Evaluation of a new mouthwash formulated with Chlorhexidine and Cymenol after a scaling and root planing treatment in grade I and II periodontal patients.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin that affects the supporting tissues of the tooth. According to WHO in 2022, severe periodontal disease will affect around 19% of the adult population worldwide. Its risk factors include the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in biofilm and the susceptibility of the host's immune system, among others. Preterm birth is defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks of gestational age. It also has a multifactorial origin and it's associated with risk factors such as intrauterine and extrauterine infections. There is a possibility that periodontal disease in pregnant women increases the risk of preterm birth through hematogenous pathways or the presence and intervention of inflammatory mediators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a systematic review of existing scientific articles from 2014 to 2024, five randomized clinical trials were selected, including a total of 1984 pregnant patients diagnosed with periodontal disease. Half of these patients received non-surgical treatment, while the other half did not, aiming to evaluate a possible association between periodontal disease and/or its treatment and the occurrence of preterm birth. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane "RoB 2" tool, and finally, a meta-analysis was conducted to compare the results obtained in the selected studies. RESULTS: Four articles showed a trend favoring non-surgical periodontal treatment as a preventive measure for preterm birth. These articles accounted for 92.2% of the total weight, while the remaining 7.85% corresponded to the single article that did not favor the treatment. However, none of the articles showed statistically significant results. CONCLUSIONS: There is no demonstrated association between periodontal disease in pregnant women and the incidence of preterm birth. On the other hand, there is a slightly favorable trend towards non-surgical periodontal treatment during pregnancy as a measure to reduce the incidence of preterm birth, but it's not statistically significant. To obtain a definitive answer, more randomized clinical trials following similar study and design parameters are needed.

The cytokine profile of women with severe anxiety and depression during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Controversial findings regarding the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression have been reported in pregnant subjects. Scarce data about anxiety and its relationships with cytokines are available in pregnant women. To understand the association between anxiety and cytokines during pregnancy, we conducted the present study in women with or without depression. METHODS: Women exhibiting severe depression (SD) and severe anxiety (SA) during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (n = 139) and control subjects exhibiting neither depression nor anxiety (n = 40) were assessed through the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Serum cytokines were measured by a multiplex bead-based assay. Correlation tests were used to analyze the data and comparisons between groups were performed. A general linear model of analysis of variance was constructed using the group as a dependent variable, interleukin concentrations as independent variables, and HDRS/HARS scores and gestational weeks as covariables. RESULTS: The highest levels of Th1- (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ), Th17- (IL-17A, IL-22), and Th2- (IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) related cytokines were observed in women with SD + SA. The SA group showed higher concentrations of Th1- (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2- (IL-4, and IL-10) related cytokines than the controls. Positive correlations were found between HDRS and IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in the SA group (p < 0.03), and between HDRS and Th1- (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), Th2- (IL-9, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17- (IL-17A) cytokines (p < 0.05) in the SD + SA group. After controlling the correlation analysis by gestational weeks, the correlations that remained significant were: HDRS and IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-17A in the SD + SA group (p < 0.03). HARS scores correlated with IL-17A in the SA group and with IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-2 in the SD + SA group (p < 0.02). The linear model of analysis of variance showed that HDRS and HARS scores influenced cytokine concentrations; only IL-6 and TNF-α could be explained by the group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the cytokine profiles differ when comparing pregnant subjects exhibiting SA with comorbid SD against those showing only SA without depression.

