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The iliac fossa is the most commonly used site to place the graft in renal transplantation in adults. However, iliac fossa may not be used in various conditions. Thus, orthotopic renal transplantation becomes a viable alternative for these selected patients. Given the technically challenging surgery and limited number of patients, data on the long-term outcomes on this regard are scarce. This narrative review serves as an update on the clinical outcomes after orthotopic renal transplantation, focusing on overall recipient survival and renal graft survival, as well as postoperative complications. We found that studies to date showed a comparable survival rate in both recipients and renal grafts in the postoperative follow-up period after orthotopic renal transplantation with a lower complication rate compared to the published data on heterotopic renal transplantation. The results of our review may encourage transplant centers to reevaluate their policies to consider orthotopic renal transplantation as an alternative technique in cases where heterotopic kidney transplantation is not possible.
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Trasplante de Riñón , Trasplantes , Adulto , Humanos , Supervivencia de Injerto , Riñón , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate sonographic testicular volume of patients who underwent surgical detorsion due to testicular torsion and to reveal the frequency of long-term testicular volume loss and the factors affecting it. METHOD: The files of patients who underwent surgical detorsion due to unilateral testicular torsion in our hospital between 2011 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Age at the time of detorsion surgery, time from the onset of pain to surgery, degree of torsion, and ultrasonographic testicular volumes before detorsion were noted. Afterward, patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were contacted by phone and testicular volumes were measured by scrotal ultrasonography (US). The sonographic formula Length × Width × Height × 0.72 was used to determine testicular volumes. RESULTS: There were 97 patients who underwent surgical detorsion within the given time frame. However, 43 of these patients accepted to be involved in the study and a follow-up scrotal US was performed. The mean age at the time of detorsion was 13.6 ± 5.6 years, whereas it was 16.7 ± 6.2 years at the time of the follow-up visit. The median time from the onset of pain to surgery was 4 h (range 1-36 h). In the preoperative US, the mean volume of the affected testis was 10.8 ± 5.6 mm3, while the mean contralateral testis volume was 10.2 ± 5.4 mm3 (p = 0.134). The median follow-up time in our study was 24 months (range 6-96 months). In the control US, the mean volume of the affected testis was 9.5 ± 7.1 mm3, while the mean volume of the contralateral testis was 14.4 ± 9 mm3 (p = 0.001). The affected testicular volumes decreased in 23 patients (range 1.1-100%), there was no change in testicular volumes in two patients, and there was an increase in testicular volumes in 18 patients (range 3.8-100%). In the ROC analysis, risk of testicular volume loss can be predicted with 87.5% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity when the time from the onset of pain to surgery exceeds 5.5 h (AUC = 0.904). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that if the time from the onset of pain to surgery exceeds 5.5 h, the testicular volume loss may be expected in the long term. Thus, patients and parents should be informed accordingly.
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Daño por Reperfusión , Torsión del Cordón Espermático , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Dolor , Estudios Retrospectivos , Torsión del Cordón Espermático/diagnóstico por imagen , Torsión del Cordón Espermático/cirugía , Testículo/diagnóstico por imagen , Testículo/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Distinguishing hydronephrosis that requires surgical intervention is a clinical challenge. The aim of this study is to determine the level of urinary heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in children who required surgery for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and its potential use as a biomarker for prediction of surgery in children with isolated unilateral hydronephrosis. METHODS: The data of 43 children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction who underwent pyeloplasty, 25 patients with non-obstructive dilation (NOD) and 30 healthy children (control group) were collected prospectively for this study. Preoperative and postoperative urinary HSP70/Cr levels were also analyzed in 30 children in the pyeloplasty group who had available follow-up information. HSP70 levels were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS: The median age of the pyeloplasty group was 13 months (IQR 7-36 months), NOD group was 42.5 months (IQR 16-73) and it was 36 months (IQR 24-47.5) in the control group. The mean preoperative urinary HSP70/Cr was significantly higher in the pyeloplasty group when compared to controls as well as the NOD group (150.6 pg/mgCr vs. 65.0 pg/mgCr and vs. 64.7 pg/mgCr, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The urinary HSP70 levels significantly decreased in the postoperative period (151.5 vs 79.5, p < 0.001). Using the cutoff value of 94.7 pg/mgCr, the sensitivity and specificity of urinary HSP70 for predicting the risk of surgical intervention were 69.7% and 68%, respectively (AUC = 0.689). CONCLUSION: Urinary HSP70 may be used as an adjunct tool to clinical parameters to identify patients that would require surgery due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
