RESUMEN
The aim was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of wheat bulgur in the diet on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal parameters in cannulated lambs. Four castrated Santa Ines×Dorper lambs, cannulated in the rumen, (45 ± 9 kg) were housed in metabolism crates. They were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin Square,10-day adaption, a 6-day sampling period. The base diet was composed by ryegrass hay and concentrate, in a 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio and four inclusions of wheat bulgur on the total diet: 0, 190, 380 and 570 g/kg dry matter. The inclusion of wheat bulgur did not affect the intake of non-structural carbohydrates. The intake of dry matter, fiber, crude protein, organic matter and crude fat decreased linearly (P<0.05). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly (P=0.001). The N retained and the excreted in urine were not affected by wheat bulgur inclusion. Fecal excretion, total excretion and absorbed N, decreased linearly (P<0.05). There was no change on pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates and protozoa population in rumen. Increasing of wheat bulgur in the diet of lambs decrease the nutrient intake and fiber digestibility without affecting the digestibility of other compounds, ruminal parameters, and the protozoa count.
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Oveja Doméstica , Triticum , Animales , Amoníaco , Fibras de la Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , OvinosRESUMEN
The present study aimed to assess the effects of replacing the starchy ingredients of concentrate by increasing the levels of sunflower oil on the production, composition, fatty acid profile, and evaluate the atherogenicity and thrombogenic index of Jersey cow's milk. Eight Jersey cows were arranged in a double Latin square and distributed in treatments consisting of supplementation with increasing levels of sunflower oil replacing the corn grain and wheat bran of concentrate, including the following: T0 (control diet), without sunflower oil and with 38 g ether extract (EE)/kg dry matter (DM); T1 = 65 g EE/kg DM; T2 = 86 g EE/kg DM; and T3 = 110 g EE/kg DM. The daily milk production was measured, and the corrected milk production was calculated. Milk samples were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine fat, protein, lactose, and total solids, whereas the lipid profile was assessed by gas chromatography. Milk production, energy-corrected milk production, fat content, daily fat production, lactose, and total solids were not affected by the treatments. Protein, lactose, and total solids concentrations decreased. Short-, medium-, and odd-chain fatty acids decreased with an increase in sunflower oil levels. Conversely, linear increases in long-chain, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were observed. There were significant increases in stearic and elaidic acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, especially in vaccenic and rumenic acids. There was a positive effect on the milk atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and nutraceutical indices. Dietary supplementation with sunflower oil changes the milk FA profile, decreases the atherogenicity and the thrombogenicity indices, and improve the nutraceutical index up to the addition of 86 g EE/kg DM de sunflower oil in the diets of Jersey cows.
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Ácidos Grasos , Leche , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Leche/química , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Aceite de Girasol , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Biofortificación , Lactosa/metabolismo , Lactancia , Suplementos Dietéticos , Dieta/veterinariaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological response to heat stress and ingestive behavior of Jersey cows in silvopasture and conventional pasture grazing systems. The experiment was carried out during the warm season, spanning spring, summer, and fall seasons in the Brazilian subtropical climate zone. Twelve lactating Jersey cows were observed in rotational grazing on Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst and Panicum maximum Jacq. Treatments were composed of different grazing systems (silvopasture and conventional pasture). The silvopasture grazing system had eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden) with an average height of ≈ 10 m and row spacing of 20 m. In the conventional pasture grazing system, there were no rows of eucalyptus and no other type of tree or structure to provide shade to the animals. During the summer and fall periods of evaluation, the silvopasture animals presented a lower respiratory rate, whereas during the spring and fall evaluation periods, these animals presented a lower rectal temperature. Cattle in the silvopasture showed longer grazing times at night (+21.65 min) and overall (+36.00 min) and remained lying down (ruminating and resting) for longer (+ 73.07 min) than conventional pasture grazing system animals. In addition, the animals in the silvopasture had a lower water intake (3.12 L/100 kg BW). The silvopasture grazing system improved the welfare of the grazing Jersey cows, as evidenced by the improvement in physiological response to heat stress, increased grazing time and decreased standing time (resting + ruminanting) when compared to cows in the conventional pasture grazing system.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Lactancia , Animales , Brasil , Bovinos , Ingestión de Alimentos , Femenino , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , LecheRESUMEN