Silver-loaded nanoparticles affect ex-vivo mechanical behavior and mineralization of dentin.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the effect of silver loaded nanoparticles (NPs) application on the triboscopic, crystallographic and viscoelastic properties of demineralized dentin. Polymethylmetacrylate-based NPs and Ag loaded NPs were applied on demineralized dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Treated and untreated surfaces were probed by a nanoindenter to test viscoelasticity, and by atomic force microscopy to test nanoroughness and collagen fibril diameter. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy through selected area diffraction and bright-field imaging were also used. RESULTS: Dentin treated with Ag-NPs attained the lowest complex modulus, and the highest tan delta values after 7 days of storage. Dentin treated with undoped-NPs achieved the lowest nanoroughness and the greatest collagen bandwidths among groups. Crystals were identified as hydroxyapatite with the highest crystallographic maturity and crystallite size in dentin treated with undoped-NPs. Texture increased in all samples from 24 h to 7 d, except in dentin surfaces treated with Ag-NPs at 310 plane. Polyhedral, block-like, hexagonal or plate-like shaped apatite crystals constituted the bulk of minerals in dentin treated with Ag-NPs, after 7 d. Polyhedral or rounded/drop-like, and polymorphic in strata crystal apatite characterized the minerals when undoped-NPs were used, with more crystalline characteristics after 7 d than that found when Ag-NPs were applied. Ag-NPs application did not improve the mechanical performance of dentin and did not produce dentin remineralization. However, energy was dissipated through the dentin without showing stress concentration; contrary was occurring at dentin treated with undoped-NPs, that provoked bridge-like mineral deposits at the dentin surface. CONCLUSIONS: Ag-NPs application did not enhance the mechanical properties of cervical dentin, though the energy dissipation did not damage the dentin structure. Remineralization at dentin was not produced after Ag-NPs application, though improved crystallinity may lead to increase stability of the apatite that was generated at the dentin surface.

Ion-modified nanoparticles induce different apatite formation in cervical dentine.

AIM: To investigate if crystallinity and ultrastructure are modified when cervical dentine is treated with four different nanogels-based solutions for remineralizing purposes. METHODOLOGY: Experimental nanogels based on polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and zinc, calcium or doxycycline-loaded NPs were applied to citric acid etched dentine to facilitate the occlusion of tubules and the mineralization of the dentine surface. Dentine surfaces were studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy through selected area diffraction and bright-field imaging. RESULTS: Crystals at the dentine surface were identified as hydroxyapatite with the highest crystallographic maturity and crystallite size in dentine treated with Zn-NPs-based gel. Texture increased in all samples from 24 h to 7 days, except in dentine surfaces treated with Zn-NPs gel. Polyhedral, plate-like and drop-like shaped apatite crystals constituted the bulk of minerals in dentine treated with Zn-NPs gel, after 7 days. Polymorphic, cubic and needle-like shaped crystals distinguished minerals, with more amorphous characteristics in dentine treated with Ca-NPs gel after 7 days than that found when Zn-NPs were applied. Doxycycline-NPs produced the smallest crystallites with poor crystallinity, maturity and chemical stability. CONCLUSIONS: Crystalline and amorphous phases of newly formed hydroxyapatite were described in both types of dentine treated with Zn-NPs as well as Ca-NPs gels with multiple shapes of crystallites. Crystal shapes ranged from rounded/drop-like or plate-like crystals to needle-like or polyhedral and cubic apatite appearance.

A zinc oxide-modified hydroxyapatite-based cement facilitated new crystalline-stoichiometric and amorphous apatite precipitation on dentine.

AIM: To evaluate the remineralization ability of two endodontic sealer cements. METHODOLOGY: Mid-coronal dentine surfaces were subjected to: (i) 37% phosphoric acid (PA) or (ii) 0.5 mol L-1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) conditioning prior to the application of two experimental hydroxyapatite-based cements, containing sodium hydroxide (calcypatite) or zinc oxide oxiapatite respectively. Samples were stored in simulated body fluid for 24 h or 21 days. Remineralization of the dentine surfaces were studied by Raman spectroscopy (mapping with K-means cluster and hierarchical cluster analysis) was undertaken. Nanoroughness and collagen fibril width measurements were performed with an atomic force microscopy. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test were performed (α=0.05). RESULTS: Phosphoric acid+oxiapatite promoted both the highest dentine mineralization (P < 0.05) and crystallographic maturity at the dentine surface. Noncrystalline amorphous-like apatites were also formed. Dentine treated with PA+calcypatite attained the roughest surface (P < 0.05) with minimal fibril width (P < 0.05). Cross-linking of collagen only became greater in the group PA+oxiapatite after 21 days. The maximum relative mineral concentration and structure of collagen linked to the amide I and ratio amide III/AGEs was obtained after using PA+calcypatite at 21-days time-point (P < 0.05). EDTA produced a lower stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (P < 0.05) with decreased maturity, at the expense of carbonate band widening, although it favoured the nucleation of carbonated calcium phosphate. CONCLUSIONS: Dentine surfaces treated with PA+oxiapatite attained the highest dentine remineralization with both crystalline-stoichiometric and amorphous apatites, at 21 days. EDTA conditioning facilitated amorphous-bulk mineral precipitation. The amorphization was more intense after using oxiapatite and provided an ion-rich environment favouring in situ dentine remineralization.