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Hidronefrosis , Uréter , Obstrucción Ureteral , Niño , Preescolar , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico , Humanos , Hidronefrosis/cirugía , Lactante , Riñón , Pelvis Renal/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Obstrucción Ureteral/cirugíaRESUMEN
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is the foundation for the treatment of the wide variety of childhood malignancies; however, these therapies are known to have a variety of deleterious side effects. One common chemotherapy used in children, doxorubicin (DOX), is well known to cause cardiotoxicity and cardiomyopathy. Recent studies have revealed that DOX impairs skeletal and smooth muscle function and contributes to fatigue and abnormal intestinal motility in patients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that systemic DOX administration also affects detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) function in the urinary bladder, especially when administered at a young age. The effects on the DSM and bladder function were assessed in BALB/cJ mice that received six weekly intravenous injections of DOX (3 mg·kg-1·wk-1) or saline for the control group. Systemic DOX administration resulted in DSM hypertrophy, increased voiding frequency, and a significant attenuation of DSM contractility, followed by a slower relaxation compared with the control group. Gene expression analyses revealed that unlike DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, the bladders from DOX-administered animals showed no changes in oxidative stress markers; instead, downregulation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and altered expression of myosin light-chain kinase coincided with reduced myosin light-chain phosphorylation. These results indicate that in vivo DOX exposure caused DSM dysfunction by dysregulation of molecules involved in the detrusor contractile-relaxation mechanisms. Collectively, our findings suggest that survivors of childhood cancer treated with DOX may be at increased risk of bladder dysfunction and benefit from followup surveillance of bladder function.
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Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidad , Doxorrubicina/toxicidad , Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior/inducido químicamente , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Cadenas Ligeras de Miosina/metabolismo , Miosinas del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/inducido químicamente , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Urodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Edad , Animales , Femenino , Hipertrofia , Subunidades alfa de los Canales de Potasio de Gran Conductancia Activados por Calcio/metabolismo , Subunidades beta de los Canales de Potasio de Gran Conductancia Activados por el Calcio/metabolismo , Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior/metabolismo , Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior/patología , Síntomas del Sistema Urinario Inferior/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Quinasa de Cadena Ligera de Miosina/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Tiempo , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Data regarding spontaneous resolution of mild hydronephrosis consist of different etiologies, and hence, it is heterogeneous. The aim of this study is to evaluate spontaneous resolution rates and the time to complete resolution of antenatally detected isolated hydronephrosis in patients with renal pelvis antero-posterior diameter (RPAPD) ≤ 20 mm. Retrospective chart review of patients who were admitted to our pediatric nephrology clinic for the evaluation of antenatal hydronephrosis between 2011 and 2017 was conducted. Patients that had hydronephrosis with RPAPD ≤ 20 mm, < SFU (Society for Fetal Urology) grade IV on initial postnatal evaluation, and ≥ 3 months of follow-up with at least two renal ultrasounds (US) were included. Complete resolution of hydronephrosis was regarded as SFU grade 0 with a RPAPD of < 7 mm. Patients with ureteric and lower urinary tract abnormalities were excluded. There were a total of 276 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 3-96 months). Hydronephrosis completely resolved in 198 patients (71.7%). Surgery was not required in any of the patients; however, nine patients (3.3%) showed progression to higher grades of hydronephrosis or increase in AP diameter. Median time to complete resolution of hydronephrosis was 6 months (range 2-35 months) in our study. Those with AP diameter < 10 mm became normal in median of 5 months, while it took median 11 months for patients with AP diameter 10-20 mm to become normalized (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Isolated antenatal hydronephrosis with RPAPD ≤ 20 mm would spontaneously resolve in 71.7% of the cases. Resolution may be expected to happen in 3 years, while the majority will take place in the first year of life. What is Known: ⢠Antenatal hydronephrosis comprises an important amount of clinical visits. ⢠Spontaneous resolution rates differ for various etiologies. What is New: ⢠Isolated antenatal hydronephrosis with RPAPD ≤ 20 mm completely resolves within 3 years in approximately 72% of the cases. ⢠Resolution can be observed within the first year of life in most of the cases.
