Myocardial Fibrosis at Cardiac MRI Helps Predict Adverse Clinical Outcome in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse.

Background Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may develop adverse outcomes even in the absence of mitral regurgitation or left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Purpose To investigate the prognostic value of mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) and myocardial fibrosis at late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI in patients with MVP without moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation or LV dysfunction. Materials and Methods In this longitudinal retrospective study, 118 144 cardiac MRI studies were evaluated between October 2007 and June 2020 at 15 European tertiary medical centers. Follow-up was from the date of cardiac MRI examination to June 2020; the minimum and maximum follow-up intervals were 6 months and 156 months, respectively. Patients were excluded if at least one of the following conditions was present: cardiomyopathy, LV ejection fraction less than 40%, ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, moderate or worse mitral regurgitation, participation in competitive sport, or electrocardiogram suggestive of channelopathies. In the remainder, cardiac MRI studies were reanalyzed, and patients were included if they were aged 18 years or older, MVP was diagnosed at cardiac MRI, and clinical information and electrocardiogram monitoring were available within 3 months from cardiac MRI examination. The end point was a composite of adverse outcomes: sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), sudden cardiac death (SCD), or unexplained syncope. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed. Results A total of 474 patients (mean age, 47 years ± 16 [SD]; 244 women) were included. Over a median follow-up of 3.3 years, 18 patients (4%) reached the study end point. LGE presence (hazard ratio, 4.2 [95% CI: 1.5, 11.9]; P = .006) and extent (hazard ratio, 1.2 per 1% increase [95% CI: 1.1, 1.4]; P = .006), but not MAD presence (P = .89), were associated with clinical outcome. LGE presence had incremental prognostic value over MVP severity and sustained VT and aborted SCD at baseline (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.70 vs 0.62; P = .03). Conclusion In contrast to mitral annulus disjunction, myocardial fibrosis determined according to late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac MRI was associated with adverse outcome in patients with mitral valve prolapse without moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation or left ventricular dysfunction. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Gerber in this issue.

Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity: a case-control study comparing patients with COVID-19 and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: Antimalarials have been associated with QT prolongation in COVID-19 patients but are generally safe in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).We compared the prevalence of QTc prolongation between COVID-19 and SLE patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). METHODS: We included patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab and patients taking HCQ for SLE. A prolonged QTc was defined as an increase in QTc intervals >60 ms (compared with baseline) or as a QTc of ≥500 ms. We performed the univariate and multivariate logistic regression to investigate the risk factors for QTc prolongation in COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: We enrolled 58 COVID-19 patients (median age 70.5 years, IQR 25), grouped into group A (patients with HCQ) group B (patients with HCQ + azithromycin) and group C (not received either drug). Fifty (26%) COVID-19 patients presented a QTc prolongation (12 QTc≥500 ms, 3 patients ΔQTc>60 ms). We did not find any differences in QTc prolongation among the three treatment groups. Baseline QTc (OR 111.5) and D-dimer (OR 78.3) were independently associated to QTc prolongation. Compared to the 50 SLE patients (median age 38.5 years, IQR 22), chronically treated with HCQ, COVID-19 patients showed significantly longer QTc (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study demonstrating that, unlike COVID-19 patients, patients with SLE are not susceptible to HCQ-induced long QT syndrome and arrhythmia. The combined arrhythmogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection and HCQ could account for the excess of QTc prolongation and fatal arrhythmias described in patients with COVID-19.

Complex connections: A young man presenting with shortness of breath, hypoxemia, right lumbar pain and left limb swelling.

A 43-year-old Caucasian man was admitted to hospital due to shortness of breath, right lumbar pain and lower left limb swelling. Arterial blood gas sample showed mild hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis. CT scan confirmed pulmonary embolism, splenic and bilateral renal ischemic lesions. Echocardiography showed right ventricular and coronary sinus (CS) dilatation. Using contrast echocardiography, a superior sinus venous atrial septal defect and persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) draining in CS were suspected. Cardiac CT confirmed the diagnosis and showed overriding right superior vena cava (RSVC) draining in both atria. The patient underwent successful surgical correction.

The evolving role of echocardiography in the assessment of patent foramen ovale in patients with left-side thromboembolism.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality found approximately in 25% of the adult population The pathophysiological role of paradoxical embolization through the PFO in ischemic stroke is well established. "Self-expanding double disk" and, more recently, suture-based "deviceless" systems are used for PFO closure in the setting of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke likely related to paradoxical embolization. Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.

