EULAR/eumusc.net standards of care for rheumatoid arthritis: cross-sectional analyses of importance, level of implementation and care gaps experienced by patients and rheumatologists across 35 European countries.

OBJECTIVE: As part of European League against Rheumatism (EULAR)/European Musculoskeletal Conditions Surveillance and Information Network, 20 user-focused standards of care (SoCs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) addressing 16 domains of care were developed. This study aimed to explore gaps in implementation of these SoCs across Europe. METHODS: Two cross-sectional surveys on the importance, level of and barriers (patients only) to implementation of each SoC (0-10, 10 highest) were designed to be conducted among patients and rheumatologists in 50 European countries. Care gaps were calculated as the difference between the actual and maximum possible score for implementation (ie, 10) multiplied by the care importance score, resulting in care gaps (0-100, maximal gap). Factors associated with the problematic care gaps (ie, gap≥30 and importance≥6 and implementation<6) and strong barriers (≥6) were further analysed in multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 26 and 31 countries provided data from 1873 patients and 1131 rheumatologists, respectively. 19 out of 20 SoCs were problematic from the perspectives of more than 20% of patients, while this was true for only 10 SoCs for rheumatologists. Rheumatologists in countries with lower gross domestic product and non-European Union countries were more likely to report problematic gaps in 15 of 20 SoCs, while virtually no differences were observed among patients. Lack of relevance of some SoCs (71%) and limited time of professionals (66%) were the most frequent implementation barriers identified by patients. CONCLUSIONS: Many problematic gaps were reported across several essential aspects of RA care. More efforts need to be devoted to implementation of EULAR SoCs.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis facing sick leave or work disability meet varying regulations: a study among rheumatologists and patients from 44 European countries.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and explore differences in formal regulations around sick leave and work disability (WD) for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as perceptions by rheumatologists and patients on the system's performance, across European countries. METHODS: We conducted three cross-sectional surveys in 50 European countries: one on work (re-)integration and social security (SS) system arrangements in case of sick leave and long-term WD due to RA (one rheumatologist per country), and two among approximately 15 rheumatologists and 15 patients per country on perceptions regarding SS arrangements on work participation. Differences in regulations and perceptions were compared across categories defined by gross domestic product (GDP), type of social welfare regime, European Union (EU) membership and country RA WD rates. RESULTS: Forty-four (88%) countries provided data on regulations, 33 (75%) on perceptions of rheumatologists (n=539) and 34 (77%) on perceptions of patients (n=719). While large variation was observed across all regulations across countries, no relationship was found between most of regulations or income compensation and GDP, type of SS system or rates of WD. Regarding perceptions, rheumatologists in high GDP and EU-member countries felt less confident in their role in the decision process towards WD (ß=-0.5 (95% CI -0.9 to -0.2) and ß=-0.5 (95% CI -1.0 to -0.1), respectively). The Scandinavian and Bismarckian system scored best on patients' and rheumatologists' perceptions of regulations and system performance. CONCLUSIONS: There is large heterogeneity in rules and regulations of SS systems across Europe in relation to WD of patients with RA, and it cannot be explained by existing welfare regimes, EU membership or country's wealth.

Development of patient-centred standards of care for osteoarthritis in Europe: the eumusc.net-project.

OBJECTIVE: The eumusc.net project is an initiative founded by the European Community and the European League Against Rheumatism. One aim of the project was to facilitate equal standards for musculoskeletal health across Europe. The aim of this work-package was to develop patient-centred and consensus based standards of care (SOC) for osteoarthritis (OA), which should be available in a professional and a patient version. METHODS: A systematic review concerning guidelines dealing with OA was conducted. Furthermore, experts in musculoskeletal diseases were contacted to ensure that 'grey' literature was not excluded. Documents that fulfilled predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria were included and all interventions for OA were extracted and categorised. Based on this list of interventions, a three round Delphi exercise with an international and multidisciplinary expert panel, including patient research partners, was performed to achieve expert consensus. RESULTS: Six documents were included and used for further analysis. Out of them, 46 interventions have been extracted and 10 consensus based SOC were formulated. In addition, a patient version, written in a lay-understandable wording and in the format of checklist questions was developed. An example is SOC 5: "People with OA should achieve optimal pain control using pharmacological and non-pharmacological means." The matching patient-centred checklist question reads: "Do I know how to control pain associated with OA?" CONCLUSIONS: The SOC for OA will be available in the 23 languages of the European Union to enhance unified information to patients and professionals and to further harmonise the treatment/care of OA within Europe.

