outbreak of Severe Vomiting in Dogs Associated with a Canine Enteric Coronavirus, United Kingdom.

The lack of population health surveillance for companion animal populations leaves them vulnerable to the effects of novel diseases without means of early detection. We present evidence on the effectiveness of a system that enabled early detection and rapid response a canine gastroenteritis outbreak in the United Kingdom. In January 2020, prolific vomiting among dogs was sporadically reported in the United Kingdom. Electronic health records from a nationwide sentinel network of veterinary practices confirmed a significant increase in dogs with signs of gastroenteric disease. Male dogs and dogs living with other vomiting dogs were more likely to be affected. Diet and vaccination status were not associated with the disease; however, a canine enteric coronavirus was significantly associated with illness. The system we describe potentially fills a gap in surveillance in neglected populations and could provide a blueprint for other countries.

The use of ondansetron for the treatment of nausea in dogs with vestibular syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Vestibular syndrome is often accompanied by nausea. Drugs currently approved for its treatment have been developed to stop vomiting but not nausea. The efficacy of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists to reduce nausea has been described for chemotherapy, but not for nausea secondary to vestibular disorders. METHODS: Sixteen dogs with vestibular syndrome-associated nausea were included in the open-label, multicentre study. The intensity of nausea-like behaviour was analysed before ondansetron administration (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) and 2 h afterwards, using a validated 5-point-scale. The occurrence and frequency of salivation, lip licking, restlessness, vocalisation, lethargy, and vomiting were assessed. RESULTS: All dogs initially showed signs of nausea, whereas only 31% showed vomitus. The intensity of nausea was significantly reduced in all dogs (p ≤ 0.0001) 2 h after ondansetron administration, including the clinical signs of nausea analysed in 11 dogs (salivation [p = 0.0078], lip licking [p = 0.0078], restlessness [p = 0.0039], and lethargy [p = 0.0078]) except for vocalisation (p > 0.9999). CONCLUSIONS: The results provide preliminary evidence of the potential benefit of ondansetron in the treatment of nausea, which was present in all examined dogs. Vomiting was only observed in 5 dogs indicating that nausea can occur separately and should not be perceived only as a preceding stimulation of the vomiting centre.

Molecular characterization of the FCoV-like canine coronavirus HLJ-071 in China.

BACKGROUND: According to the differences of antigen and genetic composition, canine coronavirus (CCoV) consists of two genotypes, CCoV-I and CCoV-II. Since 2004, CCoVs with point mutations or deletions of NSPs are contributing to the changes in tropism and virulence in dogs. RESULTS: In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-071, from a dead 5-week-old female Welsh Corgi with severe diarrhea and vomit. Sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-071 bearing a complete ORF3abc compared with classic CCoV isolates (1-71, K378 and S378). In addition, a variable region was located between S gene and ORF 3a gene, in which a deletion with 104 nts for HLJ-071 when compared with classic CCoV strains 1-71, S378 and K378. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene and complete sequences showed that HLJ-071 was closely related to FCoV II. Recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-071 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683, FCoV DF2 and CCoV A76. Finally, according to cell tropism experiments, it suggested that HLJ-071 could replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes cells. CONCLUSION: The present study involved the isolation and genetic characterization of a variant CCoV strain and spike protein and ORF3abc of CCoV might play a key role in viral tropism, which could affect the replication in monocyte/macrophage cells. It will provide essential information for further understanding the evolution in China.

Ménétrier-like disease in a Pointer with concurrent granulomatous gastritis, helicobacteriosis and leishmaniosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ménétrier-like disease is a rare hypertrophic canine gastropathy, reported in only seven dogs. Clinical signs are vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. Macroscopically, giant cerebriform gastric mucosal folds are typically seen in the corpus and fundus of the stomach. Histopathologically, fundic mucous cell hyperplasia and loss of parietal and chief cells are typical. CASE PRESENTATION: A nine-year-old spayed female Pointer had a history of intermittent vomiting, marked weight loss and hypoalbuminaemia. A gastroduodenoscopy was performed three times within three months with macroscopic changes remaining the same. The gastric mucosa of the corpus, fundus and proximal antrum was markedly irregular, with cerebriform mucosal folds. In the first gastric biopsies, histopathology revealed a moderate granulomatous gastritis, with a severe manifestation of Helicobacter-like organisms. Treatment for Helicobacter spp. decreased the vomiting slightly. The dog was diagnosed with concurrent leishmaniosis; the conventional anti-Leishmania treatment decreased the vomiting moderately, the hypoalbuminaemia resolved and the dog gained weight back to a normal body condition. Granulomatous gastritis was not present in the gastric biopsies after these treatments. The dog increased vomiting when palliative treatment (maropitant citrate, ondansetron and esomeprazole) was discontinued, and thus, full-thickness biopsies of the stomach were taken and Ménétrier-like disease was diagnosed. The affected area was too large to be surgically removed; thus, palliative treatment was reinstated. The dog remained clinically well 39 months after the first clinical presentation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of Ménétrier-like disease in a dog with a simultaneous manifestation of granulomatous gastritis, helicobacteriosis and leishmaniosis. The clinical signs decreased after treatment of helicobacteriosis and leishmaniosis, but vomiting remained probably as a sign of Ménétrier-like disease. Treatment options for dogs are surgical removal of the abnormal area or palliative treatment. In humans, promising results for a cure have been shown with cetuximab treatment, a human monoclonal antibody, but no canine antibody is commercially available yet. The dog here was doing well 39 months after first presentation, which is the longest reported survival time for Ménétrier-like disease with only palliative treatment in dogs. Full-thickness biopsies are preferred in macroscopic hypertrophic lesions of the stomach for better assessment of Ménétrier-like disease.

