Extracorporeal Life Support in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is increasingly used in the treatment of infarct-related cardiogenic shock despite a lack of evidence regarding its effect on mortality. METHODS: In this multicenter trial, patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock for whom early revascularization was planned were randomly assigned to receive early ECLS plus usual medical treatment (ECLS group) or usual medical treatment alone (control group). The primary outcome was death from any cause at 30 days. Safety outcomes included bleeding, stroke, and peripheral vascular complications warranting interventional or surgical therapy. RESULTS: A total of 420 patients underwent randomization, and 417 patients were included in final analyses. At 30 days, death from any cause had occurred in 100 of 209 patients (47.8%) in the ECLS group and in 102 of 208 patients (49.0%) in the control group (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.19; P = 0.81). The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 7 days (interquartile range, 4 to 12) in the ECLS group and 5 days (interquartile range, 3 to 9) in the control group (median difference, 1 day; 95% CI, 0 to 2). The safety outcome consisting of moderate or severe bleeding occurred in 23.4% of the patients in the ECLS group and in 9.6% of those in the control group (relative risk, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.50 to 3.95); peripheral vascular complications warranting intervention occurred in 11.0% and 3.8%, respectively (relative risk, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.31 to 6.25). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with planned early revascularization, the risk of death from any cause at the 30-day follow-up was not lower among the patients who received ECLS therapy than among those who received medical therapy alone. (Funded by the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and others; ECLS-SHOCK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03637205.).

Angiography after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest without ST-Segment Elevation.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction is a frequent cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, the benefits of early coronary angiography and revascularization in resuscitated patients without electrocardiographic evidence of ST-segment elevation are unclear. METHODS: In this multicenter trial, we randomly assigned 554 patients with successfully resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of possible coronary origin to undergo either immediate coronary angiography (immediate-angiography group) or initial intensive care assessment with delayed or selective angiography (delayed-angiography group). All the patients had no evidence of ST-segment elevation on postresuscitation electrocardiography. The primary end point was death from any cause at 30 days. Secondary end points included a composite of death from any cause or severe neurologic deficit at 30 days. RESULTS: A total of 530 of 554 patients (95.7%) were included in the primary analysis. At 30 days, 143 of 265 patients (54.0%) in the immediate-angiography group and 122 of 265 patients (46.0%) in the delayed-angiography group had died (hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.63; P = 0.06). The composite of death or severe neurologic deficit occurred more frequently in the immediate-angiography group (in 164 of 255 patients [64.3%]) than in the delayed-angiography group (in 138 of 248 patients [55.6%]), for a relative risk of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.34). Values for peak troponin release and for the incidence of moderate or severe bleeding, stroke, and renal-replacement therapy were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation, a strategy of performing immediate angiography provided no benefit over a delayed or selective strategy with respect to the 30-day risk of death from any cause. (Funded by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research; TOMAHAWK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02750462.).

Influence of Right and Left Bundle Branch Block in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigates the prognostic impact of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) compared with no bundle branch block (BBB). In patients with heart failure, existence of RBBB and LBBB has influence on prognosis. DESIGN: Prospective registry-study. SETTING: ICU of a tertiary academic hospital in Germany. PATIENTS: Adult patients with CS. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Consecutive patients with CS were included. The prognostic impact of RBBB and LBBB on 30-day all-cause mortality was tested within the entire cohort and in the subgroup of CS patients with cardiac arrest at admission. The final study cohort comprised 248 patients. Patients with RBBB showed the highest 30-day all-cause mortality followed by LBBB and no BBB (72.5% vs. 52.9% vs. 50.0%; log-rank p = 0.015). These findings were consistent even after solely including CS patients with cardiac arrest (90.0% vs. 73.3% vs. 62.2%; log-rank p = 0.008). After adjustment for lactate, norepinephrine, troponin I, Acute Physiology Score, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions shock stage, and heart rate in a multivariable Cox regression analysis, RBBB still revealed a negative impact on 30-day all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.807; 95% CI, 1.107-2.947; p = 0.018), whereas LBBB was not associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. In this multivariable Cox regression model lactate (HR, 1.065; 95% CI, 1.018-1.115; p = 0.006), troponin I (HR, 1.003; 95% CI, 1.001-1.005; p = 0.001), and Acute Physiology Score (HR, 1.033; 95% CI, 1.001-1.066; p = 0.041) were as well associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Finally, no association of RBBB was found with the incidence of liver or severe renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Besides the Acute Physiology Score, lactate, and troponin levels, RBBB was associated with an increased 30-day all-cause mortality in consecutive CS patients with and without cardiac arrest, whereas LBBB showed no prognostic impact.

