The administration of the paper and electronic versions of the Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is equivalent in people with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The mobile device diffusion has increasingly highlighted the opportunity to collect patient-reported outcomes (PROs) through electronic patient-reported outcomes measurements (ePROMs) during the clinical routine. Despite the ePROMs promises and advantages, the equivalence when a PRO measure is moved from the original paper-and-pencil to the electronic version is still little investigated. This study aims at evaluating equivalence between PROMs and ePROMs self-administration in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); in addition, preference of self-administration type was evaluated. METHODS: The Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were selected for the equivalence test. The app ABOUTCOME was developed through a user-centered design approach to administer the questionnaires on tablet. Both paper-and-pencil and electronic versions were randomly self-administered. Intrarater reliability between both versions was evaluated through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, excellent for values ≥ 0.75). RESULTS: Fifty PwMS (35 females) participated to the study (mean age: 54.7±11.0 years, disease course: 27 relapsing-remitting and 23 progressive; mean EDSS: 4.7±1.9; mean disease duration: 13.3±9.5 years). No statistically significant differences were found for the means total scores of MAM-36 (p = 0.61) and FSS (p = 0.78). The ICC value for MAM-36 and FSS was excellent (0.98 and 0.94, respectively). Most of participants preferred the tablet version (84%). CONCLUSION: The results of the study provide evidence about the equivalence between the paper-and-pencil and electronic versions of PROs administration. In addition, PwMS prefer electronic methods rather than paper because the information can be provided more efficiently and accurately. The results could be easily extended to other MS PROs.

[Registers as central real world data source: the experience of the Italian Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Register]. / I registri come importante fonte di real world data: l'esperienza del Registro Italiano Sclerosi Multipla e Patologie Correlate.

Registers collecting data from clinical practice (real world data) have gained increasing interest in recent years in the scientific, administrative, and regulatory fields. The value of longitudinal data collection in deepening knowledge about a specific pathology and its healthcare complexity is increasingly recognized. This article describes the development, organizational structure, and technical characteristics of the Italian Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Register (RISM). This multicentre and prospective study gathers demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data from the Italian population with multiple sclerosis and related diseases. The study, officially launched in 2015, but containing data collected since the 1990's, currently involves the active participation of 136 specialized clinical centres and more than 80,000 enrolled patients. The analysis of data in RISM allows for a detailed description of the characteristics of multiple sclerosis and related diseases, providing new insights useful for healthcare planning, cost evaluation, treatment efficacy and safety assessment, and scientific research studies. The main demographic and clinical data of enrolled patients are reported, with a focus on specific study cohorts. In a continuous effort to improve data quality, RISM has implemented specific quality indicators. Starting from the RISM experience, crucial aspects such as the institutional recognition of the disease register, the contribution that register can provide in pharmacovigilance studies, the organizational and management challenges, and privacy issues are discussed.

Job Retention by People With Disabilities: A Qualitative Study of the Perspectives of People With Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS), because of its early age at onset, greatly impacts the working lives of those affected by it in ways linked to different factors, both professional and personal. It has been observed that only a small percentage (20-40%) of workers with MS retain their jobs after the diagnosis. When identifying factors determining job retention or loss in this setting, it is essential to consider the direct perspectives of people with MS (PwMS). METHODS: A qualitative study, based on the conduction of two focus groups, was conducted to explore the personal experiences of PwMS who work. RESULTS: The results show that there are numerous factors, both positive and negative, that can influence these people's ability to retain their jobs. The climate established in the workplace and the relationship between workers with MS and their colleagues were fundamentally important aspects, as was knowledge of the disease at the level of public opinion. CONCLUSIONS: Managing work is a complex undertaking for people with a disabling condition like MS. There needs to be greater awareness of the employment rights of PwMS. Improving these knowledge-based aspects could undoubtedly improve the quality of the working lives of PwM.

Occupational Physicians' Management of Workers With Multiple Sclerosis in Italy: Results From a Survey.

