Pathology review identifies frequent misdiagnoses in recurrent classic Hodgkin lymphoma in a nationwide cohort: implications for clinical and epidemiological studies.

Patients treated for classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) have a reported 13-fold increased risk of developing subsequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In light of the growing awareness of CHL mimickers, this study re-assesses this risk based on an in-depth pathology review of a nationwide cohort of patients diagnosed with CHL in the Netherlands (2006-2013) and explores the spectrum of CHL mimickers. Among 2,669 patients with biopsy-proven CHL, 54 were registered with secondary NHL. On review, CHL was confirmed in 25/54 patients. In six of these, the subsequent lymphoma was a primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma/mediastinal gray zone lymphoma, biologically related to CHL and 19/25 were apparently unrelated B-cell NHL. In 29/54 patients, CHL was reclassified as NHL, including T-cell lymphomas with secondary Hodgkin-like B-blasts (n=15), Epstein Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=8), CD30+ T-cell lymphoma (n=3) and indolent B-cell proliferations (n=3). Higher age, disseminated disease at presentation, extensive B-cell marker expression and association with Epstein-Barr virus were identified as markers to alert for CHL mimickers. Based on these data, the risk of developing NHL after CHL treatment was re-calculated to 3.6-fold (standardized incidence ratio 3.61; confidence interval: 2.29-5.42). In addition, this study highlights the clinicopathological pitfalls leading to misinterpretation of CHL and consequences for the care of individual patients, interpretation of trials and epidemiological assessments.

BCR::ABL1 kinase domain mutation testing and clinical outcome in a nationwide chronic myeloid leukemia patient population.

OBJECTIVES: Acquired missense mutations in the BCR::ABL1 kinase domain (KD) may cause tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment failure. Based on mutation-specific in vitro derived IC50-values, alternative TKI may be selected. We assessed clinical practice of BCR::ABL1 KD mutation testing, clinical response in relation to IC50-values, and clinical outcome of tested patients. METHODS: Patients from six Dutch CML reference centers and a national registry were included once a mutational analysis was performed. Reasons for testing were categorized as suboptimal TKI response, and primary or secondary TKI resistance. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty analyses were performed in 275 patients. Sixty-nine patients harbored at least one mutation. Most analyses were performed because of suboptimal TKI response but with low mutation incidence (4%), while most mutations were found in primary and secondary resistant patients (21% and 51%, respectively). Harboring a BCR::ABL1 mutation was associated with inferior overall survival (HR 3.2 [95% CI, 1.7-6.1; p < .001]). Clinically observed responses to TKI usually corresponded with the predicted TKI sensitivity based on the IC50-values, but a high IC50-value did not preclude a good clinical response per se. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend BCR::ABL1 KD mutation testing in particular in the context of primary or secondary resistance. IC50-values can direct the TKI choice for CML patients, but clinical efficacy can be seen despite adverse in vitro resistance.

Conditional relative survival in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: a population-based study in The Netherlands.

Contemporary diagnosed WM patients, compared to the general population, continue to experience excess mortality regardless of having survived up to 15 years post-diagnosis. This gradual increase in excess mortality might result from the incurable nature of this disease characterized by multiple relapses throughout the disease course with limited efficacious treatment options in the released/refractory setting.

Primary therapy and relative survival in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: a population-based study in the Netherlands, 1989-2018.

It is unclear how treatment advances impacted the population-level survival of patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (LPL/WM). Therefore, we assessed trends in first-line therapy and relative survival (RS) among patients with LPL/WM diagnosed in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2018 (N = 6232; median age, 70 years; 61% males) using data from the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patients were grouped into three age groups (<65, 66-75 and >75 years) and four calendar periods. Overall, treatment with anti-neoplastic agents within 1 year post-diagnosis gradually decreased over time, following a broader application of an initial watch-and-wait approach. Approximately 40% of patients received anti-neoplastic therapy during 2011-2018. Furthermore, use of chemotherapy alone decreased over time, following an increased application of chemoimmunotherapy. Detailed data among 1596 patients diagnosed during 2014-2018 revealed that dexamethasone-rituximab-cyclophosphamide was the most frequently applied regimen; its use increased from 14% to 39% between 2014 and 2018. The 5-year RS increased significantly over time, particularly since the introduction of rituximab in the early-mid 2000s. The 5-year RS during 1989-1995 was 75%, 65%, and 46% across the age groups compared to 93%, 85%, and 79% during 2011-2018. However, the survival improvement was less pronounced after 2011. Collectively, the impressive survival improvement may be accounted for by broader application of rituximab-containing therapy. The lack of survival improvement in the post-rituximab era warrants studies across multiple lines of therapy to further improve survival in LPL/WM.