Effect of anaemia and iron deficiency in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to clarify the prevalence and prognostic impact of anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF). BACKGROUND: The prognostic impact of anaemia and iron deficiency in HFmrEF has not yet been clarified. METHODS: Consecutive patients with HFmrEF were retrospectively included at one institution from 2016 to 2022. Patients with anaemia (i.e. haemoglobin <13 g/dL in males and < 12 g/dL in females) were compared to patients without, respectively patients with or without iron deficiency. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 30 months (median follow-up), secondary endpoints comprised HF-related rehospitalisation. RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred and fifty four patients with HFmrEF with a median haemoglobin level of 12.2 g/dL were included. Anaemia was present in 52% of patients with HFmrEF and associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (44% vs. 18%; HR = 3.021; 95% CI 2.552-3.576; p =.001) and HF-related rehospitalisation (18% vs. 8%; HR = 2.351; 95% CI 1.819-3.040; p =.001) at 30 months, which was confirmed after multivariable adjustment. Although iron status was infrequently assessed in anaemics with HFmrEF (27%), the presence of iron deficiency was associated with higher risk of rehospitalisation for worsening HF (25% vs. 15%; HR = 1.746; 95% CI 1.024-2.976; p =.038), but not all-cause mortality (p =.279) at 30 months. CONCLUSION: Anaemia and iron deficiency are very common in atleast half of patients with HFmrEF and independently associated with adverse long-term prognosis.

Association of body mass index with 30-day all-cause mortality in cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study investigates the prognostic impact of body mass index (BMI) on the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Due to ongoing epidemiological developments, the characteristics of patients with cardiovascular disease are consistently changing. Especially increasing rates of obesity and associated comorbidities have been observed. However, data regarding the prognostic value of BMI in patients with CS remains inconclusive. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients with CS were included from 2019 to 2021. The prognostic value of BMI (i.e., BMI 18.5-<25; 25-30 and >30 kg/m2) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional regression analyses regarding the primary endpoint of 30-day all-cause mortality. Additional risk stratification was performed based on the presence or absence of CS related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 256 patients with a median BMI of 26.4 kg/m2 were included. The overall risk of 30-day all-cause mortality was 53.5%. Within the entire study cohort, BMI was not associated with the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (log rank p ≥ 0.107). In contrast, BMI >30 kg/m2 was associated with higher risk of 30-day all-cause mortality when compared to BMI <25 kg/m2 in patients with AMI-CS (78% vs 47%; log rank p = 0.017), which was confirmed after multivariable adjustment (HR = 2.466; 95% CI 1.126-5.399; p = 0.024). However, BMI was not associated with mortality in patients with non-AMI-CS. CONCLUSION: BMI >30 kg/m2 was associated with increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with AMI-CS, but not in non-AMI-CS.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of the AST/ALT ratio in patients with sepsis and septic shock.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic value of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Limited data regarding the prognostic value of the AST/ALT ratio in patients suffering from sepsis or septic shock is available. METHODS: Consecutive patients with sepsis and septic shock from 2019 to 2021 were included monocentrically. Blood samples were retrieved from day of disease onset (day 1), day 2, 3, 5 and 7. First, the diagnostic value of the AST/ALT ratio was tested for septic shock compared to sepsis. Second, the prognostic value of the AST/ALT ratio was tested for 30-d all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariable t-test, Spearman's correlation, C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier analyses, as well as multivariable mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), Cox proportional regression analyses and propensity score matching. RESULTS: A total of 289 patients were included, of which 55% had sepsis and 45% septic shock. The overall rate of all-cause mortality at 30 d was 53%. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.651 on day 1 and 0.794 on day 7, the AST/ALT ratio revealed moderate but better diagnostic discrimination of septic shock compared to bilirubin. Furthermore, the AST/ALT ratio was able to discriminate 30-d all-cause mortality (AUC = 0.624; 95% CI 0.559 - 0.689; p = 0.001). Patients with an AST/ALT ratio above the median (>1.8) had higher rates of 30-d all-cause mortality compared to lower values (mortality rate 63 vs. 43%; log-rank p = 0.001), even after multivariable adjustment (HR = 1.703; 95% CI 1.182 - 2.453; p = 0.004) and propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: The AST/ALT was a reliable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of septic shock as well as a reliable tool to predict 30-d all-cause mortality in patients suffering from sepsis and septic shock.

