Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint blockade: from pathophysiology to treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the recent advances in neurological toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors, with a focus on underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and the implications on their therapeutical management. RECENT FINDINGS: A growing number of cancer patients benefit from immune checkpoint agents and oncologists are increasingly confronted with these novel autoimmune syndromes. During the last years, further progresses have occurred in this field, notably in the identification of specific clinical patterns, such as the association of myasthenic syndrome with myositis and myocarditis, and polyradiculoneuropathies accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytic pleocytosis. In addition, recent immune-histological studies improved the understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind immune-related neurotoxicities. SUMMARY: Neurological toxicity is rare compared with other organs and systems, but its potential morbidity and mortality requires a prompt management. If there is a consensus for steroids as a first-line treatment, no exhaustive clinical data exist for other treatments. Recent advances in the knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms (behind these toxicities) should be taken into account for the management of these patients. Drugs targeting T-cell mediated inflammation should be preferred in patients who are refractory to steroids, whereas therapies targeting humoral mechanisms should be considered in specific cases associated with autoantibodies such as immune-related myasthenic syndrome.

Synthetic Melanin Acts as Efficient Peptide Carrier in Cancer Vaccine Strategy.

We previously reported that a novel peptide vaccine platform, based on synthetic melanin nanoaggregates, triggers strong cytotoxic immune responses and significantly suppresses tumor growth in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying such an efficacy remained poorly described. Herein, we investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in presenting the antigen embedded in the vaccine formulation, as well as the potential stimulatory effect of melanin upon these cells, in vitro by coculture experiments and ELISA/flow cytometry analysis. The vaccine efficiency was evaluated in FLT3-L-/- mice constitutively deficient in DC1, DC2, and pDCs, in Zbtb46DTR chimera mice deficient in DC1 and DC2, and in LangerinDTR mice deficient in dermal DC1 and Langerhans cells. We concluded that DCs, and especially migratory conventional type 1 dendritic cells, seem crucial for mounting the immune response after melanin-based vaccination. We also assessed the protective effect of L-DOPA melanin on peptides from enzymatic digestion, as well as the biodistribution of melanin-peptide nanoaggregates, after subcutaneous injection using [18F]MEL050 PET imaging in mice. L-DOPA melanin proved to act as an efficient carrier for peptides by fully protecting them from enzymatic degradation. L-DOPA melanin did not display any direct stimulatory effects on dendritic cells in vitro. Using PET imaging, we detected melanin-peptide nanoaggregates up to three weeks after subcutaneous injections within the secondary lymphoid tissues, which could explain the sustained immune response observed (up to 4 months) with this vaccine technology.

The adjuvant effect of melanin is superior to incomplete Freund's adjuvant in subunit/peptide vaccines in mice.

Peptide vaccines represent an attractive alternative to conventional anti-tumor therapies, but have not yet achieved significant clinical efficacy with commonly used formulations. Combination of short antigenic peptides, synthetic melanin and TLR9 agonist (Toll-like receptor 9, CpG-28) was reported as highly efficient to trigger strong CD8 + T-cell responses. We compared this vaccine approach to the standard adjuvant formulation that combines the incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and CpG-28, using either an ovalbumin epitope (pOVA30) or a spontaneously occurring tumor neoepitope (mAdpgk).Melanin-based vaccine induced significantly higher cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses than IFA-based vaccine in both pOVA30- and mAdpgk-targeted vaccines. The anti-tumor efficacy of melanin-based vaccine was further assessed in mice, grafted either with E.G7-OVA cells (E.G7 cells transfected with ovalbumin) or with MC38 cells that spontaneously express the mAdpgk neoepitope. Melanin-based vaccine induced a major inhibition of E.G7-OVA tumor growth when compared to IFA-based vaccine (p < 0.001), but tumors eventually relapsed from day 24. In the MC38 tumor model, no significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed. In both cases, tumor escape appeared related to the loss of antigen presentation by tumor cells (loss of ovalbumin expression in E.G7-OVA model; poor presentation of mAdpgk in MC38 model), although the CTL responses displayed an effector memory phenotype, a high cytolytic potential and low programmed cell death-1 (PD1) expression.In conclusion, synthetic melanin can be efficiently used as an adjuvant to enhance T-cells response against subunit vaccine antigens and compared favorably to the classic combination of IFA and TLR9 agonist in mice.