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Progresión de la Enfermedad , Hidronefrosis/patología , Pelvis Renal/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Hidronefrosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Hidronefrosis/epidemiología , Lactante , Pelvis Renal/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Infecciones Urinarias/epidemiología , Infecciones Urinarias/etiología , Urolitiasis/diagnóstico , Urolitiasis/epidemiología , Urolitiasis/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In the majority of published series, children undergoing open pyeloplasty are admitted for at least one night. We hypothesized that it would be possible in the majority of infants to perform open pyeloplasty as an outpatient procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent open pyeloplasty by a single surgeon between 2008 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data (age at surgery, gender, pre- and postoperative imaging studies, laterality, type of local anesthesia), operative time, duration of hospital stay, need for narcotic analgesics, complications, readmission within 1-month after surgery and need for additional procedures were abstracted. RESULTS: A total of 18 infants underwent open pyeloplasty by single surgeon. Mean age at time of surgery was 19 months (range 3-23 months). There were 8 girls and 10 boys. In addition to general anesthesia, all of the patients received regional anesthesia (caudal block 8, epidural block 8, subcutaneous nerve block 2). Median operative time was 135 minutes (range 81-166). Median hospital stay was 1 day (range 1 to 2). Two patients required iv narcotics for pain management. None of the patients required parenteral administration of other medications during the short hospitalization. No patients required any additional procedures or hospital readmissions within 1 month from surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In appropriately selected patients, outpatient pyeloplasty appears to be feasible with an oral postoperative analgesia plan to be administered at home.
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Obstrucción Ureteral/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in the pediatric population. Pathological changes in the bladder developed during PBOO are responsible for long-lasting voiding dysfunction in this population despite early surgical interventions. Increasing evidence showed PBOO induces an upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their transcriptional target genes, and they play a role in pathophysiological changes in the obstructed bladders. We hypothesized that blocking HIF pathways can prevent PBOO-induced bladder dysfunction. PBOO was surgically created by ligation of the bladder neck in male C57BL/6J mice for 2 wk. PBOO mice received intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 17-DMAG (alvespimycin, 3 mg/kg) every 48 h starting from day 1 postsurgery. Sham-operated animals received injection of saline on the same schedule as PBOO mice and served as controls. The bladders were harvested after 2 wk, and basal activity and evoked contractility of the detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) were evaluated in vitro. Bladder function was assessed in vivo by void spot assay and cystometry in conscious, unrestrained mice. Results indicated the 17-DMAG treatment preserved DSM contractility and partially prevented the development of detrusor over activity in obstructed bladders. In addition, PBOO caused a significant increase in the frequency of micturition, which was significantly reduced by 17-DMAG treatment. The 17-DMAG treatment improved urodynamic parameters, including increases in the bladder pressure at micturition and nonvoid contractions observed in PBOO mice. These results demonstrate that treatment with 17-DMAG, a HIF inhibitor, significantly alleviated PBOO-induced bladder pathology in vivo.