Acute oesophageal safety and long-term follow-up of AI-guided high-power short-duration with 50 W for atrial fibrillation ablation.

AIMS: Pulmonary vein isolation using radiofrequency ablation is an effective treatment option for patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). Application of high power over a short period of time (HPSD) is reported to create more efficient lesions and may prevent collateral thermal oesophageal injury. This study aims to compare efficacy and safety of two different HPSD ablation approaches using different ablation index settings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation with HPSD (50 W; ablation index-guided) using the ThermoCool SmartTouch SF catheter were included. Patients were grouped by ablation protocol: ablation with target ablation index (AI) of 400 on the anterior left atrial wall vs. 300 at the posterior left atrial wall (AI 400/300) or AI 450/350 was performed upon the operator's preference and compared. Peri-procedural parameters and complications were recorded, and incidences of endoscopically detected thermal oesophageal lesions (EDEL) analysed. Recurrence rates after a mean follow-up of 25 ± 7 months and reconnection patterns in patients undergoing redo procedures were investigated. A total of 795 patients (67 ± 10 years; 58% male; 48% paroxysmal AF) underwent a first AF ablation with HPSD (211 in group AI 400/300 and 584 in group 450/350). Median procedure time was 82.9 ± 24.6 min with longer ablation times in patients with target AI 400/300 due to higher intraprocedural reconnection rates, increased box lesions, and additional right atrial isthmus ablations. EDEL rates among target AI 400/300 procedures were significantly lower (3% vs. 7%; P = 0.019). Correspondingly, AI 450/350 was the strongest independent predictor of post-ablation EDEL (OR 4.799, CI 1.427-16.138, P = 0.011). Twelve-month (76% vs. 76%; P = 0.892) and long-term ablation single procedure success (68% vs. 71%; log-rank P = 0.452) after a mean of 25 ± 7 months were comparable among both target AI groups; however, long-term success was significantly higher for paroxysmal AF compared to persistent AF (12 months: 80% vs. 72%; P = 0.010; end of follow-up: 76% vs. 65%; log-rank P = 0.001). One hundred three patients (16%) underwent a redo procedure during follow-up documented comparable pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection among groups. Multivariate predictors of AF recurrence were age, left atrium (LA) size, persistent AF, and extra-PV ablation targets. CONCLUSION: High-power short-duration AF ablation with target AI of 400 for non-posterior wall and 300 for posterior wall lesions resulted in comparable long-term results compared to higher AI (450/350) ablations with significantly lower risk for thermal oesophageal lesions. Older age, larger LA size, persistent AF, and extra-PV ablation targets were identified in a multivariate analysis as independent risk factors for recurrences of atrial arrhythmias.

Diagnostic and prognostic role of platelets in patients with sepsis and septic shock.

Studies investigating the prognostic role of platelets commonly include critically ill patients, whereas data regarding the prognostic impact of platelet count in patients admitted with sepsis and septic shock is limited. Therefore, the study investigates the prognostic role of platelet count in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Consecutive patients with sepsis and septic shock from 2019 to 2021 were included monocentrically. Blood samples were retrieved from the day of disease onset (day 1), days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Firstly, the diagnostic value of platelet count was tested for septic shock compared to sepsis. Secondly, the prognostic value of platelet count was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariable t-test, Spearman's correlation, C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier analyses, as well as multivariable mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), Cox proportional regression analyses and propensity score matching. A total of 358 patients with sepsis and septic shock were included with a median platelet count of 176 × 106/ml. The presence of thrombocytopenia (i.e. <150 × 106/ml) was associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality (HR = 1.409; 95% CI 1.057-1.878; p = .019), which was still demonstrated after propensity score matching. During the course of sepsis, a nadir was observed on sepsis day 5 with a decrease in the mean platelet count by 21.5%. Especially serum lactate, mean arterial pressure and the presence of malignancies were found to predict platelet decline during the course of sepsis/septic shock. The presence of platelet decline >25% was associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (HR = 1.484; 95% CI 1.045-2.109; p = .028). Following platelet decline, recovery was observed from day 5 to day 10 (mean increase 7.5%). However, platelet recovery was not found to be associated with 30-day all-cause mortality (HR = 1.072; 95% CI 0.567-2.026; p = .832). In conclusion, both thrombocytopenia and platelet decline during the course of sepsis were associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-mortality in patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock.