The evolution of the loss of life expectancy in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia: a population-based study in the Netherlands, 1989-2018.

Studies on the conditional life expectancy of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) are lacking. Using data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry, we examined the life expectancy of patients with CML in the Netherlands diagnosed during 1989-2018. As of the early 2010s, the life expectancy of patients with CML who survived several years after diagnosis came narrowly close to the general population's life expectancy, regardless of age. This finding can essentially be ascribed to the introduction and broader application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and provide optimism to patients with CML who can look forward to a near-normal life expectancy in a modern TKI era.

Primary therapy and survival among patients with nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based analysis in the Netherlands, 1993-2016.

In this nationwide, population-based study, we assessed trends in primary treatment and survival among 687 patients with nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (75% males; median age, 40 years; and 74% stage-I/II disease) diagnosed in the Netherlands between 1993-2016. There were no noteworthy changes in the application of primary therapy over time among adult patients across the different disease stages and age groups. Survival among various subgroups of adult patients was largely comparable to the expected survival of the general population. A particularly encouraging finding was that young adult patients experienced virtually no excess mortality, as compared to the general population.

Improved survival for adolescents and young adults with Hodgkin lymphoma and continued high survival for children in the Netherlands: a population-based study during 1990-2015.

Population-based studies that assess long-term patterns of incidence, major aspects of treatment and survival are virtually lacking for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) at a younger age. This study assessed the progress made for young patients with HL (<25 years at diagnosis) in the Netherlands during 1990-2015. Patient and tumour characteristics were extracted from the population-based Netherlands Cancer Registry. Time trends in incidence and mortality rates were evaluated with average annual percentage change (AAPC) analyses. Stage at diagnosis, initial treatments and site of treatment were studied in relation to observed overall survival (OS). A total of 2619 patients with HL were diagnosed between 1990 and 2015. Incidence rates increased for 18-24-year-old patients (AAPC + 1%, P = 0·01) only. Treatment regimens changed into less radiotherapy and more 'chemotherapy only', different for age group and stage. Patients aged 15-17 years were increasingly treated at a paediatric oncology centre. The 5-year OS for children was already high in the early 1990s (93%). For patients aged 15-17 and 18-24 years the 5-year OS improved from 84% and 90% in 1990-1994 to 96% and 97% in 2010-2015, respectively. Survival for patients aged 15-17 years was not affected by site of treatment. Our present data demonstrate that significant progress in HL treatment has been made in the Netherlands since 1990.

Possible hampered effectiveness of second-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy without signs of rituximab resistance: a population-based study among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Rituximab-containing chemotherapy remains a viable frontline treatment option for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the era of novel agents. However, its effectiveness in the second-line setting-in relation to previous rituximab exposure in first-line-has hardly been evaluated in a population-based setting. Therefore, in this comprehensive, population-based study, we assessed the impact of first-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy on the effectiveness of second-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy. We selected all 1735 patients diagnosed with CLL between 2004 and 2010 from the Dutch Population-based HAematological Registry for Observational Studies (PHAROS). The primary endpoint was treatment-free survival (TFS). First- and second-line treatment was instituted in 663 (38%) and 284 (43%) patients, respectively. In first line, the median TFS was 19.7 and 67.1 months for chemotherapy without (n = 445; 67%) and with rituximab (n = 218; 33%), respectively (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadjusted], 0.83; P = 0.031). The median TFS among recipients of second-line chemotherapy without (n = 165; 57%) and with rituximab (n = 121; 42%) was 15.0 and 15.3 months, respectively (HRadjusted, 0.93; P = 0.614). Of the 121 patients who received rituximab-containing chemotherapy in second-line, 89 (74%) and 32 (26%) received first-line chemotherapy without and with rituximab, respectively. Median TFS in these two treatment groups was 18.3 and 12.1 months, respectively (HRadjusted, 1.71; P = 0.060). Collectively, in this population-based study, the effectiveness of first-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy was less pronounced in second-line treatment. The hampered effectiveness of rituximab-containing chemotherapy in second-line could not be explained by previous rituximab exposure.

Two Plasmodium 6-Cys family-related proteins have distinct and critical roles in liver-stage development.