The aim was to monitor the growth, the dry mass accumulation curve, and the structural photosynthetic components of forage peanut pasture, in different intensities of defoliation in sheep rotational stocking. Experimental area of Arachis pintoi (cv. Amarillo) had 0.29 ha divided equally into 16 paddocks of 180 m2 where they were assigned in a randomized block design with four repetitions; intensities of grazing were very lenient, lenient, moderate, and severe, represented by the residue heights of 11.2, 8.4, 5.9, and 3.2 cm respectively, from 14 cm (pre-grazing height). Weekly evaluations were carried out in the remaining period and in the pre and post-grazing period, with the forage cut to soil level for the determination of the dry mass available, separation of the structural components of pasture, and determination of the area of the leaflets. From this information, the values of leaf area index, leaf to stem ratio, and growth ratios were calculated. With these results, for the growth variables, regression curves were estimated as a function of the rest days offered by each treatment. Despite the lower mass of forage obtained when the leaf area is severely defoliated, the species presents even accumulation of biomass and foliar area. Severe grazing intensity resulted in greater accumulation of leaves, reflected in the leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio. The lenient intensities provide less rest time between grazing, requiring a greater number of paddocks. Under the research conditions, severe defoliation provides less forage to the animals.
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Arachis , Dieta/veterinaria , Ovinos/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Arachis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Distribución Aleatoria , Estaciones del Año , SueloRESUMEN
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on lactation performance, feed efficiency, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. In the systematic review, articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) Data focusing on the influence of bovine somatotropin doses on milk production; (2) Submission of original data; (3) Articles published in journals; and (4) Articles in English or Portuguese. The analysis of variance was used with a completely randomized design and mixed models methodology. Polynomial regression was applied to significant fixed effects (rbST dose). The use of rbST resulted in increased milk yield and 4% fat-corrected milk yield, while fat, protein, and lactose contents remained unaffected. Dry matter and metabolizable energy intakes, as well as milk/feed efficiency, exhibited a linear increase, but body condition score (BCS) was negatively impacted. The administration of rbST led to higher blood concentrations of triglycerides and insulin. Cows treated with rbST showed a 23% increase in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations compared to non-treated cows. Additionally, growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 displayed a linear increase with rbST treatment. In summary, rbST administration increased milk yield and fat-corrected milk yield without affecting milk components. However, despite increasing intake, it resulted in BCS losses and alterations in blood parameters such as NEFA, IGF-1, and IGF-2.
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Hormona del Crecimiento , Lactancia , Animales , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Hormona del Crecimiento/sangre , Hormona del Crecimiento/farmacología , Hormona del Crecimiento/administración & dosificación , Leche/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Proteínas Recombinantes/administración & dosificación , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
Due to the lack of information concerning the buffalo production chain, the aim of this survey was to identify consumer behaviour, acceptance and trends in relation to buffalo meat. The survey research method was used, for which an online questionnaire was prepared using Google Forms, and distributed via digital platforms to Brazilian consumers. Using the exploratory technique of multivariate statistics, ordination was carried out by principal component analysis (PCA), where the words were grouped into dimensions. Of the respondents, 44.82% had already consumed buffalo meat; however, many did not know whether they had already tried it, since 50.24% of the respondents said they could not identify any difference between buffalo meat and beef. An identification and indication of the origin were considered important by 44.82% of respondents. The respondents cited 1130 different terms, the word 'quality' appearing in most responses. Principal component analysis explained 93.32% of the variations in the consumer perception of buffalo meat. A part of Brazilian consumers is unaware of the buffalo production chain, and have never had the opportunity to consume the meat. The creation and divulgation of a certificate of identification, together with the benefits to health from consuming buffalo meat is fundamental for consumer confidence, which, together with the ready availability of the product, would allow expansion, consolidation and improvement of the production chain. The results of the study show the potential for increasing the consumption of buffalo meat among Brazilian consumers, providing the product included a guarantee of origin, quality and healthiness.
