The parasitic copepod Lernaeocera branchialis negatively affects cardiorespiratory function in Gadus morhua.

The parasitic copepod Lernaeocera branchialis had a negative effect on cardiorespiratory function in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua such that it caused pronounced cardiac dysfunction with irregular rhythm and reduced stroke amplitude compared with uninfected fish. In addition, parasite infection depressed the postprandial cardiac output and oxygen consumption.

Excess post-hypoxic oxygen consumption in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua experienced oxygen deficit ( D O 2 ) when exposed to oxygen levels below their critical level (c. 73% of pcrit ) and subsequent excess post-hypoxic oxygen consumption (CEPHO ) upon return to normoxic conditions, indicative of an oxygen debt. The mean ± s.e. CEPHO : D O 2 was 6·9 ± 1·5, suggesting that resorting to anaerobic energy production in severe hypoxia is energetically expensive.

Influence of moderate and severe hypoxia on the diurnal activity pattern of lesser sandeel Ammodytes tobianus.

The influence of prolonged moderate (c. 60% oxygen saturation) and severe hypoxia (c. 35% oxygen saturation) on the diurnal activity pattern of sandeel Ammodytes tobianus was examined. In moderate hypoxia, the emerging and burying rates were significantly higher compared to that in normoxia, whereas fewer fish (c. 10%) were present in the water column. In contrast, severe hypoxia resulted in twice as many or more fish being present in the water column compared to that in normoxia. The increased number of swimming fish was not just a relative change due to an effect from hypoxia treatment, but the behaviour of the fish was also changed. The summed activity (emerging plus burying events) was lower in severe hypoxia compared to normoxia except during hours of dim light. All fish were buried during night-time, regardless of treatment, with the exception of some in severe hypoxia during the first couple of hours of darkness.

Recovery of gastric evacuation rate in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L surgically implanted with a dummy telemetry device.

The current study investigated how the gastric evacuation rate (GER) was affected after surgically introducing dummies of a blood flow biotelemetry system into the abdominal cavity of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Gastric evacuation experiments were performed two and 10 days postsurgery on surgically implanted and control G. morhua force-fed sandeel, Ammodytes tobianus. The results were compared with previously obtained estimates from unstressed conspecifics voluntarily feeding on a similar diet. After two days, GER was significantly lower in the group of fish with the dummy implants compared with the control group, but following 10 days of recovery no significant difference was seen between the two groups. The difference between implanted and control fish observed two days postsurgery may have resulted either from surgery, postsurgical stress and/or the presence of the implant. The conclusion is that 10 days of postsurgical recovery will stabilize GER in G. morhua, thus indicating that at this point the implant per se did not affect GER. Both the fish with surgical implants and controls in this study evacuated their stomachs much slower and with much higher interindividual variation compared with G. morhua feeding voluntarily on similar prey items. The lower GER and higher interindividual variation for force-fed fish indicate that handling, anaesthetization and force-feeding impair GER and that individual fish respond differently to the suppressing effects.