Hormonal changes and follicular activity after treatment with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices in llamas.

Plasma progesterone (P4 ) concentrations and follicular activity after administration of different P4 doses were evaluated in 33 adult female llamas treated with intravaginal devices. In Study 1, a group of llamas (n = 10) was treated with an intravaginal device (IVD) containing 160 (n = 5) or 780 mg of P4 (n = 5). Based on the results from the first study, in Study 2, females with follicles at different stages of development were treated with the IVD containing 780 mg of P4 (n = 21) or remain untreated (control; n = 12) to evaluate the effect of P4 on follicular activity. In Study 1, the IVD containing 160 mg of P4 induced follicular turnover in 60% of females while the remaining 40% of llamas developed persistent follicles. Thus, this device controlled follicular activity in llamas, although it promotes the persistence of follicles present at start of treatment. Conversely, in both studies, the IVD containing 780 mg of P4 suppressed follicular development and hasten the emergence of a new follicular wave in all females regardless of the follicular phase at insertion. Additionally, in Study 2, this device effectively concentrated the appearance of follicles with ovulatory diameter at a definite time after treatment in comparison with control animals. In conclusion, treatment with an IVD containing 780 mg of P4 would be considered for the control of follicular activity in llamas as it ensures the presence of a young follicle with ovulatory diameter by day 6 after the end of treatment in all females.

Plant phenological observations in rural and industrial central Italy areas.

The physiological stress caused by particular pollution conditions can result in phenological phase shifts that can include a block in vegetative or reproductive development. The main aim of the present study was to determine and analyse the mean development trends of some winter deciduous species in comparison to the climate tendencies, as calculated within two phenological gardens in the Arezzo and Perugia areas of central Italy. Moreover, a phenological comparison between the guide species of the two phenological gardens, one located in an industrial area, and the other in a farming area, was carried out. The phenological evidences showed significant phase displacements for the common guide species present in both the gardens which however may be explained by the meteorological performances above all in the Perugia not polluted area. In these terms, there were no evident phenological effects on the plants from the industrial area pollutants in the Arezzo garden. Moreover, also the temperature reduction tendencies at the end of spring not influenced significantly the phenological behaviours of the plant species not inducing them toward a predictable delay of reproductive and adult leaves phases.

Dental research in Spain. A bibliometric analysis on subjects, authors and institutions (1993-2012).

BACKGROUND: Bibliometrics is defined as the use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Our objective was to characterize Spanish scientific output in Dentistry through the analysis of Web of Science database in a 20-year period. By means of a bibliometric study documents were statistically analyzed using indicators that showed quantitative and qualitative aspects of the production. Specifically, time course of the scientific production within the time span was analysed, as were the journals where the article was published and the categories of Journal Citation Reports (JCR) in which they belong, thematic areas, authorship, and finally authors and institutions with the highest production in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By means of the design of a specific search strategy previously described in the scientific literature, we recovered all citable documents about Dentistry signed by Spanish researchers and included in the WoS database between 1993 and 2012. RESULTS: A total of 3006 documents fulfilled the search criteria, of which 2449 (81.5%) were published in journals within the category Dentistry Oral Surgery and Medicine and 557 (18.5%) within other categories of the JCR. During the four quinquenniums studied, the production increased quantitatively (8.6-fold) and qualitatively. Finally, the universities of Granada and Complutense of Madrid were the institutions with the highest production and most prolific authors. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish dental production sharply increased in the last two decades, reaching quantitative and qualitative levels similar to those of the other medical specialties in the country.