Echocardiography and Correction of Mitral Regurgitation: An Unbreakable Link.

BACKGROUND: Degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease causing mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common organic valve pathology and is classified based on leaflet motion. MV repair is indicated as the preferred technique (Class I indication) when the results are expected to be durable. Therefore, a detailed and systematic evaluation of MV apparatus is pivotal in allowing the proper surgical planning, as well as the screening for trans catheter-based treatment when surgery is not indicated. AIM: The aim of the present review is to describe the crucial role of both Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) and Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) in the decisional process and the guidance of MV repair procedures. TTE is the main investigation and the first approach used to make diagnosis of MR, to assess the severity and to describe the underlying mechanism, while TEE, especially with 3D echocardiography, has been shown to be useful for clarifying complicated valvular anatomy, assessing the surgical result and detecting complications. The surgical treatment of MR takes advantage of ultrasound evaluation of MV apparatus at any stage of the process, thus making the link between surgery and echocardiography unbreakable throughout the perioperative phase.

In the Eye of the Storm: Echocardiographic Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis in a Patient with Takotsubo Syndrome.

Echo particle imaging velocimetry (Echo PIV) is a contrast-echo-based technique, used to evaluate the instantaneous vortical blood motion into the left ventricle (LV). Here, we report, for the first time, echo-PIV findings in a patient with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Vortex behavior suggested that TTS might present with peculiar PIV characteristics, including relatively preserved intra-ventricular pressure gradient and energy dissipation. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the preservation of a more physiological vortex behavior could be related to the structural and functional recovery observed in TTS.

Microvascular obstruction extent predicts major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved ejection fraction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prognostic role of early post-infarction cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) on long-term risk stratification of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: Seventy-seven STEMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and LVEF > 50% at CMR were included. The median time between STEMI and CMR was 5 days (IQR 2-8). LV volumes and function, area at risk (on T2 weighted images), infarcted myocardium (on late enhanced images), intramyocardial hemorrhage, and early and late microvascular obstruction (MVO) were detected and measured. CMR tissue determinants were correlated with the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) over a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: During median follow-up of 4 years (range 3 to 5 years), eight (10%) patients experienced MACE, yielding an annualized event rate of 2.1%. All CMR tissue markers were not significantly different between MACE and no-MACE patients, except for the presence of late MVO (50% vs. 16%, respectively; p = 0.044) and its extent (2.30 ± 1.64 g vs. 0.18 ± 0.12 g, respectively; p = 0.000). From receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (area under the curve 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.0; p = 0.000), late MVO extent > 0.385 g was a strong independent predictor of MACE at long-term follow-up (sensitivity = 87%, specificity = 90%; hazard ratio = 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-3.33; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Late MVO extent after primary PCI on CMR seems to be a strong predictor of MACE at 5-year follow-up in patients with LVEF > 50%. Noticeably, late MVO extent > 0.385 g provided relevant prognostic insights leading to improved long-term risk stratification. KEY POINTS: • Tissue markers provided by cardiac magnetic resonance aid in prognostic stratification after myocardial infarction • The occurrence of late microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction increases risk of major adverse events at 5-year follow-up. • The greater microvascular obstruction extent on late gadolinium enhanced images is related to an increased risk of adverse events in patients with myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular function.

2D/3D Echocardiographic features of patients with reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical and echocardiographic characteristics associated with reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling after 6 months of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive patients underwent 2D and 3D echocardiography before and after 6 months of CRT implant. Several echocardiographic parameters including global longitudinal strain (GLS) and 3D mechanical dyssynchrony (MD) index were calculated. CRT response was defined as a decrease in LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) of at least 10% at follow-up. Patients were divided in two groups according to CRT response. RESULTS: Cardiac resynchronization therapy responder (CRTR+) rate was 50%. Nonresponder (CRTR-) patients showed a less significant improvement in NYHA class at follow-up. At baseline, CRTR- presented with higher LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) (P = 0.031), LVESV (P = 0.024), lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P = 0.002) and less negative GLS (P = 0.03), and with higher diastolic dysfunction, more impaired right ventricle (RV), and higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (P = 0.002). No significant differences in echocardiographic parameters of MD were found. Univariate determinants of CRTR+ were LVEF (OR = 1.59, CI 95% = 1.13-2.22, P = 0.007) and TAPSE (OR 1.21, CI 95% = 1.024-1.429, P = 0.025). A ROC curve analysis showed a cutoff value of LVEF of 22.15% significantly related to CRTR+ (SE 80%, SP 50%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that end-stage HF patients, presenting before CRT with LVEF <22.15%, may not benefit from the procedure after 6 months. Mechanical dyssyncronicity did not provide additional information to improve candidate selection.