What is the context? Despite improved treatment strategies in intensive care medicine, sepsis and septic shock represent one of the major causes of death at intensive care units worldwide.Although it is known that platelets are associated with prognosis, most studies included "critically illness" patients and were not restricted to patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock. Furthermore, studies focusing on patients with sepsis were predominantly published prior to the sepsis-3 criteria. Specifically, the course of the platelet count during ICU hospitalization needs further investigation.What is new? The present study suggests that the platelet count reflects a reliable tool for the diagnosis of septic shock during the first week of ICU hospitalization.Furthermore, platelet count and the platelet-to-white-blood-cell-ratio are predictive for 30-day all-cause mortality in the presence of sepsis or septic shock.Especially, a decrease in platelet count during the first 5 days of ICU hospitalizations was associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock, whereas the platelet recovery was not found to be associated with a worse prognosis.What is the impact? This study provides further evidence that the platelet count represents a reliable tool for the diagnosis of septic shock and furthermore predicts short-term prognosis in patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock during the first 10 days of ICU hospitalization.

D-Dimer Levels and the Risk of 30-Day All-Cause Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock Stratified by Etiology.

BACKGROUND: The study investigates the prognostic impact of D-dimer levels in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Although D-dimer levels were found to be associated with prognosis in various clinical settings such as heart failure or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the prognostic role of D-dimer levels in CS patients has not yet been clarified. METHODS: Consecutive CS patients with and without concomitant AMI were prospectively included from 2019 to 2021. The prognostic impact of D-dimer levels was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality within the entire study cohort and stratified by the presence or absence of AMI. Statistical analyses included C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-three consecutive CS patients were included with an overall all-cause mortality at 30 days of 55%. The median D-dimer level on admission was 8.44 mg/L, whereas D-dimer levels were higher in 30-day non-survivors compared to survivors (median 13.0 vs. 5.2 mg/L; p = 0.011). D-dimer levels above the median were associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality compared to patients with lower D-dimer levels (66% vs. 54%, log rank p = 0.050; HR = 1.594; 95% CI 0.979 - 2.594; p = 0.061), especially in patients with non-AMI-related CS (65% vs. 30%, log rank p = 0.010). The prognostic value of D-dimer levels was still demonstrated after multivariate adjustment (HR = 1.024; 95% CI 1.004 - 1.045; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: D-dimer measurement may be a reliable biomarker to predict the risk of 30-day mortality in CS patients, especially in patients with non-AMI related CS.

Effect of Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock of Any Cause: Insights from a Single-Centre, Prospective Registry.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the short-term prognostic impact of hemoglobin levels in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients is limited. The study examines the prognostic impact of hemoglobin levels in patients with CS. METHODS: Consecutive patients with CS of any etiology from 2019 to 2021 were included at one institution. Hemoglobin levels were retrieved from the day of admission (i.e., day 1), and on days 2, 3, 4, and 8 of intensive care unit (ICU) treatment thereafter. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariable t-tests, Spearman´s correlations, C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier analyses as well as multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: From a total of 250 consecutive patients admitted with CS, 54% died within 30 days. Hemoglobin levels on day 4 and on day 8 were associated with moderate discrimination for 30-day all-cause mortality (area under the curve (AUC) 0.598 - 0.666), whereas hemoglobin level on day 1 was not predictive for 30-day all-cause mortality (AUC = 0.504). There was no association with 30-day all-cause mortality when stratified by the presence of anemia (defined as hemoglobin level < 12 g/dL) on day 1 (54% vs. 55%; log rank p = 0.906; HR = 0.981; 95% CI 0.698 - 1.378; p = 0.910). However, a decrease of hemoglobin by > 2 g/dL from day 1 to day 3 of ICU treatment was associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (56% vs. 41%; log rank p = 0.014; HR = 1.831; 95% CI 1.108 - 3.026; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin levels on day 1 were not associated with prognosis in CS. However, an early decrease of hemoglobin levels from day 1 to day 3 indicated impaired short-term prognosis in CS patients.