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Benzoquinonas/farmacología , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacología , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Obstrucción del Cuello de la Vejiga Urinaria/prevención & control , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Obstrucción del Cuello de la Vejiga Urinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Micción/fisiología , Urodinámica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze post pubertal results of pre pubertal tunica albuginea plication with non-absorbable sutures in the correction of CPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The files of patients who underwent tunica albuginea plication without incision (dorsal/lateral) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients younger than 13 years of age at the time of operation and older than 14 years of age in November 2015 were included. Patients with a penile curvature of less than 30 degrees & more than 45 degrees and penile/urethral anomalies were excluded. All of the patients underwent surgery followed by circumcision. RESULTS: The mean age of patients at the time of the operation was 9.7 years (range, 6-13 years). The mean degree of ventral penile curvature measured during the operation was 39 degrees while it was 41 degrees in the lateral curvatures. All of the patients were curvature-free at the end of the operation. At the time of the follow-up examination, the mean age was 16.7 years (range, 14-25 years). Six patients had a straight (0-10 degrees) penis during erection and seven patients had recurrent penile curvatures ranging from 30 to 50 degrees. CONCLUSION: Pre pubertal tunica albuginea plication of congenital penile curvature (30-45 degrees) with non-absorbable sutures performed without incision is a minimal invasive method especially when performed during circumcision. However, recurrence might be observed in half of the patients after puberty.
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Enfermedades del Pene/congénito , Enfermedades del Pene/cirugía , Pene/anomalías , Pene/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos Masculinos/métodos , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Técnicas de Sutura , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Ureteritis cystica (UC) is a benign condition. Although it can often be diagnosed with imaging techniques, we report a case of a child for whom we planned nephrectomy and ureteral augmentation cystoplasty, but abandoned the cystoplasty due to extensive UC in the ureter.
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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the management strategies in the children who had treatment-resistant dysfunctional voiding (DV). METHODS: Among 75 children with DV who underwent pelvic floor biofeedback therapy (BF) between 2013 and 2020, 16 patients (14 girls, 87.5%) with a mean age of 9.81 ± 2.53 years that showed incomplete clinical response following urotherapy and initial BF sessions were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic and clinical characteristics, DVSS, and uroflowmetry parameters were recorded before and after the initial BF sessions. Subsequent treatments after initial BF and clinical responses of patients were noted. RESULTS: Clinical success was observed in one patient by addition of an anticholinergic and in three patients with combination of salvage BF sessions and anticholinergics, whom had predominant overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. The success rate of TENS alone and in combination with other treatment modalities was 88.8% (8/9 patients). In addition, salvage BF sessions (range 2 to 3) enabled clinical success in five (50%) of 10 cases as a combination with anticholinergics or TENS. In case of incomplete emptying without OAB, adequate clinical response to Botulinum-A was observed during an average follow-up of 29 months in two boys who did not respond to alpha-blockers, even though one required repeat injection after 10 months. The total clinical success rate was 87.5% (14/16 patients) after a median follow-up of 24 months. VV-EBC and Qmax increased by a mean of 30.89% and 7.13 mL/min, respectively, whereas DVSS decreased by a mean of 8.88 points and PVR-EBC decreased by a median of 19.04%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that clinical success in resistant DV was achieved by various combination treatments in the majority of children. However, a small group may still have persistent, bothersome symptoms despite multiple treatment modalities.
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Biorretroalimentación Psicológica , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Biorretroalimentación Psicológica/métodos , Niño , Estudios Retrospectivos , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva/terapia , Trastornos Urinarios/terapia , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Diafragma Pélvico/fisiopatología , Terapia Combinada , Estimulación Eléctrica Transcutánea del Nervio/métodosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cryptorchidism is a well-defined risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors, whereas the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Surgical procedures to reposition undescended testicles into the scrotum (orchidopexy) in early childhood are recommended both to increase fertility potential and to reduce the risk of developing testicular tumors. However, treatment in the post-pubertal period is controversial. The aim of this study is to review the histopathology of orchiectomy specimens and determination of spermatogenesis in post-pubertal patients with non-treated cryptorchidism. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed to assess the occurrence of TGCTs and determine spermatogenesis in post-pubertal individuals who underwent inguinal orchiectomy for undescended testis between January 2010 and December 2019. Age at the time of surgery, laterality, location of the undescended testis and pathology results were evaluated. All pathology specimens were reviewed by a blinded pathologist. RESULTS: There were 23 patients in the cohort with a mean age of 21 years (range 13-46 years). All testes were in the inguinal canal. Our results indicated that 1 patient had seminoma. In the histological evaluation of the remaining 22 patients in whom no tumor was detected, normal spermatogenesis was not observed in any patient. Further, seminiferous tubules were not found in 19 patients. Maturation arrest was detected in the remaining 3 patients. CONCLUSION: Testicular germ cell carcinoma was found in 4% of the patients who underwent post-pubertal orchiectomy. In addition, none of the undescended testes had normal spermatogenetic activity. Thus, orchiectomy should be considered in post-pubertal males with unilateral undescended testis that do not need the endocrinological activity of the testis.