VEGFA SNP rs2010963 is associated with vascular toxicity in recurrent glioblastomas and longer response to bevacizumab.

Although anti-VEGF therapy is widely used in high-grade gliomas, no predictor of response or toxicity has been reported yet. We investigated here the association of the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2010963, located in the 5' untranslated terminal region of the VEGFA gene, with survival, response to bevacizumab (BVZ) and vascular toxicity. The rs2010963 was genotyped by Taqman assay in blood DNA from 954 glioma patients with available survival data, including 225 glioblastoma (GBM) patients treated with BVZ. VEGFA plasma levels were assessed by ELISA in 87 patients before treatment. Thrombo-hemorragic adverse events were recorded during BVZ treatment or not, and in an independent population of 92 GBM patients treated with temozolomide. The CC genotype was associated with the occurrence of thrombo-hemorragic events (CC 25 versus CG 13.5 and GG 5.2 %; P = 0.0044) during BVZ. A similar but weaker and non significant trend was observed in patients not receiving BVZ. A CC genotype was associated with higher levels of plasma VEGFA at baseline (107.6 versus 57.50 pg/mL in heterozygotes (CG) and 52.75 pg/mL in GG patients, P = 0.035 and P = 0.028 respectively). The CC genotype tended to be associated to longer PFS when treated with BVZ (P = 0.05), but not when treated with the temozolomide treatment. Our data suggest that the rs2010963 genotype is associated with longer PFS, higher risk of vascular events in recurrent GBM especially treated with BVZ, and higher plasma VEGFA concentration. It may help to identify patients at risk of vascular adverse events during BVZ treatment.

REVOLUMAB: A phase II trial of nivolumab in recurrent IDH mutant high-grade gliomas.

BACKGROUND: Novel effective treatments are needed for recurrent IDH mutant high-grade gliomas (IDHm HGGs). The aim of the multicentric, single-arm, phase II REVOLUMAB trial (NCT03925246) was to assess the efficacy and safety of the anti-PD1 Nivolumab in patients with recurrent IDHm HGGs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients with IDHm WHO grade 3-4 gliomas recurring after radiotherapy and ≥ 1 line of alkylating chemotherapy were treated with intravenous Nivolumab until end of treatment (12 months), progression, unacceptable toxicity, or death. The primary endpoint was the 24-week progression-free survival rate (24w-PFS) according to RANO criteria. RESULTS: From July 2019 to June 2020, 39 patients with recurrent IDHm HGGs (twenty-one grade 3, thirteen grade 4, five grade 2 with radiological evidence of anaplastic transformation; 39% 1p/19q codeleted) were enrolled. Median time since diagnosis was 5.7 years, and the median number of previous systemic treatments was two. The 24w-PFS was 28.2% (11/39, CI95% 15-44.9%). Median PFS and OS were 1.84 (CI95% 1.81-5.89) and 14.7 months (CI95% 9.18-NR), respectively. Four patients (10.3%) achieved partial response according to RANO criteria. There were no significant differences in clinical or histomolecular features between responders and non-responders. The safety profile of Nivolumab was consistent with prior studies. CONCLUSIONS: We report the results of the first trial of immune checkpoint inhibitors in IDHm gliomas. Nivolumab failed to achieve its primary endpoint. However, treatment was well tolerated, and long-lasting responses were observed in a subset of patients, supporting further evaluation in combination with other agents (e.g. IDH inhibitors).

Mismatch Repair Deficiency and Lynch Syndrome Among Adult Patients With Glioma.

PURPOSE: The Lynch syndrome (LS)-glioma association is poorly documented. As for mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) in glioma, a hallmark of LS-associated tumors, there are only limited data available. We determined MMRd and LS prevalence in a large series of unselected gliomas, and explored the associated characteristics. Both have major implications in terms of treatment, screening, and prevention. METHODS: Somatic next-generation sequencing was performed on 1,225 treatment-naive adult gliomas referred between 2017 and June 2022. For gliomas with ≥1 MMR pathogenic variant (PV), MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done. Gliomas with ≥1 PV and protein expression loss were considered MMRd. Eligible patients had germline testing. To further explore MMRd specifically in glioblastomas, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild type (wt), we performed IHC, and complementary sequencing when indicated, in a series of tumors diagnosed over the 2007-2021 period. RESULTS: Nine gliomas were MMRd (9/1,225; 0.73%). Age at glioma diagnosis was <50 years for all but one case. Eight were glioblastomas, IDH-wt, and one was an astrocytoma, IDH-mutant. ATRX (n = 5) and TP53 (n = 8) PV were common. There was no TERT promoter PV or EGFR amplification. LS prevalence was 5/1,225 (0.41%). One 77-year-old patient was a known LS case. Four cases had a novel LS diagnosis, with germline PV in MSH2 (n = 3) and MLH1 (n = 1). One additional patient had PMS2-associated constitutional mismatch repair deficiency. Germline testing was negative in three MSH6-deficient tumors. In the second series of glioblastomas, IDH-wt, MMRd prevalence was 12.5% in the <40-year age group, 2.6% in the 40-49 year age group, and 1.6% the ≥50 year age group. CONCLUSION: Screening for MMRd and LS should be systematic in glioblastomas, IDH-wt, diagnosed under age 50 years.