Significant increase of flow kinetic energy in "nonresponders" patients to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

BACKGROUNDS: It's still unclear if different patterns of intraventricular flow dynamics may be detected in patients nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) as compared to responders ones. Aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of left ventricular (LV) flow dynamics 6-months after CRT to identify Echo-particle imaging velocity (PIV) patterns were more frequently detected in nonresponders patients. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, undergoing CRT, were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent 2D and 3D echo and fluid dynamics assessment 6 months after CRT, during active CRT (CRT-ON) and during a temporarily discontinued state (CRT-OFF). LV volumes systolic and diastolic volumes (LVESV and LVEDV), ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI), and several geometrical and functional Echo-PIV-derived parameters were calculated. Patients were divided in two groups: "responders" to CRT (decrease in LVESV>15% 6 months after CRT) and "nonresponders." RESULTS: During CRT-OFF, LVEF, GLS were lower, while SDI and LVESV were higher in nonresponders group (P=.030, P=.051, P=.035, and P=.025, respectively). Energy dissipation, vortex area, and vorticity fluctuation were higher in "nonresponders" patients during CRT-OFF (P=.038, P=.054, and P=.035, respectively). During CRT-ON, energy dissipation, vortex area, and vorticity fluctuation further increase in nonresponders patients (P=.020, P=.038, and P=.030, respectively) with a concomitant worsening of SDI (P=.045). CONCLUSION: Our data show a significant worsening in flow-derived parameters in CRT "nonresponders" patients as compared with responders. Further larger longitudinal studies are necessary to assess whether these more chaotic intraventricular flow-patterns may contribute to a persistent adverse remodeling observed in this subset of patients.

Impact of active smoking on myocardial infarction severity in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: the smoker's paradox revisited.

AIMS: To investigate the influence of cardiovascular risk factors (CV-RFs) on infarct severity and post-infarction left ventricular (LV) remodelling in acutely reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients studied with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four-hundred seventy-one patients were included in the study. Baseline CMR was performed at 4 ± 1 days after STEMI to assess area-at-risk, infarct size (IS), myocardial salvage index (MSI), microvascular obstruction (MVO), intramyocardial haemorrhage (IMH), LV volumes, and function. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was repeated 4 months after STEMI (n = 383) to assess adverse LV remodelling (increase of LV end-diastolic volume >20% between baseline and follow-up). Smoking was associated with IMH at baseline even after correction for other factors associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury including MVO, IS, and MSI (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.17-4.00, P = 0.01). Unexpectedly, smoking was an independent protective predictor against adverse LV remodelling (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24-0.77, P = 0.005), consistent with the 'smoker's paradox'. However, the presence of IMH at baseline abolished the paradoxical, beneficial effects of smoking with respect to IS, baseline LV function, and post-infarction LV remodelling. No association between other CV-RFs, infarct severity, or post-infarction LV remodelling was observed. CONCLUSION: In patients with reperfused STEMI, smoking is strongly and independently associated with IMH at baseline. Nonetheless, consistent with the 'smoker's paradox', smoking was an independent predictor of more favourable post-infarction LV remodelling. However, the paradoxical beneficial effects of smoking were lost in patients with IMH.

Value of two-dimensional longitudinal strains analysis to assess the impact of thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention on left ventricular function: a speckle tracking imaging substudy of the EXPIRA trial.

BACKGROUND: Thrombectomy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (Th-PCI) improves myocardial reperfusion in the absence of significant changes, in the acute phase, in traditional two-dimensional (2D) echo indexes of left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) analysis in assessing the efficacy of thrombectomy as compared to standard 2D echo and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) data. METHODS: Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography analysis was performed in 60 anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients to assess global (GLS), segmental (SLS) and regional longitudinal strain (RLS). 2D echo and CMR were performed within 5 days after PCI. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the different methods of reperfusion used: 28 pts Th-PCI and 32 pts standard PCI (S-PCI). RESULTS: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics, 2D echo, and DE-CMR data before and after PCI were similar in the 2 groups, except for microvascular obstruction (MVO), significantly lower (P = 0.001) in Th-PCI group. Conversely, GLS was significantly higher in Th-PCI group (P < 0.001), and in particular in the subset of patients without MVO (P = 0.012). RLS was also significantly higher in Th-PCI group (P = 0.001). GLS significantly correlates with infarct size, (R = 0.47; P = 0.03) and MVO (R = 0.69, P = 0.001). Finally, SLS was significantly lower in the DE segments (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with Th-PCI had a more preserved microvascular integrity resulting in a better myocardial longitudinal deformation. 2DSTE analysis adds significant information on the efficacy of thrombus aspiration as compared to standard echocardiography and it is closely related to the extent of microvascular damage.

Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in the evaluation of right ventricular (RV) involvement in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to compare the prevalence of right ventricle involvement in a population of patients with myocardial infarction as detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), clinical presentation, electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 97 consecutive patients, admitted to our institution for acute myocardial infarction, underwent a standard CMR examination within 5 days after the event. The presence of myocardial oedema and late enhancement of the right ventricle were compared to infarct location (anterior vs. inferior), clinical data, ECG, echocardiography results and other CMR findings. The results were analysed statistically using the Student's t test for independent samples and the K statistic. RESULTS: Among the 97 patients included in the study, a diagnosis of right ventricular infarction was established in 12, 14 and 24 cases on the basis of the clinical data, the ECG and echocardiography, respectively. CMR demonstrated myocardial oedema and late enhancement of the right ventricle in 48 and 32 cases, respectively. The right ventricle was involved in 46 % of patients with inferior myocardial infarction (15/32) and in 30 % with anterior myocardial infarction (17/56), correlating to a worsening of both right and left ventricular performance (p = 0.001-0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The right ventricle is frequently involved in myocardial infarction, correlating to a worse functional impairment of both ventricles and a worse prognosis. This finding, which is often underestimated by traditional cardiological tests, is well revealed by CMR, with potential clinical and therapeutic impact.

Decrease of asymmetric dimethyl arginine after anti-TNF therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular events. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, contributes to the impairment of endothelial function, the earlier and reversible stage of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits enzymatic degradation of ADMA, anti-TNF agents could restore its physiological level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TNF inhibitors on ADMA serum levels in patients with RA. Our results suggest a possible effect of anti-TNF drugs on ADMA serum levels; longer studies would be necessary to confirm the role ADMA in assessing cardiovascular risk in RA.

The outcome of genetic and non-genetic pediatric cardiomyopathies.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric cardiomyopathies (CMP) can be familial or idiopathic with increasing detection of genetic mutations. The study is a retrospective single-center review of cardiomyopathy patients from January 2011 to May 2020. Results of the genetic study, as well as the outcome, were reported. Patients were divided according to the type of CMP, age of presentation, and EF at presentation. Univariate and multivariate analysis and ROC and survival curves were done. RESULTS: We reported 229 patients under 14 years of age with a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, most commonly DCM (160 patients (70%)) followed by HCM (26.2%). 52% presented at 6 months of age or less and 119 (52%) required ICU admission at presentation. The genetic and or metabolic disorder was confirmed in 21.4% of patients, most commonly VLCAD defect (16, 7%) and ELAC2 gene defect (10, 4.4%). During the disease course, 88 patients (38.4%) died (48 with DCM, 39 with HCM, and 1 with RCM). An EF of 20% or less at presentation and presentation at 6 months of age or less carries a risk for mortality in patients with DCM and HCM, respectively (RR 3.88 and 2.06 and OR of 11.09 and 4.35, respectively). Death was more common among HCM patients especially patients with positive genetic abnormality compared with patients with DCM. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality for CMP in children reaches up to 40%, (30% in DCM and 65% in HCM patients). Mortality was higher in those with HCM, DCM with EF of 20% or less, and HCM presented at 6 months of age or less. Whole-exome and/or whole-genome sequencing is advised for all patients of CMP and at-risk family members.

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: 2023 Update by the International Multidisciplinary Board of Experts.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered by many the pandemic of the 21st century and is associated with multiple organ damages. Among these, cardiovascular complications are responsible for an incredible burden of mortality and morbidity in Western Countries. The study of the pathological mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular complications in DM patients is key for the development of new therapeutic strategies. The metabolic disorders caused by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, results in a cascade of pathomorphological changes favoring the atherosclerotic process and leading to myocardial remodeling. Parallel to this, oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of protein kinase C signaling pathways, myocardial lipomatosis, and low-grade inflammation of the myocardium - are the main pathways responsible for the diabetic cardiomyopathy development. This review aims to appraise and discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms behind the diabetic cardiomyopathy development.

