Cryogenic and hermetically sealed packaging of photonic chips for optomechanics.

We demonstrate a hermetically sealed packaging system for integrated photonic devices at cryogenic temperatures with plug-and-play functionality. This approach provides the ability to encapsulate a controlled amount of gas into the optical package allowing helium to be used as a heat-exchange gas to thermalize photonic devices, or condensed into a superfluid covering the device. This packaging system was tested using a silicon-on-insulator slot waveguide resonator which fills with superfluid 4He below the transition temperature. To optimize the fiber-to-chip optical integration 690 tests were performed by thermally cycling optical fibers bonded to various common photonic chip substrates (silicon, silicon oxide and HSQ) with a range of glues (NOA 61, NOA 68, NOA 88, NOA 86H and superglue). This showed that NOA 86H (a UV curing optical adhesive with a latent heat catalyst) provided the best performance under cryogenic conditions for all the substrates tested. The technique is relevant to superfluid optomechanics experiments, as well as quantum photonics and quantum optomechanics applications.

Strong thermomechanical squeezing via weak measurement.

We experimentally surpass the 3 dB limit to steady-state parametric squeezing of a mechanical oscillator. The localization of an atomic force microscope cantilever, achieved by optimal estimation, is enhanced by up to 6.2 dB in one position quadrature when a detuned parametric drive is used. This squeezing is, in principle, limited only by the oscillator Q factor. Used on low temperature, high frequency oscillators, this technique provides a pathway to achieve robust quantum squeezing below the zero-point motion. Broadly, our results demonstrate that control systems engineering can overcome well established limits in applications of nonlinear processes. Conversely, by localizing the mechanical position to better than the measurement precision of our apparatus, they demonstrate the usefulness of mechanical nonlinearities in control applications.

Cavity optomechanical magnetometer.

A cavity optomechanical magnetometer is demonstrated. The magnetic-field-induced expansion of a magnetostrictive material is resonantly transduced onto the physical structure of a highly compliant optical microresonator and read out optically with ultrahigh sensitivity. A peak magnetic field sensitivity of 400 nT Hz(-1/2) is achieved, with theoretical modeling predicting the possibility of sensitivities below 1 pT Hz(-1/2). This chip-based magnetometer combines high sensitivity and large dynamic range with small size and room temperature operation.

Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator.

Over the past decade, strong interactions of light and matter at the single-photon level have enabled a wide set of scientific advances in quantum optics and quantum information science. This work has been performed principally within the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics with diverse physical systems, including single atoms in Fabry-Perot resonators, quantum dots coupled to micropillars and photonic bandgap cavities and Cooper pairs interacting with superconducting resonators. Experiments with single, localized atoms have been at the forefront of these advances with the use of optical resonators in high-finesse Fabry-Perot configurations. As a result of the extreme technical challenges involved in further improving the multilayer dielectric mirror coatings of these resonators and in scaling to large numbers of devices, there has been increased interest in the development of alternative microcavity systems. Here we show strong coupling between individual caesium atoms and the fields of a high-quality toroidal microresonator. From observations of transit events for single atoms falling through the resonator's evanescent field, we determine the coherent coupling rate for interactions near the surface of the resonator. We develop a theoretical model to quantify our observations, demonstrating that strong coupling is achieved, with the rate of coherent coupling exceeding the dissipative rates of the atom and the cavity. Our work opens the way for investigations of optical processes with single atoms and photons in lithographically fabricated microresonators. Applications include the implementation of quantum networks, scalable quantum logic with photons, and quantum information processing on atom chips.

Mechanical squeezing via parametric amplification and weak measurement.

Nonlinear forces allow motion of a mechanical oscillator to be squeezed below the zero-point motion. Of existing methods, mechanical parametric amplification is relatively accessible, but previously thought to be limited to 3 dB of squeezing in the steady state. We consider the effect of applying continuous weak measurement and feedback to this system. If the parametric drive is optimally detuned from resonance, correlations between the quadratures of motion allow unlimited steady-state squeezing. Compared to backaction evasion, we demonstrate that the measurement strength, temperature and efficiency requirements for quantum squeezing are significantly relaxed.