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Comportamiento del Consumidor , Carne , Animales , Bovinos , Brasil , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Proyectos de InvestigaciónRESUMEN
The aim was to evaluate how the fodder pre- dehydration time and its phenological stages influence on ruminal degradability and digestibility of ryegrass silage. The evaluated samples consisted of treatments: Vegetative: Cut and ensiled; cut + 4 hours pre-drying and ensiled and; cut + 7 hours pre-drying and ensiled; Pre-flowering: Silage cutting and ensiled and 4 hours pre-drying and ensiled; Flowering: cut and ensiled, no pre-drying, with four replications each treatment. Silage was storage for four months. It was carried out three in situ digestibility assays to determine the curve of ruminal degradability at different times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours), like in situ digestibility and other three assays of 24 hours and 48 hours to determinate in vitro digestibility of silage. The digestibility of ryegrass silage was influenced by both the pre-dehydration times and phenological stage, and the dehydration time of cut and silage had a high proportion of degradable components, with higher degradation rate by 24 hours of incubation. The in vitro digestibility of the ryegrass silage was greater than that in situ for up to 48 hours. The digestibility of the ensiled ryegrass biomass was influenced by the dehydration times, as well as the plant growth stage, regardless of the methodology used, being higher values for the treatment without previous drying of the vegetative stage.
O objetivo foi determinar como o tempo de emurchecimento e o ciclo da planta influenciam na digestibilidade in vitro e degradabilidade in situ da silagem de azevém. As amostras foram provenientes de experimento a campo, com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (Vegetativo: cortar e ensilar; cortar + pré-secagem de 4 horas e ensilar e; cortar + pré-secagem de 7 horas e ensilar. Pré-florescimento: cortar e ensilar e présecagem de 4 horas. Florescimento: cortar e ensilar) e quatro repetições. A armazenagem foi de quatro meses. Foram realizados três ensaios de digestibilidade in situ para determinar a degradabilidade ruminal em diferentes tempos (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas) e três ensaios de in vitro. A digestibilidade da silagem de azevém foi influenciada, tanto pelos tempos de desidratação, quanto pela idade da planta, sendo que, o tempo 0 do vegetativo apresentou alta proporção de componentes degradáveis, apresentando maior taxa de degradação até as 24 horas de incubação. A digestibilidade in vitro da silagem foi maior que degradabilidade in situ até às 48 horas. Maior digestibilidade da biomassa foi apresentada pelo tempo 0 do estádio vegetativo, para ambas as técnicas empregadas.
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Ensilaje , Rumiantes , Lolium , Alimentación AnimalRESUMEN
This research aimed to evaluate the dry matter yield, structural composition and nutritive characteristics of diploid and tetraploid annual ryegrass cultivars on different phenological development to haymaking on lowland soils. The experimental design was developed based on randomized blocks with split plots, four cultivars of annual ryegrass (BRS Ponteio and FEPAGRO São Gabriel, diploid; INIA Escorpio and KLM 138, tetraploid), and three phenological crop phases (vegetative, pre-blossoming and blossoming). Were evaluated, dry matter yield, leaf:stem ratio, leaf weight ratio, tiller population density, specific leaf area, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. All data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey-Kramer test (p< 0,05). Highest forage mass is obtained with harvest in blossoming stage. Tetraploid cultivars present better leaf proportion and higher content of crude protein during vegetative stage. The decrease the in concentration of protein with the change of phenological stage is less evident on diploid cultivars. The vegetative stage enables harvest forage with high nutritional value, with lower production of biomass.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de matéria seca, composição estrutural e características nutritivas de cultivares de azevém anual, diploides e tetraploides em diferentes estádios fenológicos, para fenação, em solos de várzea. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas divididas, com quatro cultivares de azevém anual (BRS Ponteio e FEPAGRO São Gabriel, diploides; INIA Escorpio e KLM 138, tetraploides) e três estádios fenológicos (vegetativo, pré-florescimento e florescimento). Foram avaliadas: rendimento de matéria seca, relação folha/colmo, razão de peso foliar, densidade populacional de perfilhos, área foliar específica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey-Kramer (p <0,05). A maior massa de forragem é obtida com a colheita no estádio de florescimento. As cultivares tetraploides apresentam melhor proporção foliar e maior teor de proteína bruta durante o período vegetativo. A diminuição na concentração de proteína, com a mudança de estádio fenológico é menos evidente nas cultivares diploides. O estágio vegetativo possibilita a colheita de forragem com alto valor nutricional, mas com menor produção de biomassa.