BACKGROUND: This study, conducted on a sample of Italian occupational physicians (OPs), aimed to gather data regarding professional activity and their needs in managing workers with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: A convenience sample of OPs recruited by e-mail invitation to the list of Italian Society of Occupational Medicine members was considered. A total of 220 OPs participated between July and October 2022. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed based on previous survey experiences. It investigated, among others, the characteristics of OP respondents, the evaluation of fitness for work issues, and the OP training and updating needs on multiple sclerosis and work. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of OPs had to assess the fitness for work of workers with multiple sclerosis during their activity. Sixty-four percent experienced particular difficulties in issuing a fitness for work judgment. Regarding the level of knowledge on multiple sclerosis, 54% judged it sufficient. The "Assessment of fitness for work for the specific task" and the "Role of the OPs in identifying reasonable accommodations" were the most interesting training topics regarding MS management in work contexts chosen by the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The interest in the work inclusion and job retention of people with disability, particularly the aspects linked to the Identification and implementation of reasonable accommodations, will require integration with the occupational safety and health protection system and will undoubtedly impact the OP's activities.

Sars-CoV2 infection in pregnant women with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: In the general population, maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with worse maternal outcomes; however, only one study so far has evaluated COVID-19 clinical outcomes in pregnant and postpartum women with multiple sclerosis, showing no higher risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes in these patients. OBJECTIVE: In this multicenter study, we aimed to evaluate COVID-19 clinical outcomes in pregnant patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We recruited 85 pregnant patients with multiple sclerosis who contracted COVID-19 after conception and were prospectively followed-up in Italian and Turkish Centers, in the period 2020-2022. A control group of 1354 women was extracted from the database of the Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19 (MuSC-19). Univariate and subsequent logistic regression models were fitted to search for risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 course (at least one outcome among hospitalization, intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death). RESULTS: In the multivariable analysis, independent predictors of severe COVID-19 were age, body mass index ⩾ 30, treatment with anti-CD20 and recent use of methylprednisolone. Vaccination before infection was a protective factor. Vaccination before infection was a protective factor. Pregnancy was not a risk nor a protective factor for severe COVID-19 course. CONCLUSION: Our data show no significant increase of severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis who contracted the infection during pregnancy.

Antibody response elicited by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster in patients with multiple sclerosis: Who gains from it?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although two doses of COVID-19 vaccine elicited a protective humoral response in most persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), a significant group of them treated with immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) showed less efficient responses. METHODS: This prospective multicenter observational study evaluates differences in immune response after a third vaccine dose in pwMS. RESULTS: Four hundred seventy-three pwMS were analyzed. Compared to untreated patients, there was a 50-fold decrease (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.3-100.0, p < 0.001) in serum SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in those on rituximab, a 20-fold decrease (95% CI = 8.3-50.0, p < 0.001) in those on ocrelizumab, and a 2.3-fold decrease (95% CI = 1.2-4.6, p = 0.015) in those on fingolimod. As compared to the antibody levels after the second vaccine dose, patients on the anti-CD20 drugs rituximab and ocrelizumab showed a 2.3-fold lower gain (95% CI = 1.4-3.8, p = 0.001), whereas those on fingolimod showed a 1.7-fold higher gain (95% CI = 1.1-2.7, p = 0.012), compared to patients treated with other DMTs. CONCLUSIONS: All pwMS increased their serum SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after the third vaccine dose. The mean antibody values of patients treated with ocrelizumab/rituximab remained well below the empirical "protective threshold" for risk of infection identified in the CovaXiMS study (>659 binding antibody units/mL), whereas for patients treated with fingolimod this value was significantly closer to the cutoff.

Patient-reported outcome measures in drugs for neurological conditions approved by European Medicines Agency 2017-2022.