The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte-Ratio as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool in Sepsis and Septic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the diagnostic and prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in sepsis or septic shock commonly included preselected subgroups of patients or were published prior to the current sepsis-3 criteria. Therefore, this study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic impact of the NLR in patients with sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: Consecutive patients with sepsis and septic shock from 2019 to 2021 from the prospective "MARSS-registry" were included monocentrically. First, the diagnostic value of the NLR compared to established sepsis scores was tested for septic shock compared to sepsis. Second, the diagnostic value of the NLR with regard to positive blood cultures was tested. Thereafter, the prognostic value of the NLR was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariable t-tests, Spearman´s correlations, C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier analyses, Cox proportional regression analyses as well as uni- and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included, of which 60% were admitted with sepsis and 40% with septic shock. The overall rate of all-cause mortality at 30 days was 56%. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.492, the NLR was shown to have a poor diagnostic value with regard to the diagnosis of septic shock compared to sepsis. However, the NLR was shown to be a reliable parameter to discriminate between patients with negative and positive blood cultures when admitted with septic shock (AUC = 0.714). This was still evident after multivariable adjustment (OR = 1.025; 95% CI 1.000 - 1.050; p = 0.048). In contrast, the NLR revealed a poor prognostic accuracy (AUC = 0.507) with regard to 30-day all-cause mortality. Finally, a higher NLR was not associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (log rank p-value = 0.775). CONCLUSIONS: The NLR was a reliable diagnostic tool for the identification of patients with blood culture confirmed sepsis. Yet, the NLR was not a reliable parameter to discriminate between patients with sepsis and septic shock nor between 30-day survivors and non-survivors.

D-Dimer Levels and the Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Score to Predict Severity and Outcomes in Sepsis or Septic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the diagnostic and prognostic value of D-dimer levels and the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score in sepsis or septic shock commonly include preselected subgroups of patients or were published prior to the current sepsis-3 criteria. Therefore, this study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic impact of D-dimer levels and the DIC score in patients with sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: Consecutive patients with sepsis and septic shock enrolled in the prospective and monocentric "MARSS" registry from 2019 to 2021 were included. First, the diagnostic value of D-dimer levels was compared to the DIC score to discriminate patients with septic shock from patients with sepsis without shock. Thereafter, the prognostic value of D-dimer levels and the DIC score was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariable t-tests, Spearman´s correlations, C-statistics, Kaplan-Meier, as well as uni- and multivariable cox regression analyses. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included (n = 63 with sepsis and n = 37 with septic shock). The overall rate of all-cause mortality at 30 days was 51%. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.710 and 0.739, both D-dimer level and the DIC score revealed reliable diagnostic accuracy for the discrimination of septic shock. However, D-dimer levels and the DIC scores were shown to have poor to moderate prognostic accuracy (AUC 0.590 - 0.610) with regard to 30-day all-cause mortality. Specifically, very high D-dimer levels (i.e., > 30 mg/L) (HR = 2.648; 95% CI 1.147 - 6.112; p = 0.023) and a DIC scores ≥ 3 (HR = 2.095; 95% CI 1.095 - 4.009; p = 0.0258) were associated with highest risk of 30-day all-cause mortality. Finally, both higher D-dimer levels (HR = 1.032; 95% CI 1.005 - 1.060; p = 0.021) and DIC scores (HR = 1.313; 95% CI 1.106 - 1.559; p = 0.002) were associated with increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Both D-dimer levels and the DIC scores revealed reliable diagnostic accuracy for the discrimination of septic shock, but a poor to moderate prognostic value for the discrimination of 30-day all-cause mortality. Especially very high D-dimer levels (i.e., > 30 mg/L) and a DIC score ≥ 3 were associated with highest risk of 30-day all-cause mortality.

Does Albumin Predict the Risk of Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock?

This study investigates the prognostic impact of albumin levels in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Intensive care unit (ICU) related mortality in CS patients remains unacceptably high despite improvement concerning the treatment of CS patients. Limited data regarding the prognostic value of albumin in patients with CS is available. All consecutive patients with CS from 2019 to 2021 were included at one institution. Laboratory values were retrieved from the day of disease onset (day 1) and days 2, 3, 4, and 8 thereafter. The prognostic impact of albumin was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality. Moreover, the prognostic performance of albumin decline during ICU treatment was examined. Statistical analyses included univariable t-test, Spearman's correlation, Kaplan-Meier analyses, multivariable mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), C-Statistics, and Cox proportional regression analyses. In total, 230 CS patients were included, with an overall all-cause mortality at 30 days of 54%. The median albumin on day 1 was 30.0 g/L. Albumin on day 1 was able to discriminate between 30-day survivors and non-survivors (area under the curve (AUC) 0.607; 0.535-0.680; p = 0.005). CS patients with albumin < 30.0 g/L were associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (63% vs. 46%; log-rank p = 0.016; HR = 1.517; 95% CI 1.063-2.164; p = 0.021), which was demonstrated even after multivariable adjustment. Moreover, a decrease of albumin levels by ≥20% from day 1 to day 3 was accompanied by a higher risk of 30-days all-cause mortality (56% vs. 39%; log-rank p = 0.036; HR = 1.645; 95% CI 1.014-2.669; p = 0.044). Especially when combined with lactate, creatinine, and cardiac troponin I, reliable discrimination of 30-day all-cause mortality was observed, including albumin in CS risk stratification models (AUC = 0.745; 95% CI 0.677-0.814; p = 0.001). In conclusion, low baseline albumin levels as well as a decay of albumin levels during the course of ICU treatment, deteriorate prognostic outcomes in CS patients. The additional assessment of albumin levels may further improve risk stratification in CS patients.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance of Plasma Albumin and Cholinesterase in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.