The Physical and Psychosocial Impact of Fatigue among Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Background: Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by organ-specific symptoms in the salivary and lacrimal glands, as well as systemic manifestations. Fatigue, a prominent aspect, significantly influences the overall quality of life for individuals with pSS. Methods: This review seeks to evaluate the impact of fatigue by exploring its consequences, potential causes, and effects on physical and psychological well-being, while also investigating its management strategies. Following the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)" guidelines, our systematic literature review involved a five-step algorithm. Initially identifying 78 articles in reputable international medical databases, we applied eligibility criteria and removed duplicates, resulting in 19 articles for qualitative synthesis. Results: This review delves into the predictive factors for heightened fatigue in pSS, encompassing rheumatoid factor levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and immunoglobulin G levels. Sleep disturbances, specifically nighttime pain and nocturia, emerged as determinants of persistent daytime fatigue. Cognitive impairment in pSS involves deteriorations in global memory, executive functioning, and attentional resources. Furthermore, functional limitations in pSS impact patients' quality of life. Conclusions: The significance of fatigue in pSS, its consequences, and profound influence on the quality of life necessitate further research for a more comprehensive understanding of this complex issue.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Healthcare: Parental Perceptions and Ethical Implications.

BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to explore the way artificial intelligence (AI) utilization is perceived in pediatric medicine, examining its acceptance among patients (in this case represented by their adult parents), and identify the challenges it presents in order to understand the factors influencing its adoption in clinical settings. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to caregivers (parents or grandparents) of children who presented in tertiary pediatric clinics. RESULTS: The most significant differentiations were identified in relation to the level of education (e.g., aversion to AI involvement was 22.2% among those with postgraduate degrees, 43.9% among those with university degrees, and 54.5% among those who only completed high school). The greatest fear among respondents regarding the medical use of AI was related to the possibility of errors occurring (70.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The general attitude toward the use of AI can be considered positive, provided that it remains human-supervised, and that the technology used is explained in detail by the physician. However, there were large differences among groups (mainly defined by education level) in the way AI is perceived and accepted.

Unraveling the Impact of COVID-19 on Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights from Two Romanian Hospitals-Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at heightened risk of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) complications due to immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and treatment with immunosuppressive therapies. This study aims to characterize the clinical and laboratory parameters of RA patients diagnosed with COVID-19, identify predictive risk factors for severe forms of this infection for RA patients, and determine if any RA immunosuppressive therapy is associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective observational case-control study included 86 cases (43 diagnosed with RA and 43 cases without any inflammatory or autoimmune disease) that suffered from SARS-CoV-2 in two Romanian hospitals between March 2020 and February 2024. Data on demographics, RA disease characteristics, COVID-19 severity, treatment regimens, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: RA patients exhibited a distinct symptom profile compared to non-RA controls, with higher incidences of neurological, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal symptoms, while the control group showed more respiratory and systemic manifestations. Severe COVID-19 is correlated with age and laboratory markers like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leucocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum creatinine, and urea. Additionally, RA treatments, particularly rituximab (RTX), were associated with more severe COVID-19 outcomes (but with no statistical significance), potentially due to the advanced disease stage and comorbidities in these patients. Post-infection, a significant number of RA patients experienced disease flares, necessitating adjustments in their treatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the complex interplay between RA and COVID-19, highlighting significant clinical heterogeneity and the need for tailored management strategies. Limitations include sample size constraints, possible selection, and information bias, as well as the lack of adjustments for potential confounding variables that hinder the ability to formulate definitive conclusions. Future research plans to expand the research group size and further elucidate these relationships.

Calcinosis in Rheumatic Disease Is Still an Unmet Need: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.

Patients with immune-mediated rheumatic disease-related calcinosis comprise a subgroup at risk of encountering a more severe clinical outcome. Early assessment is pivotal for preventing overall disease progression, as calcinosis is commonly overlooked until several years into the disease and is considered as a 'non-lethal' manifestation. This single-center retrospective study explored the prevalence, clinical associations, and impact on survival of subcutaneous calcinosis in 86 patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRD). Calcinosis predominantly appeared in individuals with longstanding disease, particularly systemic sclerosis (SSc), constituting 74% of cases. Smaller calcinosis lesions (≤1 cm) were associated with interstitial lung disease, musculoskeletal involvement, and digital ulcerations, while larger lesions (≥4 cm) were associated with malignancy, severe peripheral artery disease, and systemic arterial hypertension. The SSc calcinosis subgroup exhibited a higher mean adjusted European Scleroderma Study Group Activity Index score than those without. However, survival rates did not significantly differ between the two groups. Diltiazem was the most commonly used treatment, and while bisphosphonates reduced complications related to calcinosis, complete resolution was not achieved. The findings underscore current limitations in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating calcinosis, emphasizing the need for further research and improved therapeutic strategies to improve patient care and outcomes.

