Assessment of Lateral Rotation Percentage and Rotational Deformity of the Elbow in Type 3 Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

BACKGROUND: Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures are the most common elbow fractures in children. Historically, displaced (Gartland type 3) SCH fractures have been treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Fluoroscopic imaging is used intraoperatively in order to assess adequate reduction of the fracture fragments before pinning. On lateral fluoroscopic and radiographic images, a lateral rotation percentage (LRP) can be estimated in order to assess rotational deformity. The purpose of this study was to determine the true rotational deformity of distal humerus fracture fragments in SCH fractures based upon the LRP using a clinically relevant laterally based pinning technique. METHODS: In this study, a sawbones model was used to examine the correlation between calculated LRP and the true degree of rotational deformity with 3 of the most common extension-type SCH fracture types (low transverse, high transverse, and lateral oblique). Because fracture stability was not the focus of this study, a single pin was used to hold the construct and allow for fragment rotation along a fixed axis. In this study, 2 of the authors independently measured rotational deformity and compared this with LRP on fluoroscopic lateral imaging of a sawbones model at 0 to 45 degrees of rotational deformity. RESULTS: The LRP of all 3 patterns demonstrated a near linear increase from 0 to 45 degrees with maximum LRP measured at 45 degrees for each of the 3 patterns. Univariate linear regression demonstrated an increase in LRP for the low transverse pattern of 2.02% for every degree of rotation deformity (R2=0.97), 2.29% for the lateral oblique pattern (R2=0.986), and 1.17% for the high transverse pattern (R2=0.971). Maximum LRP was measured at 45 degrees for all 3 patterns with a mean of 53.5% for the high transverse pattern, 93.5% for the low transverse pattern, and 111.2% for the lateral oblique pattern. A higher LRP was measured with increasing degrees of rotational displacement in the low transverse and lateral oblique patterns for all degrees of rotational deformity compared to the high transverse pattern. CONCLUSION: There is a near linear correlation between the degree of malrotation and the LRP with more superior metaphyseal fracture patterns demonstrating a lower LRP than inferior fracture patterns. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using our data one can estimate the degree of malrotation based on the LRP on radiographs in the clinical setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable (basic-science article).

Postoperative Fluid Collections in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review.

A post-operative fluid collection (POFC) represents a common finding in both primary and revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Fortunately, most resolve on their own, but in instances where they become symptomatic, prompt identification and management are paramount, especially when they occur adjacent to a joint arthroplasty because of the increased the risk of developing a periprosthetic joint infection. A strong clinical suspicion with appropriate clinical exam is required along with select imaging modalities to arrive at a diagnosis. Meticulous surgical technique is crucial to prevent POFC, but new emerging treatments continue to evolve. This article presents an updated overview of incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of POFC in the setting of TJA. We review the role of select imaging modalities as well as summarize current literature regarding new treatments such as sclerotherapy agents, acellular dermal matrices, and negative pressure wound therapy. Future studies are necessary to explore the interplay of inflammatory mediators in POFC formation and to define their role in fluid collection resolution.

Nanoscopic Medial Meniscus Repair.

Arthroscopic meniscus repair is one of the commonly used arthroscopic surgical procedures. Open treatment was the standard for meniscus repairs and recently arthroscopic all-inside treatment has become popular. Novel and more minimally invasive techniques to common arthroscopic procedures are paving the foundation to better patient outcomes. With the use of the NanoScope and nanoinstruments, we continue to develop new minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment techniques that do not require standard portals. The nanoscopic medial meniscus repair technique described here uses a less-invasive approach to a meniscus repair.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction Augmented With Bone Marrow Concentrate, Demineralized Bone Matrix, Autograft Bone, and a Suture Tape (The Fertilized ACL).

PURPOSE: To examine the early clinical outcomes as well as safety of the Fertilized anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction procedure. METHODS: A total of 16 consecutive patients with a mean age of 24 years (range, 16-45 years), who had been treated with the fertilized ACL were evaluated and followed over 2 years. Four patients underwent reconstruction using an FGL GRAFTLINK allograft (LifeNet Virginia Beach, VA) and 12 using quadriceps autografts. All patients received the fertilized ACL as previously described using bone marrow composite, demineralized bone matrix, and an internal brace (Arthrex, Largo, FL). Clinical outcomes at 2 years including International Knee Documentation Committee and Marx scores were evaluated. Complication rates, including return to operating room, arthrofibrosis, infection, and rerupture rates, were also assessed. RESULTS: All patients were followed for 6 months and all were released to full activity. In total, 11 of 16 patients were available for 2-year follow-up after the fertilized ACL reconstruction. At 2 years, the average International Knee Documentation Committee and Marx scores were 81 (standard deviation, 5.9) and 9 (standard deviation, 5.7), respectively. One patient required a return trip to the operating room for manipulation under anesthesia. No reruptures were observed at the 2-year mark. Nine of 11 patients had returned to their preinjury activity status at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: The fertilized ACL, which adds biology and an internal brace to an ACL reconstruction, is a reliable and safe option when performing an ACL reconstruction. Very low complication risks were seen in this consecutive series followed for 2 years. Patients consistently returned to their preinjury activity status. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Iatrogenic Tibia Fracture from an "Errant" Traction Pin Placement Resulting in a Cortical Defect: A Case Study.

CASE: A 78-year-old women presented with a closed left midshaft femur fracture after sustaining a fall from standing height and underwent proximal tibial traction pin placement. After subsequent intramedullary nailing of femur fracture, the patient returned 2 months later with a proximal tibia fracture through the unicortical defect left from the traction pin site and underwent successful intramedullary nailing of the tibia. CONCLUSION: Errant anteriorly placed proximal tibial traction pins pass tangentially across the vertex of the tibia and create residual unicortical defects that may increase the risk for late iatrogenic pin site fractures.

Single-Incision Rotator Cuff Repair With a Needle Arthroscope.

Arthroscopy frequently has been used to treat a variety of shoulder conditions, including rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopic techniques, when compared with open techniques, are associated with less morbidity, leading to lower complication rates, easier recovery, and improved outcomes. As technology improves, we continue to develop less-invasive surgical techniques to treat rotator cuff pathology. With the development of the NanoScope (Arthrex, Naples, FL), we have the opportunity to view through a small cannula without making a standard viewing portal. This technique combines this small viewing portal with standard repair techniques through only a single lateral incision to provide a less-invasive rotator cuff repair technique.

Autograft Cartilage Transfer Augmented With Bone Marrow Concentrate and Allograft Cartilage Extracellular Matrix.

The use of biologics in sports medicine is increasing rapidly. An osteochondral defect in a young active patient remains a difficult issue to treat. Autograft cartilage has tremendous advantages for the treatment of full-thickness defects, but harvesting and preparation have been difficult in the past. Disadvantages have included donor-site morbidity and the need for further surgery. With the recent development of the GraftNet device (Arthrex, Naples, FL), harvesting and delivery of autograft have become easier and can be performed arthroscopically in a single surgical procedure. Bone marrow concentrate has recently increased in popularity owing to the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells combined with autograft cartilage and BioCartilage (Arthrex) could lead to better incorporation and healing. In this article, we show how this unique biological composite is obtained and then added in the cartilage defect during a single-stage arthroscopic procedure.