Long-term Neurologic Safety in Patients With B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising treatment in relapsing B-cell lymphoma but is frequently associated with acute neurotoxicity. Neurologic long-term safety has not been thoroughly assessed. METHODS: All patients with consecutive refractory lymphoma admitted in our center for CAR T-cell therapy underwent neurologic examination, extensive neuropsychological assessment, and brain MRI (except 1 patient) and completed self-administrated questionnaires at baseline. The patients who remained disease-free at 2 years were re-evaluated similarly. All neurologic assessments were conducted by senior neurologists. RESULTS: None of the 19 disease-free patients developed new neurologic deficits or MRI changes when compared with baseline. There was no difference in cognitive performances before and 2 years after, even for the 11 patients who had developed acute neurotoxicity after CAR T cells. In self-questionnaire assessments, cognitive complaint was stable, reported by 32% of the patients at 2 years. We observed a reduction in HADS anxiety scores 2 years after treatment when compared with baseline (median score: 7/21 vs 4/21, p = 0.01). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, no significant neurocognitive or neurologic disorders were observed in this cohort of patients, 2 years after treatment with anti-CD19 CAR T cells.

Applications of Melanin and Melanin-Like Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Review of Recent Advances.

Thanks to the growing knowledge about cancers and their interactions with the immune system, a huge number of therapeutic cancer vaccines have been developed in the past two decades. Despite encouraging results in pre-clinical models, cancer vaccines have not yet achieved significant clinical efficacy. Several factors may contribute to such poor results, including the difficulty of triggering a strong immune response and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Many strategies are currently being explored. Different types of adjuvants have been incorporated into vaccine formulations to improve their efficacy, as cancer antigens are usually poorly immunogenic. Nanoparticle systems are promising tools as they act as carriers for antigens and can be surface-modified so that they specifically target antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes. Bioinspired nanomaterials are ideal candidates thanks to their biocompatibility. Recently, melanin-based nanoparticles were reported to efficiently localize into draining lymphoid tissues and trigger immune responses against loaded antigens. In addition, by virtue of their photochemical properties, melanin-based nanoparticles can also play an immunomodulatory role to promote anti-cancer responses in the context of photothermal therapy. In this review, we discuss the above-mentioned properties of melanin, and summarize the promising results of the melanin-based cancer vaccines recently reported in preclinical models.

Evaluation of mid-term (6-12 months) neurotoxicity in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with CAR T cells: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR T) cells are profoundly changing the standard of care in B-cell malignancies. This new therapeutic class induces a significant number of acute neurotoxicity, but data regarding mid- and long-term neurological safety are scarce. We evaluated mid-term neurological safety, with special emphasis on cognitive functions, in a series of adults treated with CAR T cells. METHODS: Patients treated in a single center with CD19-targeted CAR T cells for a relapsing B-cell lymphoma were prospectively followed up by neurologists. Before CAR T-cell infusion, all patients underwent neurological examinations with neuropsychological testing and filled out questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression, and cognitive complaints. Patients surviving without tumor progression were re-evaluated similarly, 6-12 months later. RESULTS: In this prospective cohort of 56 consecutive adult patients treated with CAR T cells, 27 were eligible for mid-term evaluation (median time 7.6 months). Twelve patients developed an acute and reversible neurotoxicity with median duration time of 5.5 days. In all patients, neurological examination on mid-term evaluation was similar to baseline. In self-assessment questionnaires, 63% of patients reported clinically meaningful anxiety, depression, or cognitive difficulties at baseline, a number reduced to 44% at the time of mid-term evaluation. On cognitive assessments, no significant deterioration was found when compared to baseline, in any cognitive functions assessed (verbal and visual memory, executive functions, language, and praxis), even in patients who developed acute neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients treated with CD19-targeted CAR T cells, we found no evidence for neurological or cognitive toxicity, 6-12 months after treatment.