The Romanian Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) Questionnaire, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST), and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen 2 (ToPAS 2).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition mediated by the immune system with various manifestations. The increased prevalence of subclinical joint involvement has led to the development of early diagnostic methods for psoriatic arthritis, including several instruments that have been validated and used in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to perform the Romanian translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of three assessment tools: the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) Questionnaire, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST), and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen 2 (TOPAS 2), which are designed to evaluate early-stage arthritis in patients with psoriasis. METHODS: All the activities were carried out in accordance with the internationally recognized methodology recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR), the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the translation process and the validation of instruments, and data from the international literature. These three questionnaires were administered to 29 patients with psoriasis diagnosed by biopsy. A descriptive study was conducted and the data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests using the PSPP program. A reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The obtained values were significant for the first two questionnaires, with a value of 0.89 for the EARP and 0.63 for the PEST, but the value was not as significant for ToPAS2, at 0.40. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study revealed that the Romanian and original versions of the three questionnaires are similar.

Maternal Bonding as a Protective Factor for Orthorexia Nervosa Risk in Dietetics Students.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the risk of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in dietetics students in Greece, and its relationship with diet, risk of eating disorder (ED), body mass index (BMI), body image flexibility, and parental attachment. The participants were 132 dietetics students, with a mean age of 22.94 ± 3.5 years, who completed a series of questionnaires that recorded sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics; adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet); ON indicators as determined by the ORTO-15 questionnaire; body image flexibility, with the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ-5); the risk for ED as assessed using the EAT-26; anxiety level according to the STAIT 6 instrument; and recollection of their parents' attitudes towards them during the first 16 years of life, with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). ON risk appeared to be significantly associated with BMI (p = 0.002), exercise frequency (p = 0.023), anxiety level (p = 0.002), risk of ED (p < 0.001), body image inflexibility (p < 0.001), and inversely with the affectionate constraint of maternal bonding (p = 0.036). In conclusion, disordered eating behaviors and body shape concerns are prevalent among dietetics students, with parental attachment to the mother influencing their occurrence. Identification of potential ON and development of prevention mechanisms during childhood could help eliminate these concerns and improve the lives of dietetics students.

The Role of Mannose-Binding Lectin and Inflammatory Markers in Establishing the Course and Prognosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most significant childhood diseases worldwide and a leading infectious cause of death in children. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the inflammatory markers-C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT)-and the polymorphic glycoprotein mannose-binding lectin (MBL), deficiency of which is associated with severe infections, in the determination of the optimal type and timing of therapeutic intervention for CAP in childhood. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation was conducted on a cohort of 204 children aged 4 months-17 years hospitalized with CAP. Their levels of CRP, PCT, and MBL were assessed for their association with a variety of outcomes, including the incidence of local and systemic complications, admission to the ICU, duration of antibiotic treatment and hospital stay, and death. RESULTS: CRP and PCT proved to be better predictors of complications of CAP than MBL. The area under the curve (AUC) value was highest for PCT as a predictor of systemic complications (AUC = 0.931, 95%CI 0.895-0.967), while CRP (AUC = 0.674, 95%CI 0.586-0.761) performed best as a predictor of local complications (AUC = 0.674, 95%CI 0.586-0.761). Regarding admission to the ICU, CRP was the weakest predictor (AUC = 0.741), while PCT performed the best (AUC = 0.833), followed by MBL (AUC = 0.797). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for the optimal threshold generated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, rendering sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 87% for PCT in assessing the risk of systemic complications, compared to sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 90% for CRP. MBL showed relatively high sensitivity (96%) but low specificity (25%) for predicting the need for ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Early measurement of CRP, PCT, and MBL provides clinicians with important information regarding the course and prognosis of children diagnosed with CAP, thus ensuring prompt, optimal therapeutic management.