BACKGROUND: Regulatory agencies have been responsive to public demand for inclusion of the patient experience in evaluating and approving therapies. Over the years, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become increasingly prevalent in clinical trial protocols; however, their influence on regulators, payers, clinicians, and patients' decision-making is not always clear. We recently conducted a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the use of PROMs in new regulatory approvals of drugs for neurological conditions between 2017 and 2022 in Europe. METHODS: We reviewed European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) and recorded on a predefined data extraction form whether they considered PROMs, their characteristics (e.g., primary/secondary endpoint, generic/specific instrument) and other relevant information (e.g., therapeutic area, generic/biosimilar, orphan status). Results were tabulated and summarized by means of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the 500 EPARs related to authorized medicines between January 2017 and December 2022, 42 (8%) concerned neurological indications. Among the EPARs of these products, 24 (57%) reported any use of PROMs, typically considered as secondary (38%) endpoints. In total, 100 PROMs were identified, of which the most common were the EQ-5D (9%), the SF-36 (6%), or its shorter adaptation SF-12, the PedsQL (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to other disease areas, neurology is one where the use of patient-reported outcomes evidence is inherently part of the clinical evaluation and for which core outcome sets exist. Better harmonization of the instruments recommended for use would facilitate the consideration of PROMs at all stages in the drug development process.

Data monitoring roadmap. The experience of the Italian Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Register.

INTRODUCTION: Over the years, disease registers have been increasingly considered a source of reliable and valuable population studies. However, the validity and reliability of data from registers may be limited by missing data, selection bias or data quality not adequately evaluated or checked. This study reports the analysis of the consistency and completeness of the data in the Italian Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Register. METHODS: The Register collects, through a standardized Web-based Application, unique patients. Data are exported bimonthly and evaluated to assess the updating and completeness, and to check the quality and consistency. Eight clinical indicators are evaluated. RESULTS: The Register counts 77,628 patients registered by 126 centres. The number of centres has increased over time, as their capacity to collect patients. The percentages of updated patients (with at least one visit in the last 24 months) have increased from 33% (enrolment period 2000-2015) to 60% (enrolment period 2016-2022). In the cohort of patients registered after 2016, there were ≥ 75% updated patients in 30% of the small centres (33), in 9% of the medium centres (11), and in all the large centres (2). Clinical indicators show significant improvement for the active patients, expanded disability status scale every 6 months or once every 12 months, visits every 6 months, first visit within 1 year and MRI every 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Data from disease registers provide guidance for evidence-based health policies and research, so methods and strategies ensuring their quality and reliability are crucial and have several potential applications.

Work Difficulties in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

PURPOSE: This study identifies potential predictors of unemployment and describes specific work difficulties and their determinants in a subgroup of employed people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The specific work difficulties were evaluated using a validated tool that measures the impact of respondents' symptoms and of workplace features. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Italy during 2021-2022. The subjects included were adults (18-65 years) with a diagnosis of MS, currently employed or unemployed. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between each potential determinant and employment status, while linear regression models were used to determine the association between determinants and specific work difficulties. RESULTS: The main risk factors associated with a higher risk of being unemployed were being older, living in the South of Italy/islands, and having a higher disability level, while protective factors against unemployment were having a high level of education and 'stable' employment (an open-ended contract). Fatigue was found to be associated with all work difficulties analyzed; mood disorders emerged as the main predictors of mental health-related work difficulties; level of disability and comorbidity significantly impacted physical health-related ones, and a good quality of life was found to improve both workplace-related and mental health-related difficulties at work. CONCLUSION: Identifying the most significant difficulties is a crucial step in the development of vocational rehabilitation interventions tailored to maximize the ability of PwMS to handle their job-related duties and demands.

Work Barriers and Job Adjustments of People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The aim was to carry out a systematic review dedicated to describing the work barriers and the job adjustments that are particularly sensitive to people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciVerse ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) were searched for peer-reviewed original articles reporting the barriers at work and/or the job adjustments used by PwMS. MS must have been diagnosed according to accepted international criteria at the time of the study and/or confirmed by a doctor. No time limits were set for the search. Articles that were published in English, Italian, Spanish, French, and Portuguese were accepted. Each article was screened by three experienced and trained investigators. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022299994). Results The initial systematic search yielded 104,228 results, of which 49 articles provided sufficient information and were considered suitable for inclusion in the study. Overall, the studies included 30283 participants with MS. Thirteen (27.1%) studies reported on barriers to work, 14 (29.2%) addressed reasonable adjustments and 21 (43.7%) assessed both outcomes. Job characteristics are the most important barriers for PwMS. Other reported barriers concern the work environment, social relationships at work, negative work events and lack of information. PwMS are more vulnerable to the need for adjustments at the workplace, being the management of the workload the most commonly used one. Conclusions PwMS are exposed to a wide variety of work barriers and job adjustments. Future studies are still highly encouraged on the topic.