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Ploidias , Suelo , Lolium , Análisis de Varianza , Biomasa , Valor NutritivoRESUMEN
O objetivo do estudo foi determinar, em casa de vegetação, as características estruturais de cultivares de azevém diplóides e tetraplóides, em regime de corte. Os tratamentos constaram de três cultivares diploides [Comum-RS (Lolium multiflorum), Pronto® (L. multiflorum var. westerwoldicum) e Conquest® (L. multiflorum var. italicum)]; e quatro tetraploides [INIA Titan® (L. multiflorum var. italicum), Winter Star® (L. multiflorum var. westerwoldicum), KLM 138® (L. multiflorum var. italicum) e Banquet II® (L. perenne)], alocados em delineamento completamente ao acaso com seis repetições. As cultivares foram semeadas na densidade de 10 sementes vaso-1 de 2500g de solo, com correção e fertilização realizada em dose única antes da semeadura. Quando as plantas atingiram 20 cm de altura foi realizado o primeiro corte, para dar condições ao adequado estabelecimento, enquanto os demais foram realizados quando era atingida altura média de 15 cm, deixando-se sempre resíduo de 7 cm. Por análise de variância e comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05), foram analisadas as variáveis estruturais: Comprimento final da folha, número de folhas vivas por perfilho, densidade populacional de perfilhos, comprimento da planta e relação folha:colmo, avaliadas no dia de cada corte, momentos antes da execução deste. As cultivares Comum-RS, INIA Titan®, Winter Star®, Conquest®, KLM 138®, Pronto® e Banquet II® diferem quanto às características estruturais estudadas. A cultivar Banquet II® apresenta as melhores características estruturais, todavia as cultivares Winter Star®, Conquest® e KLM 138® também apresentam estrutura adequada ao pastejo durante todo seu ciclo, enquanto Pronto® e Comum-RS, ao final do ciclo, têm a acessibilidade das folhas comprometida.
The main goal was to determine, under defoliation, in greenhouse, ryegrass structural traits of diploid and tetraploid cultivars. Treatments consisted of three diploid cultivars [Comum-RS (Lolium multiflorum), Pronto® (L. multiflorum var. westerwoldicum) and Conquest® (L. multiflorum var. Italicum)], and four tetraploids [INIA Titan® (L. multiflorum var. Italicum), Winter Star® (L. multiflorum var. westerwoldicum), KLM 138® (L. multiflorum var. italicum) and Banquet II® (L. perenne)], in a completely randomized design with six replications. Cultivars were sown at a density of 10 seeds pot-1 2500g of soil; correction and fertilization was performed in a single dose before sowing. When plants reached 20 cm height the first cutting was made, to allow for appropriate establishment. The following cuttings were made when when plants reached 15 cm average height, always leaving a residue of 7 cm. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test (P<0.05). Variables evaluated were: Final length leaf, number of life leaves, population tillers density, plant length and leaf/sheath ratio, evaluated on each cut, moments before the execution of this. Cultivars Comum-RS, INIA Titan®, Winter Star®, Conquest®, KLM 138®, Pronto® e Banquet II® differ as to structural characteristics studed. Banquet II® cultivar presents the best structural features, however the Winter Star®, Conquest® and KLM 138® cultivars also have adequate structure to grazing throughout your cycle, while Pronto® and Comum-RS, to the end of the cycle, have accessibility leaves compromised.