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Criptorquidismo , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias , Espermatogénesis , Neoplasias Testiculares , Humanos , Masculino , Criptorquidismo/cirugía , Neoplasias Testiculares/cirugía , Neoplasias Testiculares/patología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/cirugía , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Orquiectomía , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the cosmetic and sexual outcomes of childhood hypospadias repair after puberty. Among 672 patients who underwent hypospadias repair between 2001 and 2017, 243 sexually active patients were included in the study. At their last visit, cosmetic and sexual evaluation were done through the Penile Perception Score, the Hypospadias Objective Scoring Evaluation, IIEF, MSHQ-EjD. The levels of erectile dysfunction(ED) severity were determined according to erectile function domain of IIEF. The median follow-up after the last surgery was 16 [IQR (13-18)] years, and median patient age at the time of study was 19.67 [IQR(18-22)] years. Patients were divided into two subgroups as follows: Group I; Repairs using grafts (n = 120, 49.4%) and Group II; Graft-free repairs (n = 123, 50.6%). The rate of dissatisfaction with penile appearance was higher in Group I (16.7% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.003). Mild ED was more frequent in Group I (14.2% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.007); while none of the patients had either moderate or severe ED. Other domains of sexual function were observed to be similar in both groups. The need for unwanted interventions due to complications, and surgeries requiring grafts were found to be risk factors for ED development and dissatisfaction with penile appearance in adulthood. Those who underwent graft-free hypospadias repair experience better cosmetic and sexual outcomes when compared to grafted repairs, yet, satisfactory results were achieved in almost 90% of the grafted repairs.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of concomitant vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in unilateral cases of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and to identify factors that predict VUR. METHODS: Files of 381 pediatric patients who underwent unilateral pyeloplasty between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 270 patients with available data and ≥5â¯years of follow-up were eligible for this study. Demographic parameters, preoperative hydronephrosis grade, renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter (APD), renal parenchymal thickness (PT), split renal functions on MAG-3 scan and VUR status were noted. The patients were divided into two groups: those with concomitant VUR (group I, n: 24, 8.9%) and those without VUR (group II, n: 246, 91.1%). RESULTS: Among 270 patients (205 boys, 75.9%) with a median age of 4â¯months (2-98), 197 (72.9%) had antenatal hydronephrosis. Median follow-up was 11â¯years (5-22). Among 24 patients with concurrent VUR, 6 (25%) had grade II VUR, whereas grade III-V VUR was detected in 18 (75%). Of these, 12 (50%) had ipsilateral VUR, 3 (12.5%) had contralateral, and 9 (37.5%) had bilateral VUR. In a median 137-month follow-up, spontaneous VUR resolution was observed in 6 (25%) patients, whereas 15 (62.5%) patients underwent endoscopic subureteral injection and 3 (12.5%) patients ureteroneocystostomy, respectively. Preoperative APD [35.5, (Inter Quantile Range) IQR (27.6-36.0) vs 26.5 IQR (25.0-35.0), Pâ¯=â¯.004] were significantly higher in group I, whereas group I had significantly lower PT [3.7, IQR (3.4-6.4) vs 5.8 IQR (4.4-6.1), Pâ¯=â¯.026]. Predictive factors for concomitant VUR were presentation with febrile UTI (odds ratio (OR): 2.769, Pâ¯=â¯.048), PTâ¯<3.95â¯mm (OR: 1.367, Pâ¯=â¯.043), and APDâ¯>28.8â¯mm (OR: 1.035, Pâ¯=â¯.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that concomitant VUR and UPJO might be detected in 1 out of every 11 patients undergoing pyeloplasty, while some type of surgical intervention for VUR was required in 75% of these patients. Thus, voiding cystourethrogram prior to pyeloplasty may be limited in those presenting with febrile urinary tract infection, having higher APD and lower PT on preoperative urinary ultrasonography.