Focus on neglected features of cognitive rehabilitation in MS: Setting and mode of the treatment.

Cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS) aims at reducing patients' cognitive impairments, improving their awareness and ability to take cognitive difficulties into account in their daily living. However, at this moment, more high-quality randomized trials are needed to draw conclusion about the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in MS. Although existing studies provide clear descriptions of intervention key ingredients (e.g. targeted cognitive domain as well as treatment frequency and duration) and the practical details needed to manage these key elements (e.g. restorative approaches, compensatory strategies, or environmental modifications), other crucial aspects received less attention in rehabilitation research. The aim of this topical review is to try to elucidate some critical issues that were only partly addressed and analyzed by the scientific literature: setting (center-based vs home-based) and mode (individual vs group) of the cognitive rehabilitation treatment.

SARS-CoV-2 serology after COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis: An international cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The MuSC-19 project is an Italian cohort study open to international partners that collects data on multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with COVID-19. During the second wave of the pandemic, serological tests became routinely available. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies according to the use of disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in a subset of patients included in the MuSC-19 data set who had undergone a serological test. METHODS: We evaluated the association between positive serological test results and time elapsed since infection onset, age, sex, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, comorbidities and DMT exposure using a multivariable logistic model. RESULTS: Data were collected from 423 patients (345 from Italy, 61 from Turkey and 17 from Brazil) with a serological test performed during follow-up. Overall, 325 out of 423 tested patients (76.8%) had a positive serological test. At multivariate analysis, therapy with anti-CD20 was significantly associated with a reduced probability of developing antibodies after COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.20, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS maintain the capacity to develop humoral immune response against SARS-COV-2, although to a lesser extent when treated with anti-CD20 drugs. Overall, our results are reassuring with respect to the possibility to achieve sufficient immunization with vaccination.

Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical outcomes of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been thoroughly investigated, but a further analysis on main signs and symptoms and their risk factors still needs attention. The objective of this study was to group together and describe based on similarity the most common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in MS patients and identify all factors associated with their manifestation. METHOD: Logistic and linear regression models were run to recognize factors associated with each pooled group of symptoms and their total number. RESULTS: From March 2020 to November 2021, data were collected from 1354 MS patients with confirmed infection of COVID-19. Ageusia and anosmia was less frequent in older people (odds ratio [OR] 0.98; p = 0.005) and more in smoker patients (OR 1.39; p = 0.049). Smoke was also associated with an incremental number of symptoms (OR 1.24; p = 0.031), substance abuse (drugs or alcohol), conjunctivitis and rash (OR 5.20; p = 0.042) and the presence of at least one comorbidity with shortness of breath, tachycardia or chest pain (OR 1.24; p = 0.008). Some disease-modifying therapies were associated with greater frequencies of certain COVID-19 symptoms (association between anti-CD20 therapies and increment in the number of concomitant symptoms: OR 1.29; p = 0.05). Differences in frequencies between the three waves were found for flu-like symptoms (G1, p = 0.024), joint or muscle pain (G2, p = 0.013) and ageusia and anosmia (G5, p < 0.001). All cases should be referred to variants up to Delta. CONCLUSION: Several factors along with the choice of specific therapeutic approaches might have a different impact on the occurrence of some COVID-19 symptoms.