Effectiveness of dry needling on the lower trapezius in patients with mechanical neck pain: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dry needling into a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) in the lower trapezius muscle of patients with mechanical idiopathic neck pain. DESIGN: A single-center, randomized, double-blinded controlled study. SETTING: Patients were recruited from the student population of a local hospital by advertisement in the university clinic from January 2010 to December 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=72) with unilateral neck pain, neck pain for ≥3 months, and active trigger points in the lower trapezius muscle were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. All the patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Dry needling in an MTrP in the lower trapezius muscle, or dry needling in the lower trapezius muscle but not at an MTrP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The visual analog scale (VAS), Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ), and pressure-pain threshold (PPT) were assessed before the intervention and 1 week and 1 month postintervention. RESULTS: Treatment with dry needling of the lower trapezius muscle close to the MTrP showed decreases in pain and PPT as well as an improvement in the degree of disability (P<.001) compared with the baseline and control group measurements (P<.001). The dry-needling technique performed in the MTrP showed more significant therapeutic effects (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The application of dry needling into an active MTrP of the lower trapezius muscle induces significant changes in the VAS, NPQ, and PPT levels compared with the application of dry needling in other locations of the same muscle in patients with mechanical neck pain.

Magnesium phosphate cements for endodontic applications with improved long-term sealing ability.

AIM: To characterize three radiopaque Magnesium Phosphate Cements (MPCs) developed for endodontic purposes. METHODOLOGY: Three experimental MPCs containing Bi2 O3 were formulated. The experimental cements, which consisted of mixtures of magnesium oxide with different phosphate salts, were characterized for setting time, injectability, porosity, compressive strength and phase composition. The long-term sealing ability of the experimental MPCs applied in single-rooted teeth as root canal filling material or as sealer in combination with gutta-percha was also assessed using a highly sensitive fluid filtration system. A mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement was used as control. Statistical analysis was performed with two- or three-way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's test was used for comparisons. RESULTS: The addition of 10 wt% Bi2 O3 within the composition of the MPCs provided an adequate radiopacity for endodontic applications according to ISO 6876 standard. The reaction products resulting from the MPCs were either struvite (MgNH4 PO4 ·6H2 O) or an amorphous sodium magnesium phosphate. The porosity of the three MPCs ranged between 4% and 11%. The initial setting time of the experimental cements was between 6 and 9 min, attaining high early compressive strength values (17-34 MPa within 2 h). All MPC formulations achieved greater sealing ability than MTA (P < 0.05) after 3 months, which was maintained after 6 months for two of the experimental cements (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These MPCs had adequate handling and mechanical properties and low degradation rates. Furthermore, a stable sealing ability was demonstrated up to 6 months when using the cement both as root filling material and as sealer in conjunction with gutta-percha.