Thermo-optic locking of a semiconductor laser to a microcavity resonance.

We experimentally demonstrate thermo-optic locking of a semiconductor laser to an integrated toroidal optical microcavity. The lock is maintained for time periods exceeding twelve hours, without requiring any electronic control systems. Fast control is achieved by optical feedback induced by scattering centers within the microcavity, with thermal locking due to optical heating maintaining constructive interference between the cavity and the laser. Furthermore, the optical feedback acts to narrow the laser linewidth, with ultra high quality microtoroid resonances offering the potential for ultralow linewidth on-chip lasers.

Nonlinear optomechanical measurement of mechanical motion.

Precision measurement of nonlinear observables is an important goal in all facets of quantum optics. This allows measurement-based non-classical state preparation, which has been applied to great success in various physical systems, and provides a route for quantum information processing with otherwise linear interactions. In cavity optomechanics much progress has been made using linear interactions and measurement, but observation of nonlinear mechanical degrees-of-freedom remains outstanding. Here we report the observation of displacement-squared thermal motion of a micro-mechanical resonator by exploiting the intrinsic nonlinearity of the radiation-pressure interaction. Using this measurement we generate bimodal mechanical states of motion with separations and feature sizes well below 100 pm. Future improvements to this approach will allow the preparation of quantum superposition states, which can be used to experimentally explore collapse models of the wavefunction and the potential for mechanical-resonator-based quantum information and metrology applications.

Nonlinear regression using spreadsheets.

Pharmacologists are often required to analyse nonlinear experimental effects by fitting the data to defined theoretical models. This may require a specialized computer program capable of performing nonlinear regression analysis, which can prove costly given the variety of pharmacological research. Here, Wayne Bowen and Jeff Jerman describe a generic method of performing nonlinear regression using spreadsheet applications, and demonstrate how this approach can be used to create automated systems of data analysis.

Identification of the L-menthol binding site in guinea-pig lung membranes.

1. L-Menthol inhibits both neurokinin A and capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pig and relaxes pre-constricted guinea-pig isolated bronchi. Structure-activity relationships have been defined for the action of (-)-menthol and related compounds on cold receptors, suggesting an action of L-menthol at a pharmacological receptor. We have performed radioligand binding studies to characterize the binding sites for [3H]-L-menthol in whole cell membranes prepared from guinea-pig lung tissue. 2. In kinetic studies. [3H]-L-menthol was found to bind rapidly and reversibly. Binding of [3H]-L-menthol to lung membranes was found to be time-dependent becoming fully associated to its site within 40 min, and half-maximum association occurred within 8 min (t1/2=8 min). [3H]-L-menthol was fully dissociated from its binding site within 8 min, (t1/2=2 min). 3. Inhibition studies presented a pharmacological profile of the 'L-menthol site'. Capsaicin, capsazepine, D-menthol, eugenol, SCH23390 and camphor were all found to displace [3H]-L-menthol binding. In contrast WS3, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, spiperone, flunarazine, bepridil and nicardipine were without effect. 4. We have identified a L-menthol binding site in the guinea-pig, which may represent a site common to a variety of compounds.

Regional and interspecific differences in the ligand binding properties of beta-adrenergic receptors of individual white adipose tissue depots in the sheep and rat.

The ligand binding of beta-adrenergic receptors was characterized in the omental, subcutaneous and popliteal adipose tissue depots in the sheep, and the lumbar and parametrial depots in the rat. Displacement of [125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]ICYP) binding to sheep adipose tissue membranes by the beta-adrenergic antagonists CGP 20712A and ICI 118,551 (beta 1- and beta 2-antagonists, respectively) suggested only a single ligand binding site predominantly beta 2 in character in all three depots, but revealed differences in affinity for these ligands between depots. Lactation increased beta-receptor ligand binding in subcutaneous and omental but not popliteal sheep adipose tissue depots, but had no effect on beta-adrenergic receptor affinities for CGP 20712A and ICI 118,551 in the three sheep adipose tissue depots studied. In rat adipocyte membranes, displacement of [125I]ICYP by CGP 20712A and ICI 118,551 was biphasic, indicating high and low affinity sites; displacement profiles differed markedly between lumbar and parametrial depots, the former having a preponderance of beta 1-like receptors and the latter a preponderance of beta 2-like receptors. The properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor binding site thus show species and depot specific differences.