OBJECTIVE: Despite improved risk stratification tools and identification of novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis in patients with sepsis, sepsis-related mortality has not significantly improved during the past years. This study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic role of the plasma albumin and cholinesterase (ChE) in patients with sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: Consecutive patients with sepsis and septic shock from 2019 to 2021 were included at one institution. Blood samples were obtained on the day of disease onset (day 1), and on days 2, 3, 5, and 7 thereafter. The diagnostic value of ChE for the diagnosis of a septic shock was compared to albumin and the prognostic value of the albumin and the ChE for 30-day all-cause mortality was tested. RESULTS: 239 patients were included with a median albumin level of 21.4 g/dL and a median ChE of 5004 U/L on admission. With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.641-0.762 on days 3 and 5, the ChE was associated with moderate but better diagnostic discrimination between sepsis and septic shock than albumin. Furthermore, ChE was able to discriminate between 30-day non-survivors and survivors (range of AUC 0.612-0.686). Patients with a ChE below the median had higher rates of 30-days all-cause mortality in comparison to patients with a ChE above the median (65 vs. 42%, log rank p = 0.001; HR = 1.820; 95% CI = 1.273-2.601; p = 0.001), which was still demonstrated after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSION: The level of ChE was associated with moderate diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in patients with sepsis and septic shock, whereas albumin was not.

Impact of age on the prognosis of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and aborted cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the prognostic impact of age on patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) and aborted cardiac arrest. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present registry-based, monocentric cohort study included all consecutive patients presenting at the University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM) between 2002 and 2016 with ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF) and aborted cardiac arrest. Middle-aged (40-60 years old) were compared to older patients (> 60 years old). Furthermore, age was analyzed as a continuous variable. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 2.5 years. The secondary endpoints were cardiac death at 24 h, all-cause mortality at index hospitalization, all-cause mortality after index hospitalization and the composite endpoint at 2.5 years of cardiac death at 24 h, recurrent VTA, and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) treatment. RESULTS: A total of 2259 consecutive patients were included (28% middle-aged, 72% older). Older patients were more often associated with all-cause mortality at 2.5 years (27% vs. 50%; hazard ratio, HR = 2.137; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.809-2.523, p = 0.001) and the secondary endpoints. Even patient age as a continuous variable was independently associated with mortality at 2.5 years in all types of VTA. Adverse prognosis in older patients was demonstrated by multivariate Cox regression analyses and propensity score matching. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), systolic left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF) < 35%, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and cardiogenic shock worsened the prognosis for both age groups, whereas acute myocardial infarction (STEMI/NSTEMI) and the presence of an ICD improved prognosis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that increasing age is associated with increased mortality in VTA patients. Compared to the middle-aged, older patients were associated with higher all-cause mortality at 2.5 years and the secondary endpoints.

Radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation-50 W or 90 W?