Obstipation in pet pigs: 24 cases.

Clinical features and patient outcomes for pet pigs with obstipation are poorly defined. This retrospective study reports the clinical findings from 24 pet (non-production) pigs with obstipation presented to 2 veterinary teaching hospitals. Clinical features of obstipated pet pigs included anorexia or hyporexia in 24 pigs (100%), pain on abdominal palpation in 22 (90%), lethargy in 21 (88%), tachypnea in 19 (79%), vomiting in 14 (58%), and tachycardia in 13 (54%). Frequently observed hematologic and biochemical abnormalities included leukopenia in 36% (8/22) of the pigs, lymphopenia in 75% (17/22), toxic changes in neutrophils in 63% (14/22), hypokalemia in 50% (9/18), and hypoglycemia in 28% (5/18). Diagnostic imaging via radiography and/or computed tomography frequently identified gastric distention and accumulation of ingesta and gas throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Medical treatments included fluid therapy, anti-emetics, oral administration of carbonated beverages, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and systemic antimicrobials. Surgical intervention was performed in 7/29% of pigs. In this study, obstipation in pet pigs carried a fair to favorable prognosis for survival, with 70% of patients surviving to discharge.

Obstipation chez les porcs de compagnie : 24 cas. Les caractéristiques cliniques et l'issue des porcs de compagnie souffrant d'obstipation sont mal définis. Cette étude rétrospective rapporte les résultats cliniques de 24 porcs de compagnie (hors production) souffrant d'obstipation présentés à deux hôpitaux d'enseignement vétérinaire. Les caractéristiques cliniques des porcs de compagnie avec obstipation comprenaient l'anorexie ou l'hyporexie chez 24 porcs (100 %), des douleurs à la palpation abdominale chez 22 (90 %), une léthargie chez 21 (88 %), une tachypnée chez 19 (79 %), des vomissements chez 14 (58 %), et tachycardie dans 13 cas (54 %). Les anomalies hématologiques et biochimiques fréquemment observées comprenaient une leucopénie chez 36 % (8/22) des porcs, une lymphopénie chez 75 % (17/22), des modifications toxiques des neutrophiles chez 63 % (14/22), une hypokaliémie chez 50 % (9/18), et une hypoglycémie dans 28 % (5/18). L'imagerie diagnostique par radiographie et/ou tomodensitométrie a fréquemment identifié une distension gastrique et une accumulation d'ingesta et de gaz dans le tractus gastro-intestinal. Les traitements médicaux comprenaient la fluidothérapie, les antiémétiques, l'administration orale de boissons gazeuses, les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et les antimicrobiens systémiques. Une intervention chirurgicale a été réalisée chez sept (29 %) des porcs. Dans cette étude, l'obstipation chez les porcs de compagnie avait un pronostic de survie allant de passable à favorable, avec 70 % des patients survivant jusqu'à leur congé.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Use of radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography in the diagnosis of a pyogranulomatous ureteral mass in a cat.

An 8-year-old, spayed female, domestic short haired cat, with diabetes mellitus, was presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center for an acute onset of vomiting and inappetence. Abdominal radiographs showed mild retroperitoneal effusion and asymmetric left-sided renomegaly. Subsequently, on abdominal ultrasound, a hypoechoic left ureteral mass with left hydronephrosis and hydroureter was identified. An abdominal computed tomography revealed a heterogeneously contrast-enhancing mass circumferentially surrounding the mid to distal left ureter, mild retroperitoneal effusion, left-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter, and a distally located ureteral calculus at the level of the ureterovesicular junction. The patient was diagnosed with left-sided pyogranulomatous ureteritis via surgical biopsy and histopathology.

