Comprehensive complexity assessment as a key tool for the prediction of in-hospital mortality in heart failure of aged patients admitted to internal medicine wards.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) and cognitive impairment are both common problems in old age, associated with significant mortality, impaired quality of life and disability. This study evaluated patients with CHF, admitted to internal medicine and geriatric wards. We identified factors associated with a high risk of in-hospital mortality. Hospitalized CHF subjects with increased risk of in-hospital death present a clinical profile including: very old age, overt cognitive dysfunction, predisposition to falls, dependency, social-family problems, impairment in sphincter control and feeding ability, presence of bedsores, digoxin but not warfarin treatment, hypo-dysproteinemia and hypernatremia and mild renal impairment. We observed that patients admitted to our Internal Medicine Departments, in addition to CHF, present a high grade of complex therapeutic needs and that comorbidity, by itself, does not reflect complexity. Our data support the hypothesis that CHF has different patterns of severity and prognosis in young and in old or very old age groups.

Oesophageal function after oral ranitidine: an acute double blind study in normal subjects.

The effect of oral ranitidine on oesophageal peristalsis, LOS basal pressure and gastro-oesophageal acid reflux, was investigated in 6 healthy men in a double-blind randomized study. Simultaneous manometry and pH measurements were performed twice in each volunteer during a five hour study period which included the administration of a standard meal. Ranitidine did not affect the motor parameters studied (amplitude, duration and velocity of the peristaltic waves and LOS basal tone), whereas it almost abolished acid gastroesophageal reflux. Our results show that ranitidine, like cimetidine, does not alter the motor function of the oesophagus, while it virtually abolishes acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in normal man.

Oesophageal motor events at the occurrence of acid reflux and during endogenous acid exposure in healthy subjects and in patients with oesophagitis.

In order to assess the oesophageal motor events associated with the occurrence of gastro-oesophageal acid reflux and those during endogenous acid exposure, we studied six healthy subjects and nine patients with symptoms and lesions of reflux oesophagitis. In the case of each subject simultaneous pressure and pH measurements of the distal oesophagus were taken both in fasting conditions and after a standardised balanced meal. Reflux episodes occurred in the absence of a lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (34.3%, 17.7%) or in the presence of a relaxation associated (34.2%, 30.8%) or unassociated (31.5%, 51.5%) with a peristaltic sequence, in the controls and patients respectively. No significant differences were found between the two groups. During endogenous acid perfusion the distal oesophagus showed mainly a peristaltic motor activity, but the mean hourly number of peristaltic sequences was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls (33.5 +/- 27.2 vs 81.5 +/- 3.2, p less than 0.01). Our results show that the mechanisms of reflux are similar in controls and in patients, while the peristaltic frequency is reduced in the latter. This motor failure may be responsible for the increased reflux duration observed in patients with oesophagitis.

Hemoductal pancreatitis secondary to gastroduodenal artery-ruptured pseudoaneurysm: a rare cause of hematemesis.

A 65-yr-old alcoholic man with a history of calcific pancreatitis presented with massive hematemesis complicated by lipothymia. Physical examination disclosed stigmata of chronic liver disease. The laboratory picture was predominantly of cholestatic type with impaired liver protein synthetic activity. Emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy was unable to provide definitive diagnosis, but reendoscopy with a side-viewing duodenoscope revealed active bleeding through the ampulla of Vater. An ultrasound examination showed a large, complex pancreatic lesion that computed tomography showed to be a pancreatic pseudocyst with an inside pseudoaneurysm. A visceral angiography revealed an anomalous arising of the common hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery and a pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery at its origin. A second massive hemorrhage required an emergency operation, and surgical liver biopsy revealed focal steatosis. In conclusion, bleeding of a pancreatic pseudoaneurysm may be massive but intermittent, and side-viewing duodenoscopy, even prolonged, is essential in the diagnosis.

Evaluation of undiluted N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract varices.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic obliteration of upper gastrointestinal tract varices using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been proposed by some authors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the efficacy and safety of this technique, using the undiluted substance, in obtaining hemostasis of bleeding upper gastrointestinal tract varices, as well as definitive eradication of varices located in the gastric fundus and duodenum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out variceal injections of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in 80 patients (51 males, 29 females, mean age 68 years, range 19-80) with upper gastrointestinal tract varices. In 24 patients, the varices were located in the esophagus, in 54 in the gastric fundus, and in the remaining two they were in the duodenum. Forty-eight patients were treated for active variceal bleeding, and the other 32 were treated electively. RESULTS: Hemostasis was achieved in 43 of the 48 patients (89.6%) treated for active variceal bleeding. Eradication was obtained in 49 of the 56 patients (87.5%) with gastric or duodenal varices. Overall complications occurred in 11 patients (10.4%). In two patients, embolization was found, and in a further two patients it was clinically suspected, but could not be proved. Ten patients (12.5%) died during the treatment period, six due to uncontrolled bleeding, two due to rebleeding, and two due to liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate appears to be both safe and effective in the treatment of bleeding gastrointestinal tract varices. The relative value of the undiluted substance versus the diluted one should be further evaluated.

A prospective randomized trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the elective treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic ligation (EVL) and endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (EVS) are known to be equally effective in eradicating bleeding esophageal varices in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, but the long-term safety and efficacy of the two techniques have not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of rebleeding, recurrence of varices, and survival after treatment with the two techniques during a relatively long follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 111 patients without bleeding at the index endoscopy were randomly assigned to either EVL (n = 57) or EVS (n = 54). After eradication of the varices, the patients received endoscopic examinations every three months and for each episode of rebleeding. RESULTS: The mean follow-up periods were 534 +/- 42 days in the EVS group and 496 +/- 40 days in the EVL group. The two techniques were equally effective in eradicating varices (93% in EVL group and 92.5% in EVS group). The mean number of sessions required to obtain eradication was slightly lower (mean +/- SE) in the EVL group (3.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.1, P = 0.004), while the time required for eradication was longer (33.8 +/- 2.1 vs. 27.3 +/- 1.4, P = 0.01). The comparison of the Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival and time to first rebleeding did not show any statistically significant differences between the two groups. The rate of complications was significantly higher in the EVS group than in the EVL group (31% vs. 11%, P = 0.001), while the rate of recurrent varices during follow-up was higher in the EVL group (30% vs. 13%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: While the two techniques are equally effective, ligation treatment shows greater advantages in the short-term follow-up, but is associated with more frequent recurrence of varices in the longer term. These two aspects should be considered for evaluation in the cost-benefit ratio and quality of life analysis. All patients should have frequent endoscopic evaluations (every three or four months) throughout the first year of follow-up.