The Translation, Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Questionnaires Assessing the Quality of Life and Fatigue among Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome for the Romanian Context.

About 70% of patients with Sjogren's syndrome suffer from fatigue, and for a large proportion of patients, it is one of the most noticeable manifestations leading to disability. To date, no study has been conducted in Romania to determine the quality of life of patients and the impact of fatigue in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The present work proposes the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of two questionnaires for the Romanian context, namely the 'Profile of Fatigue and Discomfort-Sicca Symptoms Inventory' (PROFAD-SSI-SF) and 'Primary Sjogren's Syndrome-Quality of Life' (PSS-QoL), whose purpose is to assess quality of life and fatigue in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. These two questionnaires were administered to 52 patients with Sjogren's syndrome diagnosed according to the 2016 ACR-EULAR criteria. Subsequently, the conceptual, semantic, and operational analyses of the data were performed with the aim of cultural adaptation. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using indices of measurement accuracy such as internal consistency. Based on statistical analyses, this pilot study shows that the Romanian versions of the PROFAD-SSI and PSS-QoL questionnaires are as reliable as their English counterparts.

The role of lung ultrasonography in predicting the clinical outcome of complicated community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children.

AIMS: This study's objective was to analyze lung ultrasonography (LUS) characteristics in hospitalized pediatric patients with complicated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We hypothesized that LUS could be correlated with the clinical outcome in these cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the LUS appearances (at admission and five days after the beginning of the treatment) and the progression of complicated CAP. RESULTS: We identified 45 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Several complications occurred in these subjects during follow-up including: serofibrinous pleurisy (62.2%), empyema (15.6%), encapsulated pleurisy (11.1%), lung abscess (6.7%) and necrotizing pneumonia (2.2%). In addition, 22.2% of the patients required surgical treatment: draining tube (11.1%), decortication (6.7%) and resection (4.4%). Intensive care unit admission was needed in 8.9% of patients. The median duration of hospitalization was 14 [9.7; 19.7] days. The thickness of pleural effusion with a cut-off value of 10 mm seen by LUS was a predictor for the need for continuous thoracic drainage (p<0.01), segmentectomy or thoracoscopic surgery (p=0.03) and prolonged hospitalization over 10 days (p<0.01). Hyperechogenic pleural effusion, presence of septa and fluid bronchogram on 1st LUS evaluation were independent predictors of segmentectomy or thoracoscopic decortication (p<0.01) and of longer hospitalization (p=0.02, p<0.01, p<0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasound characteristics of complicated CAP can offer valuable information to predict the clinical evolution of CAP and so can help the development of personalized medical management plans in these patients.

Do We Have Good Activity Indices in Systemic Sclerosis?

BACKGROUND: No fully validated index is available for assessing overall disease activity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of disease activity as measured by different disease activity indices on the risk of subsequent organ damage. METHODS: The European Systemic sclerosis study group activity index (EScSG AI), the European Scleroderma Trials and Research Group Activity Index (r-EUSTAR AI), 12 point activity index proposed by Minier (12point AI) were calculated for 91 patients; the CRISS (The Composite Response Index for Systemic Sclerosis) for patients included after 2016. Data were analysed by parametric and non-parametric tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: EscSG AI, r-EUSTAR AI and 12point AI correlated with lung involvement. EScSG AI and r-EUSTAR AI correlated with diffuse skin involvement. EscSG AI correlated with digital ulcers and diffuse cutaneous involvement and r-EUSTAR AI with a renal crisis. Bivariate analysis showed an inverse correlation between the three disease activity scores and forced vital capacity (FVC) (p<0.001) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (p<0.001) and positive correlation with pulmonary fibrosis (p<0.001), modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) (p<0.001), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) (p<0.001), systolic pulmonary pressure (sPAP) (p<0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p<0.001) and capillaroscopy scoring (p<0.001) at both baseline visit and the 3-year follow-up visit. Logistic regression revealed that baseline EScSG AI adjusted for gender and age and that baseline 12-point AI both adjusted and unadjusted predicted worse skin involvement at 3-year follow-up; while adjusted EScSG AI predicted decreasing DLCO. Also, 12-point AI predicted a decline of FVC and higher HAQ scores at 3-year follow up; while baseline r-EUSTAR AI was able to predict muscular deterioration, decline of FVC and the increase of HAQ score during 3 years of following. An active disease according to EScSG AI at first visit predicted progression of joint involvement while an active disease at baseline showed by r- EUSTAR AI predicted muscular deterioration, FVC and DLCO worsening, as well as an increase in HAQ score during the follow-up period. r-EUSTAR AI was the only score to predict the decrease of FVC in a multiple regression prediction model (OR= 1.306 (1.025, 1.665), p=0.31) while baseline EScSG AI best predicted worsening of DLCO (OR=1.749 (1.104, 2.772), p=0.017). CONCLUSION: Our study could not establish a gold standard to assess disease activity in SSc; especially EscSG AI and r-EUSTAR AI could quantify and predict major organ involvement in daily practice. CRISS can be useful as an outcome measure for patients with short disease duration included in clinical studies.