The 10 Plasmodium 6-Cys proteins have critical roles throughout parasite development and are targets for antimalaria vaccination strategies. We analyzed the conserved 6-cysteine domain of this family and show that only the last 4 positionally conserved cysteine residues are diagnostic for this domain and identified 4 additional "6-Cys family-related" proteins. Two of these, sequestrin and B9, are critical to Plasmodium liver-stage development. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays show that B9 is translationally repressed in sporozoites and is expressed after hepatocyte invasion where it localizes to the parasite plasma membrane. Mutants lacking B9 expression in the rodent malaria parasites P. berghei and P. yoelii and the human parasite P. falciparum developmentally arrest in hepatocytes. P. berghei mutants arrest in the livers of BALB/c (100%) and C57BL6 mice (>99.9%), and in cultures of Huh7 human-hepatoma cell line. Similarly, P. falciparum mutants while fully infectious to primary human hepatocytes abort development 3 d after infection. This growth arrest is associated with a compromised parasitophorous vacuole membrane a phenotype similar to, but distinct from, mutants lacking the 6-Cys sporozoite proteins P52 and P36. Our results show that 6-Cys proteins have critical but distinct roles in establishment and maintenance of a parasitophorous vacuole and subsequent liver-stage development.

Externally Controlled Studies Using Real-World Data in Patients With Hematological Cancers: A Systematic Review.

Importance: The use of real-world data (RWD) external control arms in prospective studies is increasing. The advantages, including the immediate availability of a control population, must be balanced with the requirements of meeting evidentiary standards. Objective: To address the question of whether and to what extent the methods of RWD studies compare to standard methods used in randomized clinical trials. Evidence Review: A systematic search across 4 electronic databases and Google Scholar was conducted from January 1, 2000, to October 23, 2023. Studies were included in the systematic review if they compared an intervention arm in a clinical trial to an RWD control arm in patients with hematological cancers and if they were published between 2000 and 2023. Findings: Thirty-two prospective intervention studies incorporating external control data from RWD sources of patients with hematological cancers were identified. A total of 4306 patients from intervention arms and 10 594 from RWD control arms were included across all studies. Only 2 studies (6%) included prospectively collected RWD. The complete trial inclusion criteria were applied to the RWD cohort in 7 studies (22%). Four studies (13%) published the statistical analysis plan and prespecified use of RWD. A total of 23 studies (72%) applied matching algorithms for trial and RWD cohorts, including matching for demographic, disease, and/or therapy-related characteristics. The end point criteria were the same as the trial in 8 studies (25%). In contrast, 12 studies (38%) used different end points, and 12 (38%) did not provide an end point definition for the RWD. Twelve studies (38%) had a median follow-up difference of less than a year between arms. Eight studies (25%) reported toxic effect data for the trial arm, of which 5 studies reported toxic effect data for the RWD arm. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review, limitations were observed in the application of clinical trial eligibility criteria to RWD, statistical rigor and application of matching methods, the definition of end points, follow-up, and reporting of adverse events, which may challenge the conclusions reported in studies using RWD.

Comparative effectiveness of 6x R-CHOP21 versus 6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R for patients with advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

First-line treatment for advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) typically involves 6x R-CHOP21 or 6x R-CHOP21 with two additional rituximab administrations (6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R). In contemporary practice, this treatment choice might be guided by interim PET scan results. This nationwide, population-based study investigates the comparative effectiveness of these treatment regimens in an era where interim PET-guided treatment decisions were not standard practice. Utilizing the Netherlands Cancer Registry, we identified 1577 adult patients diagnosed with advanced-stage DLBCL between 2014-2018 who completed either 6x R-CHOP21 (43%) or 6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R (57%). We used propensity scores to assess differences in event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). At five years, EFS (hazard ratio of 6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R versus 6x R-CHOP21 [HR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-1.09) and OS (HR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.73-1.18) were not significantly different between both regimens. In exploratory risk-stratified analysis according to the International Prognostic Index (IPI), high-IPI patients (i.e., scores of 4-5) benefit most from 6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R (5-year absolute risk difference of EFS = 16.8%; 95% CI, -0.4%-34.1% and OS = 12.1%; 95% CI, -5.4-29.6%). Collectively, this analysis reveals no significant differences on average in EFS and OS between the two treatments. However, the potential benefits for high-risk patients treated with 6x R-CHOP21 + 2 R underscore the need for future research.