Eprenetapopt Plus Azacitidine in TP53-Mutated Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Phase II Study by the Groupe Francophone des Myélodysplasies (GFM).

PURPOSE: TP53-mutated (TP53m) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have very poor outcome irrespective of the treatment received, including 40% responses (20% complete remission [CR]) with azacitidine (AZA) alone, short response duration, and a median overall survival (OS) of approximately 6 months. Eprenetapopt (APR-246), a novel first-in-class drug, leads to p53 protein reconformation and reactivates its proapoptotic and cell-cycle arrest functions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This phase II study assessed the safety and efficacy of eprenetapopt in combination with AZA in untreated high or very high International Prognostic Scoring System-R TP53m MDS and AML patients. RESULTS: Fifty-two TP53m patients (34 MDS, 18 AML [including seven with more than 30% blasts]) were enrolled. In MDS, we observed an overall response rate (ORR) of 62%, including 47% CR, with a median duration of response at 10.4 months. In AML, the ORR was 33% including 17% CR (27% and 0% CR in AML with less than and more than 30% marrow blasts, respectively). Seventy-three percent of responders achieved TP53 next-generation sequencing negativity (ie, variant allele frequency < 5%). The main treatment-related adverse events were febrile neutropenia (36%) and neurologic adverse events (40%), the latter correlating with a lower glomerular filtration rate at treatment onset (P < .01) and higher age (P = .05), and resolving with temporary drug interruption without recurrence after adequate eprenetapopt dose reduction. With a median follow-up of 9.7 months, median OS was 12.1 months in MDS, and 13.9 and 3.0 months in AML with less than and more than 30% marrow blasts, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this very high-risk population of TP53m MDS and AML patients, eprenetapopt combined with AZA was safe and showed potentially higher ORR and CR rate, and longer OS than reported with AZA alone.

Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments.

Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that 'depot' antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation-inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.

Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.

Impact of New Systemic Treatment and Radiotherapy in Melanoma Patients with Leptomeningeal Metastases.

IMPORTANCE: Few data are available on patients with leptomeningeal disease (LM) from melanoma treated with new systemic therapies. OBJECTIVE: To gain a better understanding of patients, disease characteristics, and therapeutic interventions in melanoma patients with LM in the era of new systemic treatment. DESIGN: Clinical characteristics, treatments, and survival of melanoma patients diagnosed with LM, isolated or associated with brain metastases, were collected. The Cox regression model assessed the influence of patient and melanoma characteristics on survival. SETTING: Monocentric, retrospective, real-life cohort of patients with LM from melanoma. PARTICIPANTS: All patients followed up at Saint-Louis University Hospital and diagnosed with LM between December 2013 and February 2020 were included. For each patient identified, a central review by dermato-oncologist and neuro-oncologist experts was performed to confirm the diagnosis of LM. EXPOSURE: Impact of new systemic therapies and radiotherapy. RESULTS: Among the 452 advanced melanoma patients followed at St Louis Hospital between 2013 and 2020, 41 patients with LM from melanoma were identified. Among them, 29 patients with a diagnosis of LM "confirmed" or "probable" after central neuro-oncologists reviewing were included. Nineteen patients had known melanoma brain metastases at LM diagnosis. Among the 27 patients treated with systemic therapy, 17 patients were treated with immunotherapy, 5 patients received targeted therapy, 1 was treated with chemotherapy, and 4 patients were treated with anti-PD-1 in combination with BRAF inhibitor. The median overall survival (OS) from LM diagnosis was 5.1 months. Median OS was 7.1 months for the 9 patients receiving systemic therapy combined with radiotherapy, and 3.2 months for the 20 patients not receiving combined radiotherapy. Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.09-1.90, p < 0.01) and presence of neurological symptoms at LM diagnosis (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.25-6.99, p = 0.01) were associated with poor survival. At the time of data analysis, five patients were still alive with a median follow-up of 47.4 months and had persistent complete response. CONCLUSION: Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are promising new treatment options in LM from melanoma that can increase overall survival, and may induce long lasting remission in some patients.