Suspected acute pancreatitis in a dog following honeybee envenomation.

This report details an unusual clinical presentation of suspected acute pancreatitis that occurred after honeybee envenomation in a dog. A 13-year-old spayed female dog was presented for further evaluation of vomiting 3 days after honeybee envenomation. Abdominal ultrasound, fine-needle aspirate cytology, and blood analysis were used to establish the diagnosis. The dog recovered following supportive care. While bee envenomation induced acute pancreatitis has been reported in human literature, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case in a dog in which pancreatitis ensued soon after envenomation. Key clinical message: This report describes a case of a dog with honeybee envenomation that subsequently developed acute pancreatitis. Given the widespread presence of the honeybee across the globe, while rare, it is important that clinicians are aware of potential envenomation sequelae such as acute pancreatitis.

Suspicion de pancréatite aigüe chez un chien à la suite d'une envenimation par des abeilles. Le présent rapport donne les détails d'une présentation clinique inhabituelle d'une suspicion de pancréatite aigüe qui est survenue à la suite d'une envenimation par des abeilles chez un chien. Une chienne stérilisée âgée de 13 ans fut présentée pour évaluation plus poussée de vomissements 3 jours après envenimation par des abeilles. Une échographie abdominale, une cytologie d'aspiration à l'aiguille fine et une analyse sanguine furent utilisées afin d'établir le diagnostic. La chienne a récupéré à la suite d'un traitement de support. Alors que l'envenimation par les abeilles induisant une pancréatite aigüe a été rapportée dans la littérature humaine, à la connaissance de l'auteur ceci est le premier cas rapporté chez le chien dans lequel une pancréatite est apparue peu de temps après l'envenimation.Message clinique clé:Ce rapport décrit le cas d'un chien avec envenimation par des abeilles qui développa subséquemment une pancréatite aigüe. Étant donné la présence répandue des abeilles à travers le globe, bien que rare, il est important que les cliniciens soient au fait des séquelles potentielles d'une envenimation telle qu'une pancréatite aigüe.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Imaging and clinical features of a true gastrogastric intussusception in a dog.

An 18-month-old male mixed breed dog was evaluated for acute vomiting and hematemesis. Clinical signs and initial radiographic findings shared commonalities with reported cases of pylorogastric intussusception in dogs. However, unlike previously reported cases, additional imaging [including ultrasound and computed tomography (CT)] revealed invagination of the gastric fundus into the gastric body, consistent with true gastrogastric intussusception. These findings were confirmed with histopathology and on necropsy. Key clinical message: Although extremely rare, gastrogastric intussusception should be included as a differential diagnosis for any patient presenting with acute vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, or tachycardia in combination with the diagnostic imaging findings described in this report.

Caractéristiques cliniques et d'imagerie d'une intussusception gastro-gastrique vraie chez un chien. Un chien mâle de race croisée âgé de 18 mois fut évalué pour des vomissements aigus et de l'hématémèse. Les signes cliniques et les trouvailles radiographiques initiales partageaient des similarités avec des cas rapportés d'intussusception pyloro-gastrique chez des chiens. Toutefois, contrairement aux cas rapportés précédemment, des examens d'imagerie supplémentaires [incluant l'échographie et la tomodensitométrie (CT)] ont révélé une invagination du fundus gastrique dans le corps de l'estomac, compatible avec une intussusception gastro-gastrique vraie. Ces données furent confirmées lors de l'examen histopathologique et de la nécropsie.Message clinique clé :Bien qu'extrêmement rare, l'intussusception gastro-gastrique devrait être incluse dans le diagnostic différentiel pour tout patient présenté avec des vomissements aigus, de la douleur abdominale, de la déshydratation ou de la tachycardie en combinaison avec les trouvailles en imagerie diagnostique décrites dans le présent rapport.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

The effect of aquapuncture at Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on dexmedetomidine-induced nausea and vomiting in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of aquapuncture at acupuncture point Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting and nausea in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, crossover study. ANIMALS: A group of 22 cats, 14 females and eight males, aged 1-12 years and weighing 3.8-5.9 kg. METHODS: Each cat was administered treatments in random order at ≥1 week intervals. For treatment (DEX-A), cats were administered PC-6 stimulation by aquapuncture (0.25 mL/250 µg vitamin B12 injection subcutaneously at PC-6). After 30 minutes, dexmedetomidine (10 µg kg-1) was administered intramuscularly (IM). For control treatment (DEX), cats were administered only dexmedetomidine (10 µg kg-1) IM. Incidence of vomiting, number of vomiting episodes and time to first vomiting were recorded by an observer unaware of treatment allocation. At 30 minutes after dexmedetomidine administration, atipamezole (0.1 mg kg-1) was injected IM. Behavior was video recorded and later scored by two observers for clinical signs of nausea. A regression model (analysis of covariance) was used to detect the influence of aquapuncture on vomiting and nausea. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 21 cats, 18 (85%) and 16 cats (76%) vomited in DEX-A and DEX, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of vomiting (p = 0.55), number of vomiting episodes (p = 0.55), mean time to vomit (p = 0.88) or nausea score (p = 0.51) between DEX-A and DEX. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PC-6 aquapuncture did not reduce the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting or severity of nausea in cats.

Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (6): prevalence of noncutaneous manifestations of adverse food reactions in dogs and cats.

BACKGROUND: Many reports describe the cutaneous signs of adverse food reactions (AFR) in the dog and cat. However, various non-cutaneous clinical signs are less well described. Our objective was to systematically evaluate these non-cutaneous signs of AFR in small animals. RESULTS: We searched two databases (MEDLINE and Web of Science) for pertinent references on non-cutaneous signs of adverse food reactions. Among 117 and 764 articles found in the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, respectively, we selected 47 articles that reported data related to non-cutaneous clinical signs of AFR. Gastrointestinal signs, symmetrical lupoid onychitis, conjunctivitis, sneezing, and anaphylaxis were reported to be associated with AFR in dogs and gastrointestinal and respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, and hyperactive behaviour in cats. In Border terriers with paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia, an underlying AFR should be considered. Of these clinical signs diarrhoea and frequent defecation were most frequently reported to be diet-responsive in dogs; in the cat, these were vomiting and diarrhoea. CONCLUSIONS: An elimination diet should be considered early in the work-up of dogs and cats with chronic vomiting and diarrhoea. Other non-cutaneous signs occur less commonly because of AFRs.

Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats.

Capromorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist that is FDA approved for appetite stimulation in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of daily oral administration of capromorelin to cats over a range of doses and for an extended period. Two randomized, controlled studies were conducted: in Study 1, cats (n = 6 per group) received placebo or capromorelin at a dose of 9, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg once daily for 14 days; and in Study 2, cats received capromorelin at 6 mg/kg (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) once daily for 91 days. Cats were evaluated using clinical observations and clinical pathology test results for both studies, with the addition of postmortem examination in Study 1 and measurements of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in Study 2. Abnormal clinical observations were limited to emesis, hypersalivation, lethargy/depression, head shaking and lip smacking, which occurred more frequently in the capromorelin-treated groups than in the placebo group. There were no clinically relevant differences in clinical pathology test results between the capromorelin and placebo groups in either study.

Effect of metoclopramide on nausea and emesis in dogs premedicated with morphine and dexmedetomidine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether subcutaneous (SC) metoclopramide (0.2 mg kg-1) administered 30 minutes prior to (T30) or simultaneously with (T0) intramuscular (IM) morphine (0.2 mg kg-1) and dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg kg-1) reduces the incidence of nausea and emesis in healthy dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized and blinded study. ANIMALS: A total of 45 dogs scheduled for elective procedures. METHODS: Dogs were assigned randomly to three groups to be administered SC metoclopramide (0.2 mg kg-1) 30 minutes before (group M30) or simultaneously (group M0) to IM morphine (0.2 mg kg-1) and dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg kg-1). Dogs in the control group (group C) were administered SC saline at T30 and T0. Dogs were observed for 30 minutes after premedication to evaluate signs of nausea (continuous lip-licking and sialorrhoea) and emesis. Signs of pain or discomfort caused by SC injections were also recorded. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences amongst groups for age, body weight and sex. More dogs developed continuous lip-licking in group C (12/15, 80.0%) compared to dogs in group M30 (1/15, 6.7%) and dogs in group M0 (5/15, 33.3%; p = 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively). More dogs developed sialorrhoea in group M0 (8/15, 53.3%) and in group C (10/15, 66.7%) compared to dogs in group M30 (2/15, 13.3%; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively). More dogs vomited in group M0 (4/15, 26.7%) and in group C (9/15, 60.0%) compared to dogs in group M30 (0/15, 0.0%; p = 0.05 and p = 0.0003, respectively). None of the dogs demonstrated signs of pain or discomfort during SC metoclopramide injection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subcutaneous metoclopramide at 0.2 mg kg-1 may reduce IM morphine and dexmedetomidine-induced nausea and emesis if administered 30 minutes in advance. It is effective in reducing lip-licking even when administered concurrently with IM morphine-dexmedetomidine.