The Effect of 4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl-5-oxopyrrolidines on Breast and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Colony Formation, Migration, and Growth of Tumor Spheroids.

A series of hydrazones, azoles, and azines bearing a 4-dimethylaminophenyl-5-oxopyrrolidine scaffold was synthesized. Their cytotoxic effect against human pancreatic carcinoma Panc-1 and triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines was established by MTT assay. Pyrrolidinone derivatives 3c and 3d, with incorporated 5-chloro and 5-methylbenzimidazole fragments; hydrazone 5k bearing a 5-nitrothien-2-yl substitution; and hydrazone 5l with a naphth-1-yl fragment in the structure significantly decreased the viability of both cancer cell lines. Compounds 3c and 5k showed the highest selectivity, especially against the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. The EC50 values of the most active compound 5k against the MDA-MB231 cell line was 7.3 ± 0.4 µM, which were slightly higher against the Panc-1 cell line (10.2 ± 2.6 µM). Four selected pyrrolidone derivatives showed relatively high activity in a clonogenic assay. Compound 5k was the most active in both cell cultures, and it completely disturbed MDA-MB-231 cell colony growth at 1 and 2 µM and showed a strong effect on Panc-1 cell colony formation, especially at 2 µM. The compounds did not show an inhibitory effect on cell line migration by the 'wound-healing' assay. Compound 3d most efficiently inhibited the growth of Panc-1 spheroids and reduced cell viability in MDA-MB-231 spheroids. Considering these different activities in biological assays, the selected pyrrolidinone derivatives could be further tested to better understand the structure-activity relationship and their mechanism of action.

Identification of 3-((4-Hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic Acid Derivatives as Anticancer Candidates with Promising Antioxidant Properties.

Various cancer-associated morbidities remain a growing global health challenge, resulting in a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide due to high mortality rates and a frequent lack of novel therapeutic options for advanced and localized disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cancer pathogenesis and response to chemotherapeutics; therefore, it is crucial to develop novel compounds with both antioxidant and anticancer activity. In this study, a series of previously reported 3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic acid derivatives (compounds 1-36) were evaluated for their anticancer and antioxidant activities. Compounds 12, 20-22, and 29 were able to reduce A549 cell viability by 50% and suppress A549 cell migration in vitro. These compounds also showed favorable cytotoxicity properties towards noncancerous Vero cells. The most promising candidate, compound 20, exhibited potent antioxidant properties in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These results demonstrate that 3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic acid could be further explored as an attractive scaffold for the development of novel anticancer and antioxidant candidates.

Screening, Synthesis and Biochemical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitors.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-causing coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro) play an important role in viral replication events and are important targets for anti-coronavirus drug discovery. In search of these protease inhibitors, we screened a library of 1300 compounds using a fluorescence thermal shift assay (FTSA) and identified 53 hits that thermally stabilized or destabilized PLpro. The hit compounds structurally belonged to two classes of small molecules: thiazole derivatives and symmetrical disulfide compounds. Compound dissociation constants (Kd) were determined using an enzymatic inhibition method. Seven aromatic disulfide compounds were identified as efficient PLpro inhibitors with Kd values in the micromolar range. Two disulfides displayed six-fold higher potency for PLpro (Kd = 0.5 µM) than for Mpro. The disulfide derivatives bound covalently to both proteases, as confirmed through mass spectrometry. The identified compounds can serve as lead compounds for further chemical optimization toward anti-COVID-19 drugs.

Evaluation of N-aryl-ß-alanine derivatives as anticancer agents in triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma in vitro models.

Synthesis of ß-amino acid derivatives containing hydrazone and azole moieties is described. For this purpose, the appropriate hydrazide was treated with aromatic aldehydes, ketones and phenyl iso(thio)cyanates to obtain the desired outcome. The synthesized target compounds were evaluated for their anticancer properties. The assay displayed 3,3'-((2,6-diethylphenyl)azanediyl)bis(N'-(benzylidene)propanehydrazide) to possess the convincing anticancer effect against triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro. To further study the anticancer properties of compounds containing a hydrazone moiety in breast cancer, series of previously and newly prepared dihydrazones were investigated. It was determined that derivatives with the bis(N'-(4-bromobenzylidene) fragment in the structure are exclusively cytotoxic to cancer cells. The most active compounds against both cell lines were those containing electron withdrawing 4-BrPh or 4-ClPh moieties, together with either chlorine, bromine or iodine groups in para position of phenyl ring. Selected two representative compounds showed migrastatic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell line, where both of them reduced the growth of breast cancer and glioblastoma cell 3D cultures and inhibited cell colony formation. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and Development of N-2,5-Dimethylphenylthioureido Acid Derivatives as Scaffolds for New Antimicrobial Candidates Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens.

The growing antimicrobial resistance to last-line antimicrobials among Gram-positive pathogens remains a major healthcare emergency worldwide. Therefore, the search for new small molecules targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens remains of great importance. In this paper, we report the synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity characterisation of novel thiazole derivatives using representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, including tedizolid/linezolid-resistant S. aureus, as well as emerging fungal pathogens. The 4-substituted thiazoles 3h, and 3j with naphthoquinone-fused thiazole derivative 7 with excellent activity against methicillin and tedizolid/linezolid-resistant S. aureus. Moreover, compounds 3h, 3j and 7 showed favourable activity against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. Compounds 9f and 14f showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida strains, while ester 8f showed good activity against Candida auris which was greater than fluconazole. Collectively, these data demonstrate that N-2,5-dimethylphenylthioureido acid derivatives could be further explored as novel scaffolds for the development of antimicrobial candidates targeting Gram-positive bacteria and drug-resistant pathogenic fungi.

Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular Modelling Studies of Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Candidates Targeting COX-2.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a novel therapeutic option targeting localized and metastatic NSCLC. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological activity characterization of naphthoquinone derivatives bearing selective anticancer activity to NSCLC via a COX-2 mediated pathway. The biological evaluation of compounds 9−16 showed promising structure-dependent anticancer activity on A549 cells in 2D and 3D models. Compounds were able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the A549 viability after 24 h of treatment in comparison to treated control. Compounds 9 and 16 bearing phenylamino and 4-hydroxyphenylamino substituents demonstrated the most promising anticancer activity and were able to induce mitochondrial damage and ROS formation. Furthermore, most promising compounds showed significantly lower cytotoxicity to non-cancerous Vero cells. The in silico ADMET properties revealed promising drug-like properties of compounds 9 and 16. Both compounds demonstrated favorable predicted GI absorption values, while only 16 was predicted to be permeable through the blood−brain barrier. Molecular modeling studies identified that compound 16 is able to interact with COX-2 in arachidonic acid site. Further studies are needed to better understand the safety and in vivo efficacy of compounds 9 and 16.