Methotrexate & rheumatoid arthritis associated atherosclerosis: A narrative review of multidisciplinary approach for risk modification by the international board of experts.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an idiopathic, autoimmune connective tissue disorder that primarily affects the synovial joints, causing symmetric, erosive-deforming polyarthritis. It is also associated with extra-articular manifestations, particularly cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD). CV risk modification in RA remains unsolved despite recent advances in the management of RA. RA is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. RA and atherosclerosis share similar pathophysiological features (such as the pro-inflammatory cascade activation including interleukin-6) and risk factors (such as microflora dysbacteriosis and smoking). Patients with RA experience an exacerbation of atherogenesis, with atheromas destabilization, endothelial dysfunction, vasculitis, and hypercytokinemia. Consequently, the inflammatory response associated with RA is the basis for CVD development. The treat-to-target strategy not only improved RA control but also had a favorable effect on the morpho-functional state of the CV system in patients living with RA. Thus, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) - in particular methotrexate - may have a beneficial effect on the prevention of CV events in RA. It must be mentioned that RA is a serious multi-system disease, not only because of a window period during which the course of RA can be reversed, but also due to early damage to the heart and blood vessels. For this reason, a thorough cardiological assessment must be performed for all patients with RA, regardless of sex, age, disease stage, and disease activity score.

Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse Phenotype: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Analysis Using a Multicenter Cardiac MRI Registry.

Purpose To use unsupervised machine learning to identify phenotypic clusters with increased risk of arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with MVP without hemodynamically significant mitral regurgitation or left ventricular (LV) dysfunction undergoing late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI between October 2007 and June 2020 in 15 European tertiary centers. The study end point was a composite of sustained ventricular tachycardia, (aborted) sudden cardiac death, or unexplained syncope. Unsupervised data-driven hierarchical k-mean algorithm was utilized to identify phenotypic clusters. The association between clusters and the study end point was assessed by Cox proportional hazards model. Results A total of 474 patients (mean age, 47 years ± 16 [SD]; 244 female, 230 male) with two phenotypic clusters were identified. Patients in cluster 2 (199 of 474, 42%) had more severe mitral valve degeneration (ie, bileaflet MVP and leaflet displacement), left and right heart chamber remodeling, and myocardial fibrosis as assessed with LGE cardiac MRI than those in cluster 1. Demographic and clinical features (ie, symptoms, arrhythmias at Holter monitoring) had negligible contribution in differentiating the two clusters. Compared with cluster 1, the risk of developing the study end point over a median follow-up of 39 months was significantly higher in cluster 2 patients (hazard ratio: 3.79 [95% CI: 1.19, 12.12], P = .02) after adjustment for LGE extent. Conclusion Among patients with MVP without significant mitral regurgitation or LV dysfunction, unsupervised machine learning enabled the identification of two phenotypic clusters with distinct arrhythmic outcomes based primarily on cardiac MRI features. These results encourage the use of in-depth imaging-based phenotyping for implementing arrhythmic risk prediction in MVP. Keywords: MR Imaging, Cardiac, Cardiac MRI, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Cluster Analysis, Ventricular Arrhythmia, Sudden Cardiac Death, Unsupervised Machine Learning Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

Behavior of Coronavirus pandemic in Yemen: practical experience review.

COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which spread, all over the world. The virus is spreading very easily and sustainably between people. Information from the ongoing pandemic disease suggests that this virus is spreading more efficiently than influenza. Older adults and people who have severe underlying medical conditions like heart or lung disease or diabetes seem to be at higher risk for developing more serious complications from COVID-19 illness. Coronavirus constantly changes through mutation. When a virus has one or more new mutation, it has called a variant of concern. There is no data from Yemen to show what type of coronavirus variant is spread in Yemen. We believe it is a unique situation where almost all people have been affected by the coronavirus. We tested the cardiac center workers and we found all of them have positive results. No severe symptoms among our staff were reported and many of them suffered from mild to moderate symptoms, which does not need admission to the hospital. Young age among this worker sample may explain the mild severity of COVID-19 infection detected; another explanation is the frequent exposure to viral infection in Yemen and the type of coronavirus variant in Yemen. We conducted this review to describe the current situation and our experience during the pandemic and further studies are needed to identify the exact variant in Yemen and the immunity response for this coronavirus variant in the Yemeni Society.