The effect of air pollution on COVID-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some studies have shown that air pollution, often assessed by thin particulate matter with diameter below 2.5 µg/m3 (PM2.5), may contribute to severe COVID-19 courses, as well as play a role in the onset and evolution of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of air pollution on COVID-19 has never been explored specifically amongst patients with MS (PwMS). This retrospective observational study aims to explore associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 severity amongst PwMS. METHODS: Data were retrieved from an Italian web-based platform (MuSC-19) which includes PwMS with COVID-19. PM2.5 2016-2018 average concentrations were provided by the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service. Italian patients inserted in the platform from 15 January 2020 to 9 April 2021 with a COVID-19 positive test were included. Ordered logistic regression models were used to study associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 severity. RESULTS: In all, 1087 patients, of whom 13% required hospitalization and 2% were admitted to an intensive care unit or died, were included. Based on the multivariate analysis, higher concentrations of PM2.5 increased the risk of worse COVID-19 course (odds ratio 1.90; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Even if several other factors explain the unfavourable course of COVID-19 in PwMS, the role of air pollutants must be considered and further investigated.

Mortality of Parkinson's disease in Italy from 1980 to 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mortality for Parkinson's disease (PD) in Italy during a long time period (1980-2015) and to discuss the role of possible general and specific influencing factors. METHODS: Based on mortality data provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, sex- and age-specific crude mortality rates were computed, for the whole country and for its main geographical sub-areas. Rates were standardized using both direct (annual mortality rates AMRs) and indirect (standardized mortality rates SMRs) methods. SMRs were used to evaluate geographical differences, whereas AMRs and joinpoint linear regression analysis to study mortality trends. RESULTS: Considering the entire period, highest mortality rates were observed in males (AMR/100,000: 9.0 in males, 5.25 in females), in North-West and Central Italy (SMR > 100). Overall PD mortality decreased from mid-eighties onwards and then rapidly reversed the trend in the period 1998-2002, rising up to a maximum in 2015, with some differences according to sex and geographical areas. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors may have contributed to the rapid inversion of decreasing trend in mortality observed in the last part of XX century. Possible explanations of this rising trend are related to the increasing burden of PD (especially in males and in certain Italian regions), caused by different factors as population aging, physiological prevalence rise due to incidence exceeding mortality, and growing exposure to environmental or occupational risk factors. In addition, the accuracy of death certificate compilation could account for geographical differences and for the temporal trend. The role of levodopa and recently introduced dopaminergic drugs is also discussed.

Prevalence of chronic comorbidities in people with multiple sclerosis: descriptive study based on administrative data in Tuscany (Central Italy).

OBJECTIVE: Chronic comorbidities are common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), thus worsening their prognosis and quality of life, and increasing disease burden. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of common comorbidities in PwMS in Tuscany (Central Italy) and to compare it with the general population. METHODS: The prevalence of comorbidities, including diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, stroke, heart failure (HF), cardiac infarction and ischemic heart disease (IHD), was assessed in PwMS and in general population resident in Tuscany, aged > 20 years, using administrative data. RESULTS: In total, we identified 8,274 PwMS. Among them, 34% had at least one comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (28.5%). Comparing PwMS with the general population, PwMS had a higher frequency of hypertension and stroke when considering the whole group, and of diabetes, COPD, and IHD when considering sex and age subgroups. This increased risk was especially evident in the young and intermediate age groups, where multiple sclerosis may play an important role as risk factor for some comorbidities. In PwMS, as well as in the general population, prevalence of chronic diseases was higher in males and increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities frequently coexist with multiple sclerosis and they may have an impact on this complex disease, from the health, clinical, and socioeconomic points of view. Therefore, a routine screening of chronic comorbidities should be a crucial step in clinical practice, as well as the promotion of healthy lifestyles to prevent the onset and to reduce their burden.

The MULTI-ACT model: the path forward for participatory and anticipatory governance in health research and care.

The COVID-19 pandemic has unmasked even more clearly the need for research and care to form a unique and interdependent ecosystem, a concept which has emerged in recent years. In fact, to address urgent and unexpected missions such as "fighting all together the COVID-19 pandemic", the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration, mission-oriented governance and flexibility has been demonstrated with great efficacy. This calls for a policy integration strategy and implementation of responsible research and innovation principles in health, promoting an effective cooperation between science and society towards a shared mission. This article describes the MULTI-ACT framework and discusses how its innovative approach, encompassing governance criteria, patient engagement and multidisciplinary impact assessment, represents a holistic management model for structuring responsible research and innovation participatory governance in brain conditions research.