The quantum trajectory approach to quantum feedback control of an oscillator revisited.

We revisit the stochastic master equation approach to feedback cooling of a quantum mechanical oscillator undergoing position measurement. By introducing a rotating wave approximation for the measurement and bath coupling, we can provide a more intuitive analysis of the achievable cooling in various regimes of measurement sensitivity and temperature. We also discuss explicitly the effect of backaction noise on the characteristics of the optimal feedback. The resulting rotating wave master equation has found application in our recent work on squeezing the oscillator motion using parametric driving and may have wider interest.

Squeezed-state purification with linear optics and feedforward.

A scheme for optimal and deterministic linear optical purification of mixed squeezed Gaussian states is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The scheme requires only linear optical elements and homodyne detectors, and allows the balance between purification efficacy and squeezing degradation to be controlled. One particular choice of parameters gave a tenfold reduction of the thermal noise with a corresponding squeezing degradation of only 11%. We prove optimality of the protocol, and show that it can be used to enhance the performance of quantum informational protocols such as dense coding and entanglement generation.

Experimental investigation of criteria for continuous variable entanglement.

We generate a pair of entangled beams from the interference of two amplitude squeezed beams. The entanglement is quantified in terms of EPR paradox and inseparability criteria, with both results clearly beating the standard quantum limit. We experimentally analyze the effect of decoherence on each criterion and demonstrate qualitative differences. We also characterize the number of required and excess photons present in the entangled beams and provide contour plots of the efficacy of quantum information protocols in terms of these variables.

Generation of nonclassical photon pairs for scalable quantum communication with atomic ensembles.

Quantum information science attempts to exploit capabilities from the quantum realm to accomplish tasks that are otherwise impossible in the classical domain. Although sufficient conditions have been formulated for the physical resources required to achieve quantum computation and communication, there is a growing understanding of the power of quantum measurement combined with the conditional evolution of quantum states for accomplishing diverse tasks in quantum information science. For example, a protocol has recently been developed for the realization of scalable long-distance quantum communication and the distribution of entanglement over quantum networks. Here we report the first enabling step in the realization of this protocol, namely the observation of quantum correlations for photon pairs generated in the collective emission from an atomic ensemble. The nonclassical character of the fields is demonstrated by the violation of an inequality involving their normalized correlation functions. Compared to previous investigations of non-classical correlations for photon pairs produced in atomic cascades and in parametric down-conversion, our experiment is distinct in that the correlated photons are separated by a programmable time interval (of about 400 nanoseconds in our initial experiments).

Measurement of cytochrome P450 gene induction in human hepatocytes using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Drug-induced changes in expression of cytochrome (CYP) P450 genes are a key cause of drug-drug interactions. Consequently, preclinical prediction of these changes by novel compounds is an integral component of drug development. To date, in vitro models of CYP induction have used mRNA measurement, immunodetection, and substrate metabolism as reporters. Here, we describe the application of quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to study CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 gene induction in 5-day-old cultures of human hepatocytes by known CYP inducers. After 5 days in culture, CYP1A1 expression was significantly elevated (5.1- to 26-fold; P <.01) in all four livers studied. In direct contrast, CYP3A4 mRNA levels consistently decreased during culture (80- to 300-fold; P <.001). In three independent experiments, a 48-h exposure to 3-methylcholanthrene, omeprazole, and lansoprazole significantly induced CYP1A1 expression in comparison to untreated cultures (P <.05). Rifampicin and solvent were without effect on CYP1A1 expression. Under identical experimental conditions, rifampicin and lansoprazole significantly elevated CYP3A4 mRNA expression (P <.05), whereas 3-methylcholanthrene, omeprazole, and dimethyl sulfoxide were without significant effect. These data demonstrate the applicability of quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to the determination of gene dynamics in human hepatocytes. This offers a highly specific alternative to quantification of drug effects on CYP expression using immunodetection and substrate metabolism.