[Pediatric outpatient consultation at the emergency department of a university hospital]. / Consultas ambulatorias pediátricas atendidas en el Servicio de Urgencia de un hospital universitario.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the epidemiological profile of pediatric consultations treated at the emergency department (ED) is essential for planning processes of medical care and to guide education programs and research. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of the child population and the main reasons for consultation (RFC) seen in a pediatric emergency service. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive clinical study was conducted regarding the visits to the Children's Emergency Service of an academic hospital in Santiago, for a period of twelve months. RFC were analyzed by age group, severity, seasonality, disposition and frequency of recurrent visits. RESULTS: 24,531 pediatric consultations were evaluated, 51.9% were male (n=12,720). The age of the patients ranged between one day old and 15 years, with a median age of 36.5 months. 1.5% of patients were newborns (NB), 17.6% were infants (n=4,326), 51.9% were preschoolers (n=12,725) and 29% were school children (n=7,118). Major RFC were fever (n=6,643, 28.2%), gastrointestinal symptoms (n=5,606, 23.8%) and respiratory symptoms (n=5,018, 21.3%), which did not differ significantly according to gender. Most patients (95.5%) were sent to their homes. The risk of hospitalization was more elevated in NB and in those with jaundice (OR=7.20, 95% CI 3.12 to 16.6), neurological symptoms (OR=6.90, 95% CI 4.60 -10.4) and poisoning (OR=6.45, 95% CI 2.82 to 14.7). About 4% were repeat visits, especially in the NB group. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profile of pediatric consultations seen at the ED was similar to that described in previous studies. However, a lower rate of hospitalization was found even though the patients had similar risk profile.

Immediate effect of ultrasound and ischemic compression techniques for the treatment of trapezius latent myofascial trigger points in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine immediate effects of ischemic compression (IC) and ultrasound (US) for the treatment of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the trapezius muscle. METHODS: Sixty-six volunteers, all CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain, personnel, participated in this study. Subjects were healthy individuals, diagnosed with latent MTrPs in the trapezius muscle. Subjects were randomly placed into 3 groups: G1, which received IC treatment for MTrPs; G2, which received US; and G3 (control), which received sham US. The following data were recorded before and after each treatment: active range of motion (AROM) of cervical rachis measured with a cervical range of motion instrument, basal electrical activity (BEA) of muscle trapezius measured with surface electromyography, and pressure tolerance of MTrP measured with visual analogue scale assessing local pain evoked by the application of 2.5 kg/cm(2) of pressure using a pressure analog algometer. RESULTS: The results showed an immediate decrease in BEA of the trapezius muscle and a reduction of MTrP sensitivity after treatment with both therapeutic modalities. In the case of IC, an improvement of AROM of cervical rachis was also been obtained. CONCLUSION: In this group of participants, both treatments were shown to have an immediate effect on latent MTrPs. The results show a relation among AROM of cervical rachis, BEA of the trapezius muscle, and MTrP sensitivity of the trapezius muscle gaining short-term positive effects with use of IC.

Effects of unstable shoes on trunk muscle activity in patients with chronic low back pain.

INTRODUCTION: Unstable shoes were developed as a walking device to strengthen the lower extremity muscles and reduce joint loading. Many studies have reported increased muscle activity throughout the gait cycle in most of the lower limb muscles in healthy adults using these shoes. However, no previous studies have explored the effects of wearing unstable shoes on trunk muscle activity in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the activity of selected trunk muscles in patients with CLBP during a gait test while walking wearing unstable shoes or conventional flat shoes (control). METHODS: Thirty-five CLBP patients (51.1 ±â€¯12.4 y; 26 ±â€¯3.8 kg/m2; 9.3 ±â€¯5.2 Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire score) were recruited from the Orthopedic Surgery Service at the Hospital to participate in this cross-sectional study. All the participants underwent gait analysis by simultaneously collecting surface electromyography (EMG) data from erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA), obliquus internus (OI), and obliquus externus (OE) muscles, while walking on a treadmill with flat control shoes or experimental unstable shoes. RESULTS: The results showed significantly higher %EMG activity in the ES (mean difference: 1.8%; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2), RA (mean difference: 1.5%; 95% CI: 0.3-2.7), and OI (mean difference: 1.5%; 95% CI: 0.2-2.8) in the unstable versus the flat-shoe condition, with a large effect size for the ES (Cohen's d = 1.27). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, the use of unstable shoes may be implicated in promoting spine stability, particularly in improving neuromuscular control of the trunk muscles in CLBP treatment.

Rare but evolutionarily consequential outcrossing in a highly inbred zoonotic parasite.