The hidden information in patient-reported outcomes and clinician-assessed outcomes: multiple sclerosis as a proof of concept of a machine learning approach.

Machine learning (ML) applied to patient-reported (PROs) and clinical-assessed outcomes (CAOs) could favour a more predictive and personalized medicine. Our aim was to confirm the important role of applying ML to PROs and CAOs of people with relapsing-remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) form of multiple sclerosis (MS), to promptly identifying information useful to predict disease progression. For our analysis, a dataset of 3398 evaluations from 810 persons with MS (PwMS) was adopted. Three steps were provided: course classification; extraction of the most relevant predictors at the next time point; prediction if the patient will experience the transition from RR to SP at the next time point. The Current Course Assignment (CCA) step correctly assigned the current MS course with an accuracy of about 86.0%. The MS course at the next time point can be predicted using the predictors selected in CCA. PROs/CAOs Evolution Prediction (PEP) followed by Future Course Assignment (FCA) was able to foresee the course at the next time point with an accuracy of 82.6%. Our results suggest that PROs and CAOs could help the clinician decision-making in their practice.

Italian validation of the Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (AMSQ).

INTRODUCTION: Arm and hand function deficits are commonly in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (AMSQ) is a novel self-administered instrument specifically developed to evaluate upper limb function in MS. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the AMSQ into Italian and to assess its psychometric properties in PwMS. Validity (structural, construct, and known-groups) and reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and measurement error) were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2017 to February 2018, a prospective cohort of PwMS among those followed as outpatients at the Rehabilitation Services of the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society (AISM) of Genoa, Padua, and Vicenza was involved in the study. Construct validity of AMSQ was determined by examining correlations with the Italian version of ABILHAND, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). RESULTS: A total of 234 PwMS were enrolled. The mean AMSQ total score was 67.3 (SD = 38.4). Factor analysis results suggested one factor. As expected, moderate to high correlation coefficients were found between AMSQ and ABILHAND (- 0.79), MFIS (0.50) and its subsets, and FIM (- 0.60) and its subsets involving upper limb functioning. PwMS with higher EDSS reported worse total score of AMSQ than patients with low disability. The internal consistency of the 31 items was high (Cronbach's α, 0.98). Test-retest reliability, as measured with ICC, was 0.96 (95% IC, 0.93-0.98), and measurement error was about 8.3 points showing good reliability. DISCUSSION: AMSQ has been adapted and validated, it is a reliable questionnaire for Italian PwMS.

Self-assessment reliability in multiple sclerosis: the role of socio-demographic, clinical, and quality of life aspects.

INTRODUCTION: Several multiple sclerosis studies matching self- and physician assessment of disease course and disability show moderate and high agreement respectively. However, the role played by socio-demographic, clinical, and quality of life (QoL) factors was not much investigated. The study aims at exploring how self-/physician agreement could depend on these variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were asked to report own disease course and disability according to preset categories. Kappa-value and confidence interval (CI) for disease course and two-way random interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and CI for disability were calculated to evaluate self-/physician agreement. Χ2 was applied to examine whether other factors (gender, age, education, civil status, disease duration, fatigue, quality of life) had systematic effects. RESULTS: Data analysis on 203 participants indicated fair agreement (Kappa-value = 0.30; 95% CI 0.23-0.38) and no dependency on the categories of each variable for disease course. Satisfactory correlation was found for disability (ICC = 0.74; 95% IC 0.67-0.80), good agreement was found for almost all variable categories, and significant differences were observed for education (better agreement for higher levels), disease duration, fatigue and QoL (better agreement for worse conditions). DISCUSSION: Results seem to suggest that higher education and worse clinical and QoL conditions could engage the patient in developing more disease awareness and realistic self-perception and self-evaluation.