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Hidronefrosis , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica , Reflujo Vesicoureteral , Embarazo , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Lactante , Preescolar , Estudios Retrospectivos , Riñón , Reflujo Vesicoureteral/diagnóstico por imagen , Reflujo Vesicoureteral/cirugía , Hidronefrosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Hidronefrosis/etiología , Hidronefrosis/cirugíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the urinary caspase-3 and cytochrome c levels in patients with unilateral antenatal hydronephrosis and to determine whether changes in urinary biomarker levels could be useful for both predicting the need for surgical intervention due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and postoperative surgical success. METHODS: Sixty-five children with a history of unilateral antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal anteroposterior diameter ≥ 10 mm were included in this prospective case-control study between January 2013 and December 2021. The obstruction group consisted of 33 patients (28 boys, 84.8%) who underwent open dismembered pyeloplasty due to UPJO. The non-obstructive dilatation (NOD) group consisted of 32 patients (27 boys, 84.4%) with stable or improving hydronephrosis and no significant reduction in ipsilateral split renal function during follow-up, whereas 34 healthy children were enrolled in the study as a control group. Urinary urinary caspase-3 and cytochrome c levels using ELISA were measured. RESULTS: The median preoperative urinary caspase-3 level was significantly higher in the obstruction group when compared to the NOD group (4.82 ng/mgCr vs. 2.61 ng/mgCr, p = 0.013) as well as the control group (4.82 ng/mgCr vs. 1.72 ng/mgCr, p = 0.002). In the postoperative period, urinary caspase-3 levels significantly decreased compared to preoperative measurements (4.82 ng/mgCr vs. 2.51 ng/mgCr, p = 0.006) and became similar to the control group (2.51 ng/mgCr vs. 1.72 ng/mgCr, p = 0.422). On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in urinary cytochrome c levels between the groups. All patients who underwent pyeloplasty achieved postoperative resolution in hydronephrosis and improved drainage on MAG-3, so none of the patients required re-do pyeloplasty. Postoperative decrease in caspase-3 level was found to be compatible with adequate urine drainage on MAG-3 scan. The cut-off value of urinary caspase-3 to predict patients requiring pyeloplasty was found to be 3.31 ng/mg creatinine with 63.6% sensitivity, 62.5% specificity (AUC = 0.679). In the multivariable analysis, urinary caspase-3 level (OR: 1.653, p = 0.019), anteroposterior pelvic diameter (OR: 1.401, p = 0.001), and split renal function on MAG-3 (OR: 1.277, p = 0.011) were found to be independent factors in determining patients who require surgery. CONCLUSION: Based on our preliminary findings, urinary caspase-3 levels could be a useful biomarker not only for predicting the need for surgical intervention but also for determining the postoperative surgical success in children with UPJO.