Recurrent self-mating can result in nearly clonal propagation of biological lineages, but even occasional outcrossing can serve to redistribute variation in future generations, providing cohesion among regional populations. The zoonotic parasite Trichinella spiralis has been suspected to undergo frequent inbreeding, resulting in genetically uniform larval cohorts which differ markedly from one another. Here, we explored the extent of inbreeding for this parasite by determining how genetic variation (at variable microsatellite markers) is distributed among 1379 larvae derived from 41 wild boars in Extremadura, Spain. In particular, we sought to determine how much of the genetic variation in this region's parasites occurs among the larvae of any given wild boar, and whether each derives from one, or more, parental lineages. We found strong evidence for inbreeding, resulting in genetically distinct parasite subpopulations among the parasites derived from many pairs of wild boar. Fully two-thirds of these parasite cohorts appear to derive from inbred parents; in 10% of the wild boars, parasites were so inbred as to become absolutely fixed in all of the assayed genetic loci. In spite of this, more than one pair of parents appear to have given rise to the infections in one-third of the sampled wild boars, resulting in mixed infections. These mixed infections should slow losses of heterozygosity and multi-locus polymorphism in any given parasite lineage. Such outcrossing should limit distinctions that would otherwise accumulate among transmission chains, thereby enforcing cohesion through the region's population in spite of its marked departure from panmixia. Conditions of transmission may differ in other regions, where such epidemiological features may engender different evolutionary outcomes.

Increases in dentin-bond strength if doubling application time of an acetone-containing one-step adhesive.

This study investigated the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of a one-step self-etching adhesive to human dentin and bovine enamel following different bonding treatments. Occlusal portions of human molars and labial surfaces of bovine incisors were ground flat to provide uniform dentin and enamel surfaces, respectively. Futurabond was used following five different protocols: 1) according to the manufacturer's directions, 2) acid etched with 36% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for 15 seconds, 3) 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treated for two minutes after H3PO4-etching, 4) doubling the application time of the adhesive and 5) doubling the number of adhesive coats. Composite build-ups (6 mm in height) were constructed incrementally with Arabesk resin composite. The specimens were stored in 100% humidity for 24 hours at 37 degrees C and sectioned into beams of 1.0 mm2 cross-sectional area. Each beam was tested in tension in an Instron machine at 0.5 mm/minute, and mean microTBS data (MPa) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc multiple comparisons tests (alpha = 0.05). Doubling the application time of Futurabond attained the highest microTBS to dentin; whereas, no differences among all bonding application parameters evaluated could be detected when the adhesive was applied to enamel.

Identificación en farmacia comunitaria de probables resultados negativos asociados al tratamiento con rosuvastatina en una paciente polimedicada / Community pharmacy identification of probable negative outcomes associated with rosuvastatin treatment in a polymedicated patient

PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: mujer de 70 años acude a la farmacia comunitaria por un reciente agravamiento del insomnio que padece desde hace 3 meses y que no ha mejorado con la suplementación con melatonina. Al identificarla durante el servicio de indicación como paciente polimedicada se le propone realizar una revisión de la medicación para descartar un origen iatrogénico del problema de salud. Tras la entrevista inicial en la zona ZAP, descubrimos que la paciente ha notado también aparición de tos, que achaca a un empeoramiento del asma aunque no es adherente al tratamiento de rescate, y que hace 6 meses ha iniciado un tratamiento con rosuvastatina 10 mg.EVALUACIÓN: tras el análisis de la bibliografía disponible, identificamos algunas posibles causas de los problemas de salud. El insomnio está descrito como reacción adversa frecuente de losartán, poco frecuente de letrozol y montelukast y de frecuencia desconocida de rosuvastatina. La tos está descrita como reacción adversa frecuente de losartán, poco frecuente de amlodipino y de frecuencia desconocida de rosuvastatina. Además la tos puede indicar una inefectividad del tratamiento de mantenimiento del asma o puede ser consecuencia de la falta de adherencia a la medicación de rescate. A pesar de que la tos y el insomnio son reacciones adversas extremadamente raras de rosuvastatina, al existir una secuencia temporal entre el inicio del tratamiento y la aparición de los síntomas y ya que esta causa pueda explicar ambos resultados negativos de la medicación (RNM), seleccionamos rosuvastatina como la causa más verosímil.INTERVENCIÓN: se deriva al médico informando de nuestra sospecha y recomendando la evaluación del beneficio-riesgo de rosuvastatina.RESULTADO: en la siguiente visita, la paciente nos comenta que el médico le suspendió el tratamiento hipocolesterolemiante y que ha notado mejoría en los síntomas que presentaba. (AU)