BACKGROUND: This study sought to evaluate the short and midterm efficacy and safety of the novel very high power very short duration (vHPvSD) 90 W approach compared to HPSD 50 W for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation as well as reconnection patterns of 90 W ablations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients undergoing first AF ablation with vHPvSD (90 W; predefined ablation time of 3 s for posterior wall ablation and 4 s for anterior wall ablation) were compared to patients using HPSD (50 W; ablation index-guided; AI 350 for posterior wall ablation, AI 450 for anterior wall ablation) retrospectively. A total of 84 patients (67.1 ± 9.8 years; 58% male; 47% paroxysmal AF) were included (42 with 90 W, 42 with 50 W) out of a propensity score-matched cohort. 90 W ablations revealed shorter ablation times (10.5 ± 6.7 min vs. 17.4 ± 9.9 min; p = .001). No major complication occurred. 90 W ablations revealed lower first pass PVI rates (40% vs. 62%; p = .049) and higher AF recurrences during blanking period (38% vs. 12%; p = .007). After 12 months, both ablation approaches revealed comparable midterm outcomes (62% vs. 70%; log-rank p = .452). In a multivariable Cox regression model, persistent AF (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.442, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.035-2.010, p = .031) and increased procedural duration (HR: 1.011, 95% CI: 1.005-1.017, p = .001) were identified as independent predictors of AF recurrence during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: AF ablation using 90 W vHPvSD reveals a similar safety profile compared to 50 W ablation with shorter ablation times. However, vHPvSD ablation was associated with lower rates of first-pass isolations and increased AF recurrences during the blanking period. After 12 months, 90 W revealed comparable efficacy results to 50 W ablations in a nonrandomized, propensity-matched comparison.

Efficacy and safety of high-power short duration atrial fibrillation ablation in elderly patients.

INTRODUCTION: Data about atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation using high-power short duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation in the elderly population is still scarce. The aim of our study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of HPSD ablation in patients over 75 years compared to younger patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients older than 75 years with paroxysmal or persistent AF undergoing a first-time AF ablation using 50 W HPSD ablation approach were analyzed in this retrospective observational analysis and compared to a control group <75 years. Short-term endpoints included intraprocedural reconnection of at least one pulmonary vein (PV) and intrahospital and AF recurrence during 3 months blanking period, as well as a long-term endpoint of freedom from atrial arrhythmias of antiarrhythmic drugs after 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 540 patients underwent a first AF ablation with HPSD (66 ± 10 years; 58% male; 47% paroxysmal AF). Mean age was 78 ± 2.4 and 63 ± 6.3 years (p < .001), respectively. Elderly patients were significantly more often women (p < .001). The procedure, fluoroscopy, and ablation were comparable. Elderly patients revealed significantly more often extra-PV low-voltage areas requiring additional left atrial ablations (p < .001). Overall complication rates were low; however, elderly patients revealed higher major complication rates mainly due to unmasking sick sinus syndrome (p = .003). Freedom from arrhythmia recurrences was comparable (68% vs. 76%, log-rank p = .087). Only in the subgroup of paroxysmal AF, AF recurrences were more common after 12 months (69% vs. 82%; log-rank p = .040; hazard ratio: 1.462, p = .044) in the elderly patients. In multivariable Cox regression analysis of the whole cohort persistent AF, female gender, diabetes mellitus and presence of left atrium low-voltage areas, but not age >75 years were associated with AF recurrences. CONCLUSION: HPSD AF ablation of patients >75 years in experienced centers is safe and effective. Therefore, age alone should not be the reason to withhold AF ablation from vital elderly patients due to only a slightly worse outcome and safety profile. In paroxysmal AF, elderly patients have more recurrences compared to the younger control group.

Safety aspects of very high power very short duration atrial fibrillation ablation using a modified radiofrequency RF-generator: Single-center experience.

INTRODUCTION: High power short duration (HPSD) ablation proved to be an effective and safe ablation technique for atrial fibrillation (AF). In former case series, a significant amount of postablation coagulation at the catheter tip as well as silent cerebral lesions (SCL) in postprocedural cerebral magnetic resonance (cMRI) have been identified in patients undergoing de-novo AF ablations with very high power 90 W short duration (vHPvSD) ablations using the QDot ablation catheter in combination with a novel RF generator (nGEN, Biosense Webster). Therefore, the RF generator software has been recently modified. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients undergoing a first AF ablation including pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with vHPvSD (90 W, with a predefined ablation time of 3 s at posterior left atrium (LA) wall sites and 4 s at other ablation sites) using the QDOT Micro ablation catheter (Biosense Webster) in conjunction with the technically modified nGEN RF generator (software V1c; Biosense Webster) were included. Procedural characteristics including first-pass isolation per pulmonary vein (PV) pair and early reconnection location within the 30-min waiting period were recorded. In all patients postablation endoscopy to document any thermal esophageal injury (EDEL) and in eligible patients a cMRI to detect silent cerebral events (SCEs)/lesions were performed. All acute procedure-related complications were recorded during the time until hospital discharge. Furthermore, short-term and midterm success after 3 and 6-12 months of follow-up was investigated. In total, 34 consecutive patients (67 ± 9 years; 62% male; 68% paroxysmal AF) were included. First-pass isolation of all PVs was achieved in 6/34 (18%) patients. First-pass isolation was seen in 37/68 (54%) of PV pairs. Early reconnection occurred in 11 (32%) patients (including reconnections at posterior LA wall sites n = 6 and at nonposterior sites n = 5). No patient had an EDEL (0%). In 6/23 (26%) patients undergoing postablation cerebral MRI SCEs were identified. In six patients, coagulation on the catheter tip was detected at the end of the procedure. No further peri- or postprocedural complications were detected. Early AF recurrence before discharge was seen in 1/34 (3%) of the patients included in this study. Within 3 months 10/34 (29%) revealed AF recurrence during blanking period. After a mean follow-up of 7 months, 31/34 (88%) patients revealed sinus rhythm. CONCLUSION: AF ablation using 90 W vHPvSD with a specialized ablation catheter in conjunction with a recently modified RF generator was associated with no EDEL in the whole study cohort and 26% SCEs in a subgroup of patients undergoing acute postablation cerebral MRI. Accordingly, to our previously published results, a relevant number of catheter tip coagulations was identified in this patient cohort even after modifications of the RF generator. The vHPvSD ablation technique using the present and the previous generator seems to be associated with a very low rate of esophageal injury. However, the recently revised generator software also produced a relevant number of catheter tip coagulum formation and SCEs.