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Biomarcadores , Caspasa 3 , Citocromos c , Hidronefrosis , Obstrucción Ureteral , Humanos , Masculino , Hidronefrosis/orina , Hidronefrosis/cirugía , Citocromos c/orina , Biomarcadores/orina , Femenino , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Caspasa 3/orina , Estudios Prospectivos , Obstrucción Ureteral/orina , Obstrucción Ureteral/cirugía , Obstrucción Ureteral/complicaciones , Lactante , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , PreescolarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Standard protocol for post-pyeloplasty monitoring in children and natural course of hydronephrosis resolution have not been well defined. We aimed to analyze critical time intervals and risk factors in the long-term clinical outcomes of children who were operated for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. METHODS: Files of patients who underwent open dismembered pyeloplasty between January 2000 and December 2012 and had a ≥10 years follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Changes in SFU hydronephrosis grade, pelvis anteroposterior diameter (APD), renal parenchymal thickness, split renal functions (SRF) on MAG-3 scan as well as development of hypertension and proteinuria were noted. Complete resolution was defined as SFU grade 0-1 or APD≤10 mm or ≥50 % APD decrease. RESULTS: Overall, 223 patients (161 boys, 72.1 %) with a median age of 9 (range 1-185) months underwent unilateral pyeloplasty, whereas 14 patients (13 boys, 92.8 %) with a median age of 4 (range 2-39) months underwent bilateral pyeloplasty. Median follow-up was 13 (range 10-22) years. Complete resolution was observed in 190 patients (85.2 %). None of the cases required re-do pyeloplasty. Regarding unilateral cases, postoperative changes in hydronephrosis reached a plateau at the 60th month. Also, there was no significant difference regarding SRF between the 12th month and the 60th month (p > 0.05). Hypertension developed after a median period of 12 years in 13 (5.4 %) of the patients, while proteinuria developed in four (1.6 %) patients. Bilateral disease (HR: 2.518, p = 0.034) was found to be a significant determinant for development of hypertension and/or proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that ultrasonographic findings stabilized after the 60th month postoperatively, and SRF remained stable between the postoperative 12th and the 60th months. The risk of developing hypertension and/or proteinuria was 2.5 times greater in bilateral cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.
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Hidronefrosis , Pelvis Renal , Obstrucción Ureteral , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Obstrucción Ureteral/cirugía , Niño , Hidronefrosis/etiología , Hidronefrosis/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Pelvis Renal/cirugía , Lactante , Preescolar , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Factores de Tiempo , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Proteinuria/etiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipertensión/etiologíaRESUMEN
Undescended testis (UDT, cryptorchidism) is the most common congenital anomaly of the genital tract. Despite its high incidence, the management of UDT varies between specialties (urology, pediatric surgery, pediatric urology, pediatric endocrinology). Therefore, as the European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists Pediatric Urology Working Group, we requested experts around the world to express their own personal approaches against various case scenarios of UDT in order to explore their individual reasoning. We intended to broaden the perspectives of our colleagues who deal with the treatment of this frequent genital malformation.
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Criptorquidismo , Urología , Masculino , Humanos , Niño , Criptorquidismo/diagnóstico , Criptorquidismo/cirugía , Criptorquidismo/epidemiología , Testículo , Urólogos , IncidenciaRESUMEN
Undescended testis (UDT, cryptorchidism) is the most frequent genital anomaly in boys. However, its treatment varies widely throughout the world. This second part of our roundtable discussion aims to continue to ask global experts to express their attitudes towards several case scenarios of UDT in order to explore the rationale for their clinical decisions. As the European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists Pediatric Urology Working Group, we believe that this roundtable series will facilitate colleagues all over the world to reflect and improve their practices regarding the treatment of UDT.
Asunto(s)
Pene , Urología , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Induración Peniana/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos MasculinosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate potential beneficial effects of tocotrienols which have been suggested to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, on partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO)-induced bladder pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PBOO was surgically created in juvenile male mice. Sham-operated mice were used as controls. Animals received daily oral administration of either tocotrienols (T3) or soybean oil (SBO, vehicle) from day 0 to 13 post-surgery. Bladder function was examined in vivo by void spot assay. At 2 weeks post-surgery, the bladders were subjected to physiological evaluation of detrusor contractility in vitro using bladder strips, histology by H&E staining and collagen imaging, and gene expression analyses by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: A significant increase in the number of small voids was observed after 1 week of PBOO compared to the control groups. At 2 weeks post-surgery, PBOO+SBO mice showed a further increase in the number of small voids, which was not observed in PBOO+T3 group. PBOO-induced decrease in detrusor contractility was similar between two treatments. PBOO induced bladder hypertrophy to the same degree in both SBO and T3 treatment groups, however, fibrosis in the bladder was significantly less prominent in the T3 group than the SBO group following PBOO (1.8- vs. 3.0-fold increase in collagen content compared to the control). Enhanced levels of HIF target genes in the bladders were observed in PBOO+SBO group, but not in PBOO+T3 group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS: Oral tocotrienol treatment reduced the progression of urinary frequency and bladder fibrosis by suppressing HIF pathways triggered by PBOO.