Relationship between ethanol tolerance, H+ -ATPase activity and the lipid composition of the plasma membrane in different wine yeast strains.

Ethanol tolerance, ATPase activity and the lipid composition of the plasma membrane to study potential relationship among them were examined in five different wine yeast strains. Yeast cells were subjected to ethanol stress (4% v/v). Principal component analysis of the results revealed that the wine yeasts studied can be distinguished in terms of ATPase activity and oleic acid (C18:1), and palmitoleic acid (C16:1), in plasma membrane. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify a potential influence of some components of the plasma membrane on ethanol tolerance and ATPase activity. Based on the results, the ergosterol, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid are highly correlated with ATPase activity and ethanol tolerance. Ethanol tolerance and the ATPase activity of the plasma membrane were correlated at the 96.64% level with the oleic acid and ergosterol in plasma membrane. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. capensis flor yeast strain, which exhibited the highest ergosterol concentration in plasma membrane when grown in the presence of 4% v/v ethanol, was found to be the most ethanol-tolerant.

Effect of cyclic loading on the microtensile bond strengths of total-etch and self-etch adhesives.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of mechanical loading on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of five adhesive systems to dentin. METHODS: Flat dentin surfaces from human molars were divided into five groups and bonded with total-etch self-priming adhesives (Single Bond, Prime&Bond NT and Prime&Bond XP), two-step self-etching primer (Clearfil SE Bond) and an all-in-one adhesive (Etch&Prime 3.0), according to the manufacturers' instructions. Composite build-ups were constructed incrementally with Tetric Ceram. After 24 hours of water storage, half the specimens were load cycled (5000 cycles, 90 N). The teeth were then sectioned into beams of 1.0 mm2 cross-sectional area. Each beam was tested in tension in an Instron machine at 0.5 mm/minute. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Student Newman Keuls multiple comparisons tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Clearfil SE Bond and Single Bond attained higher MTBS than the other three adhesives. Prime&Bond NT and Prime&Bond XP performed equally, and Etch&Prime 3.0 resulted in the lowest MTBS. After mechanical loading, MTBS decreased in all groups except Prime&Bond XP. Clearfil SE Bond, Single Bond and Prime&Bond XP obtained higher MTBS than Prime&Bond NT. Specimens bonded with Etch&Prime 3.0 resulted in premature failures and MTBS could not be measured. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When using Etch&Prime 3.0, bond structures did not withstand mechanical loading, which may have an influence on the long-term success of restorations. If dentin is acid-etched, alcohol-based adhesive systems showed higher bond strength after mechanical loading.

Effect of Materials For Interim Restoration on Estimation of Working Length Using Electronic Apex Locator: in vitro Study / Efecto de Materiales Para Restauración Intermedia sobre la Estimación de la Longitud de Trabajo Endodóntico Utilizando Localizador Electrónico de Foramen: Estudio in vitro