Residual Pain in the Context of Selecting and Switching Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases.

For many years, inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) represented a source of disappointment in medical care caused by the mediocre efficacy of the available treatments. Some of these diseases, like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) or Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), caused fear in the general population, especially due to associated joint deformities and subsequent disabilities. However, in the last 20 years, a new successful class of antirheumatic drugs has become available: biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (bDMARDs). Due to this innovative treatment, the days are over when joint and spine deformities defined the condition of a person with RA or AS. Nonetheless, expectations are higher today, and other clinical problems, (not entirely solved by bDMARDs), seem to drive the drug selection during the span of rheumatic diseases. Most of these issues are covered by the term "unmet needs." One of the most intriguing of such needs is the residual pain (RP) in patients that are otherwise in the biological remission of the disease. Present in a significant proportion of the patients that enter remission status, RP is poorly understood and managed. In recent years, new data has become available in this area and new conceptual clarifications have occurred. In this review, we explain the various nature of RP and the necessity of treatment diversification in such situations. All in all, we believe this condition is far more complex than simple pain and includes other clinical aspects, too (like fatigue or mood changes) so the terms Post-Remission Syndrome (PRS), and PRS pain might be more appropriate.

Considerations for Evaluating and Recommending Worker Productivity Outcome Measures: An Update from the OMERACT Worker Productivity Group.

OBJECTIVE: The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Worker Productivity Group continues efforts to assess psychometric properties of measures of presenteeism. METHODS: Psychometric properties of single-item and dual answer multiitem scales were assessed, as well as methods to evaluate thresholds of meaning. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability and construct validity of single item global measures was moderate to good. The value of measuring both degree of difficulty and amount of time with difficulty in multiitems questionnaires was confirmed. Thresholds of meaning vary depending on methods and external anchors applied. CONCLUSION: We have advanced our understanding of the performance of presenteeism measures and have developed approaches to describing thresholds of meaning.

Does patients' opinion of remission in rheumatoid arthritis overlap ultrasound "true" remission? - a pilot study.

AIM: Patients describe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remission as the absence of any symptoms or return to normality. Residual ultrasound (US) synovitis was frequently described in remission cohorts in previous studies. US tenosynovitis evaluation and scoring seems to better follow clinical remission scores compared with synovitis in RA. Our objective was to verify the presence of US findings suggestive of persistent inflammation in a cohort of patients in remission according to their own opinion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three RA patients were prospectively enrolled in this pilot study between 2015-2017 according to their positive answer to the question "Are you feeling free of symptoms, just like before your RA symptomsstarted?". Clinical evaluation of tender and swollen joints was performed in the same day with US evaluation of 24 joints and 26 tendon sites and lab C-reactive protein (CRP) evaluation. DAS28-CRP and SDAI were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 72.9% (35 of 43) of patients were in remission per DAS28 criteria. Except for CRP value, no other variables were significantly different in the 35 of 43. PD scoring in tenosynovitis of the ankle and feet was 100% overlapping remission felt by patients. PD tenosynovitis in both upper and lower limbs was found in less than 10% of patients, and only grade 1 (minimal). CONCLUSION:  A combination of patients' opinion and PDUS evaluation could be a starting point for RA treatment tapering.