Reintroduction of immune-checkpoint inhibitors after immune-related meningitis: a case series of melanoma patients.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and programmed cell death ligand-1) are associated with several immune-related neurological disorders. Cases of meningitis related to ICIs are poorly described in literature and probably underestimated. Several guidelines are available for the acute management of these adverse events, but the safety of resuming ICIs in these patients remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective case series of immune-related meningitis associated with ICIs that occurred between October 1 2015 and October 31 2019 in two centers: Saint-Louis and Cochin hospitals, Paris, France. Diagnosis was defined by a (1) high count of lymphocytes (>8 cells/mm3) and/or high level of proteins (>0.45 g/L) without bacteria/virus or tumor cells detection, in cerebrospinal fluid and (2) normal brain and spine imaging. Patients were followed-up for at least 6 months from the meningitis onset. Seven cases of immune-related meningitis are here reported. Median delay of meningitis occurrence after ICIs onset was 9 days. Steroid treatment was introduced in four patients at a dose of 1 mg/kg (prednisone), allowing a complete recovery within 2 weeks. The other three patients spontaneously improved within 3 weeks. Given the favorable outcome, ICIs were reintroduced in all patients. The rechallenge was well tolerated and no patients experienced meningitis recurrence. In conclusion, in our series, the clinical course was favorable and steroids were not always required. Resuming ICIs in these patients appeared safe and can thus be considered in case of isolated meningitis. However, a careful analysis of the risk/benefit ratio should be done on a case-by-case basis.

Management of immune-related adverse events resulting from immune checkpoint blockade.

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now a standard of care in the treatment of many cancers leading to durable responses in patients with metastatic disease. These agents are generally well tolerated but may lead to the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). As any organ may be affected, clinicians should be aware of the broad range of clinical manifestations and symptoms and keep in mind that toxicities may occur late, at any point along a patient's treatment course. Although the most common irAEs are rarely severe, some of them may be associated with great morbidity and even become life-threatening. The rate of occurrence, type and severity of irAEs may vary with the type of ICI; thus, grade 3 and 4 irAEs are reported in more than 55% of patients treated with the combination of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg and nivolumab 1 mg/kg. Area covered: This review presents the management of irAEs resulting from checkpoint blockade, with a focus on rare irAEs. Expert commentary: With the development of immuno-oncology and the expanding role of ICI, physicians have learnt to diagnose and treat most of the irAEs that can occur. This review provides an overview of current guidelines, previously published studies and our multidisciplinary team based practices.

Survival gain in glioblastoma patients treated with dendritic cell immunotherapy is associated with increased NK but not CD8+ T cell activation in the presence of adjuvant temozolomide.

In a two-stage phase II study, 24 patients with first diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM) were treated with dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy associated to standard radiochemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant TMZ. Three intradermal injections of mature DC loaded with autologous GBM lysate were administered before adjuvant TMZ, while 4 injections were performed during adjuvant TMZ. According to a two-stage Simon design, to proceed to the second stage progression-free survival (PFS) 12 months after surgery was expected in at least 8 cases enrolled in the first stage. Evidence of immune response and interaction with chemotherapy were investigated. After a median follow up of 17.4 months, 9 patients reached PFS12. In these patients (responders, 37.5%), DC vaccination induced a significant, persistent activation of NK cells, whose increased response was significantly associated with prolonged survival. CD8+ T cells underwent rapid expansion and priming but, after the first administration of adjuvant TMZ, failed to generate a memory status. Resistance to TMZ was associated with robust expression of the multidrug resistance protein ABCC3 in NK but not CD8+ T cells. The negative effect of TMZ on the formation of T cell-associated antitumor memory deserves consideration in future clinical trials including immunotherapy.

Glioblastomas: what's new? / Glioblastomes : quoi de neuf ?

Glioblastomas: what's new? The treatment of glioblastomas relies on surgical resection, followed by concomitant treatment with focal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. New approaches, such as anti-angiogenic agents, electromagnetic fields or immunotherapy, might modify in the near future the poor prognosis associated with this deadly disease. This review highlights the recent progress made in that field.

Glioblastomes : quoi de neuf ? Le traitement standard actuel des glioblastomes repose sur l'exérèse chirurgicale suivie d'une radiothérapie combinée avec la chimiothérapie. Le pronostic de ces tumeurs reste sombre, mais l'émergence des agents anti-angiogéniques et de l'immunothérapie va probablement le modifier dans les années qui viennent.