ABSTRACT: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate measurement accordance using an electronic apex locator for estimation of working length in endodontics when different restorative materials for interim crown restoration are utilized. For this study, 13 single-rooted premolars with endodontic occlusal access cavity were prepared. To establish the working length of each tooth, these were mounted in alginate and with the help of an electronic foramen locator and endodontic file K-file # 15, the working length was established. This length was later compared to the estimated working lengths using different intermediate restoration materials. These materials were: Superior Chemfil, Ketac ™ Molar Easymix and Filtek z350 resin. In the electronic measurements, an acceptable tolerance range of variation up to ± 0.5 mm was considered. Highest discrepancies were considered erroneous. For these measurements, central tendency and dispersion were analyzed. The Bland-Altman method was used, and the ANOVA test with a significance level of p <0,05 for statistic difference. Regarding measurements' acceptability and the type of interim restoration material utilized, 7 were acceptable, and 6 were unacceptable for ChemFil Superior, 12 were acceptable and 1 unacceptable for Ketac™ Molar Easymix, and 11 were acceptable and 2 were unacceptable for Filtek Z350 composite resin. The average difference between all electronic measurements was 0.29 (± 0.44). Chemfill Superior showed the most prominent variation between measurements 0.58 (± 0.45). When using an electronic apex locator, measurements showed statistically significant differences depending on the interim restoration material of choice (p<0.05). In conclusion, the measurement accordance using electronic apex locator to estimation the working length is higher, however the electronic estimation of working length can be significatively affected by the material chosen for interim temporary restoration.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio in vitro, fue evaluar la concordancia de las estimaciones de longitud de trabajo mediante localizador electrónico de foramen, utilizando diferentes materiales de restauración intermedia coronaria. Para tales fines fueron preparados 13 premolares uniradiculares con cavidad de acceso oclusal endodóntico. Para establecer la a longitud de trabajo de cada diente, estos fueron montados en alginato y con la ayuda de un localizador electrónico de foramen y lima de endodoncia K-file #15 fue establecida la longitud de trabajo. Esta longitud fue comparada posteriormente con las longitudes de trabajo estimadas utilizando diferentes materiales de restauración in- termedia. Estos materiales fueron: Chemfil superior, Ketac™ Molar Easymix y resina Filtek z350. En las mediciones electrónicas, se consideró un rango de tolerancia aceptable de variación hasta ± 0,5 mm. Las discrepancias mayores se consideraron erróneas. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y la dispersión. Se utilizó el método de Bland- Altman y la prueba ANOVA con un nivel de significancia de p <0,05. Con respecto a la aceptabilidad de las mediciones y el tipo de material de restauración intermedia, 7 fueron aceptables y 6 fueron inaceptables para ChemFil Superior, 12 fueron aceptables y 1 inaceptable para Ketac ™ Molar Easymix, y 11 fueron aceptables y 2 fueron inaceptables para el compuesto Filtek Z350 resina. La diferencia promedio entre todas las mediciones electrónicas fue de 0,29 (± 0,44). Chemfil Superior mostró la mayor variación entre medicio- nes 0,58 (± 0,45). Las mediciones mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas dependiendo del material de restauración intermedio elegido (p <0,05). En conclusión, la concordancia en la estimación de la longitud de trabajo usando localizador electrónico de foramen es alta, sin embargo, puede verse afectada significativamente por el material de obturación intermedio.

Modeling olive pollen intensity in the Mediterranean region through analysis of emission sources.

Aerobiological monitoring of Olea europaea L. is of great interest in the Mediterranean basin because olive pollen is one of the most represented pollen types of the airborne spectrum for the Mediterranean region, and olive pollen is considered one of the major cause of pollinosis in this region. The main aim of this study was to develop an airborne-pollen map based on the Pollen Index across a 4-year period (2008-2011), to provide a continuous geographic map for pollen intensity that will have practical applications from the agronomical and allergological points of view. For this purpose, the main predictor variable was an index based on the distribution and abundance of potential sources of pollen emission, including intrinsic information about the general atmospheric patterns of pollen dispersal. In addition, meteorological variables were included in the modeling, together with spatial interpolation, to allow the definition of a spatial model of the Pollen Index from the main olive cultivation areas in the Mediterranean region. The results show marked differences with respect to the dispersal patterns associated to the altitudinal gradient. The findings indicate that areas located at an altitude above 300ma.s.l. receive greater amounts of olive pollen from shorter-distance pollen sources (maximum influence, 27km) with respect to areas lower than 300ma.s.l. (maximum influence, 59km).