Influence of disease activity on RA treatment choices in countries with restricted access to expensive, innovative drugs: a discrete choice experiment among rheumatologists.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis on treatment choices of rheumatologists in countries with restricted access to expensive, innovative drugs. METHODS: Rheumatologists from Hungary, Romania and UK were invited to complete two consecutive discrete choice experiments with hypothetical drug treatments for two different patient profiles: high and moderate disease activity. Rheumatologists were asked to choose repeatedly between two unlabelled treatment options that differed in five attributes: efficacy (expected improvement and achieved disease activity state), safety (probability of serious adverse events), patient's preference (level of agreement), total medication costs and cost-effectiveness. A heteroscedastic discrete choice model using interaction terms between attribute levels and patient profiles (binary variable) was used to assess the preferences of rheumatologists towards each attribute and the influence of the patient profile. RESULTS: Overall, 148 rheumatologists completed the survey (46% females, mean age 49 years, 49% academic). For both patient profiles, efficacy dominated the treatment choice over patient's preference, safety and economic aspects. However, for patients with high compared with moderate disease activity, the importance of drug efficacy significantly increased (from 48% for moderate to 57% for high disease activity), whereas the importance of patient's preference significantly decreased (from 15% to 11%). No significant differences were observed for economic and safety considerations. CONCLUSION: Rheumatologists were willing to give up some efficacy to account for patient's preference when choosing treatments for patients with moderate compared to high disease activity. Disease activity however did not influence importance of economic aspects in treatment choices.

Quantitative Doppler in musculoskeletal ultrasonography - suboptimal performance of both experienced and in-training sonographers in selection of the highest Doppler signal image from cine-loops.

AIMS: Doppler ultrasonography assessment is mandatory nowadays for the complete description of rheumatic disease activity. Initially it was performed in semi quantitative way but recently the (fully) quantitative assessment is gaining more interest. In quantitative assessment, the ratio between total colorized and total pixels (CTR) is computed for the whole image or just for the region of interest (ROI). The frame with the highest amount of Doppler signal (also called worst case scenario image - WCSI) is usually the only one analyzed. The technique requires a very precise identification of WCSI from a certain number of consecutive frames, captured from the same position of the US probe, (and in most cases this is done manually). Our study examined the ability of both experienced and in-training sonographers to identify WCSI using a computerized analytical system as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed 480 frame selections done in two distinct exercises. The WCSI and other 3 images with a 5%, 10% and respectively 20% lower level of CTR compared with WCSI were packed in one selection. All frames emerging from the same video clip were randomly presented to six experienced and six in training sonographers; the request was to select the frame with the highest CTR (WCSI) from each package (twenty packages in total). A similar exercise was performed with CTRs decreasing in steps of 2%. RESULTS: In the first exercise the WCSI was correctly identified in 79.1% cases and in 67% of cases in the 2nd exercise. The interobserver agreement between experienced and in-trainer evaluators for the 1st exercise was 0.78 and 0.4 in the 2nd exercise. CONCLUSION: Using computerized analysis as the gold standard, we demonstrated a large heterogeneity across sonographers regarding their ability to identify the best Doppler image even from a small group of frames.

Concepts in diagnosing, scoring, and monitoring tenosynovitis and other tendon abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis- the role of musculoskeletal ultrasound.

In the last years, important advancements have been made in implementing high resolution imaging related information inside the global management algorithm in RA patients. Musculoskeletal ultrasound has already proven its utility in visualizing directly the joint synovial tissue, the synovial vascularization and in monitoring the response to therapy. Recently, much attention has been given to the presence of tenosynovitis, as a constant, complementary but different facet of the inflammatory involvement in RA. Tenosynovitis identification in early RA stages may allow adequate treatment adjustment in early and established disease in order to prevent and/ or slow down the development of structural damage at tendon and joint level.

Knee ultrasound from research to real practice: a systematic literature review of adult knee ultrasound assessment feasibility studies.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyse existing data regarding knee ultrasound (US) feasibility in clinical practice. Material and methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms: ("knee") AND ("ultrasound" OR "ultrasonography") AND ("feasibility" OR "pilot" OR "proof of concept"). Feasibility studies regarding knee US or US aided maneuver involving knee joint, published during 2005-2015, were selected and evaluated against a complex framework constructed around mandatory key areas for feasibility studies: acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation, integration and expansion. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-nine publications were identified, of which 9 were included in the final analysis: 6 dealt with the development and implementation of novel US scores, while the rest focused on implementing MSUS in clinical practice, evaluating the usefulness of articular cartilage US assessment and the feasibility of sonography for intra-articular knee injections, respectively. Six studies quantified feasibility as time spent for the evaluation, with only two addressing areassuch as acceptability, implementation and practicality, although none of these systematically assessed all feasibility domains. CONCLUSION: Knee US feasibility is still poorly addressed; the time required for US assessment is the main area addressed. This information gap should be properly addressed in future works, in order to ensure the right place for this technique.