Acute oesophageal safety of high-power short duration with 50 W for atrial fibrillation ablation.

AIMS: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using radiofrequency (RF) ablation is an effective treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aims to investigate the safety of high-power short duration (HPSD) with emphasis on oesophageal lesions after PVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation with HPSD (50 W; ablation index (AI)-guided; target AI 350 for posterior wall ablation, AI 450 for anterior wall ablation) using the ThermoCool SmartTouch SF catheter were included. Patients underwent post-ablation oesophageal endoscopy to detect and categorize thermal oesophageal injury (EDEL). Occurrence and risk factors of oesophageal lesions and perforating complications were analysed. A total of 1033 patients underwent AF ablation with HPSD. Of them, 953 patients (67.6 ± 9.6 years; 58% male; 43% paroxysmal AF; 68% first PVI) underwent post-procedural oesophageal endoscopy and were included in further analyses. Median procedure time was 82.8 ± 24.4 min with ablation times of 16.1 ± 9.2 min. Thermal oesophageal injury was detected in 58 patients (6%) (n = 29 Category 1 erosion, n = 29 Category 2 ulcerous). One patient developed oesophageal perforation (redo, 4th AF ablation). No patient died. Using multivariable regression models, increased total ablation time [odds ratio (OR) 1.029, P = 0.010] and history of stroke (OR 2.619, P = 0.033) were associated with increased incidence of EDEL after AF ablation, whereas increased body mass index was protective (OR 0.980, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Thermal oesophageal lesions occur in 6% of HPSD AF ablations. The risk for development of perforating complications seems to be low. Incidence of atrio-oesophageal fistula (0.1%) is comparable to other reported series about RF ablation approaches.

Cardiac disease and prognosis associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias in young adults and adults.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates cardiac diseases and prognosis in young adults and adults presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA). METHODS: The present longitudinal, observational, registry-based, monocentric cohort study includes all consecutive patients 45 years old or younger presenting with VTA at admission from 2002 to 2016. Rates of coronary angiography, coronary artery disease (CAD) and need for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac diseases associated with VTA, and differences in long-term prognostic endpoints for young adults (20-34 years old) were analyzed and compared to those of adults (35-45 years old), for whom multivariable risk prediction models were developed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed according to age and type of VTA. RESULTS: A total of 259 consecutive patients were included in the study (36% young adults and 64% adults). At admission, 38% of young adults had VTA due to CAD that required PCI. Furthermore, VTA in young adults was commonly idiopathic (27%), or had underlying channelopathies (18%), primary cardiomyopathies (13%) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI, 11%). In adults, VTA was mostly associated with AMI (28%), though the rate of idiopathy was still high (20%). A total 41% of all patients received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), for whom AMI (STEMI 17%, NSTEMI 24%) was most frequently observed. Irrespective of the type of VTA, all-cause mortality was similar for young adults and adults. In young adults, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 35% (HR = 33.590) was associated with increased long-term all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Despite high rates of idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias, CAD and AMI are common causes of VTA and CPR in adults 45 years old and younger. Young adults and adults had comparable survival at index hospitalization and after 2.5 years irrespective of the type of VTA. Clinical trial registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02982473.