De novo unbalanced translocations have a complex history/aetiology.

We investigated 52 cases of de novo unbalanced translocations, consisting in a terminally deleted or inverted-duplicated deleted (inv-dup del) 46th chromosome to which the distal portion of another chromosome or its opposite end was transposed. Array CGH, whole-genome sequencing, qPCR, FISH, and trio genotyping were applied. A biparental origin of the deletion and duplication was detected in 6 cases, whereas in 46, both imbalances have the same parental origin. Moreover, the duplicated region was of maternal origin in more than half of the cases, with 25% of them showing two maternal and one paternal haplotype. In all these cases, maternal age was increased. These findings indicate that the primary driver for the occurrence of the de novo unbalanced translocations is a maternal meiotic non-disjunction, followed by partial trisomy rescue of the supernumerary chromosome present in the trisomic zygote. In contrast, asymmetric breakage of a dicentric chromosome, originated either at the meiosis or postzygotically, in which the two resulting chromosomes, one being deleted and the other one inv-dup del, are repaired by telomere capture, appears at the basis of all inv-dup del translocations. Notably, this mechanism also fits with the origin of some simple translocations in which the duplicated region was of paternal origin. In all cases, the signature at the translocation junctions was that of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) rather than non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Our data imply that there is no risk of recurrence in the following pregnancies for any of the de novo unbalanced translocations we discuss here.

Biosafety evidence for human dedifferentiated adipocytes.

Mature adipocytes have shown dynamic plasticity to be converted into fibroblast-like and lipid-free cells. After the dedifferentiation process, these cells re-entered the cell cycle and acquired a high proliferation potential, becoming a valid source of stem cells. However, many aspects of the cellular biosafety about dedifferentiated fat cells remained unclear. This study aimed to elucidate their potential susceptibility to malignant transformation and to ascertain the safety of these cells for clinical use. To evaluate the genomic stability of dedifferentiated adipocytes, telomere length, hTERT gene transcription, the capacity of these cells to grow in an anchorage-independent manner and the presence of DNA damage by single cell gel electrophoresis assay were studied. Spontaneous chromosomal alterations were excluded by cytogenetic analysis and the expression level of c-myc and p53, tumor associated genes, were assessed, evaluating also p53 loss of function mutations. Despite the high proliferation capacity of dedifferentiated adipocytes, these cells showed stable telomere length compared with mature adipocytes, no hTERT transcriptions and consequently no telomerase activity, suggesting that both transformation and senescence were avoided. A constant expression level of c-myc and p53, the inability of dedifferentiated adipocytes to grow in an anchorage-independent manner, the absence of DNA damage suggested the safety of these cells. Moreover, a normal karyotype was preserved throughout the dedifferentiation process. Data in vivo showed that dedifferentiated adipocytes analyzed for tumorigenicity did not develop tumors. In conclusion, our data indicated that dedifferentiated adipocytes could be a relatively easily accessible resource for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.

The effects of cannabidiol and its synergism with bortezomib in multiple myeloma cell lines. A role for transient receptor potential vanilloid type-2.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) malignancy characterised by the accumulation of a monoclonal PC population in the bone marrow (BM). Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid with antitumoural activities, and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type-2 (TRPV2) channel has been reported as a potential CBD receptor. TRPV2 activation by CBD decreases proliferation and increases susceptibility to drug-induced cell death in human cancer cells. However, no functional role has been ascribed to CBD and TRPV2 in MM. In this study, we identified the presence of heterogeneous CD138+TRPV2+ and CD138+TRPV2- PC populations in MM patients, whereas only the CD138+ TRPV2- population was present in RPMI8226 and U266 MM cell lines. Because bortezomib (BORT) is commonly used in MM treatment, we investigated the effects of CBD and BORT in CD138+TRPV2- MM cells and in MM cell lines transfected with TRPV2 (CD138+TRPV2+). These results showed that CBD by itself or in synergy with BORT strongly inhibited growth, arrested cell cycle progression and induced MM cells death by regulating the ERK, AKT and NF-κB pathways with major effects in TRPV2+ cells. These data provide a rationale for using CBD to increase the activity of proteasome inhibitors in MM.

Mobilization-driven postconsolidation therapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: feasibility and efficacy of autologous stem cell transplantation versus low-dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin.

We prospectively evaluated 2 postconsolidation strategies, administered according to the mobilization outcome, in 72 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) fit elderly patients, achieving complete remission after the first high-dose cytarabine-based induction. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was performed in patients collecting ≥3 × 10(6) CD34(+)/kg and low-dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) was performed in poor mobilizers (collecting <3 × 10(6) CD34(+)/kg). Fifty-five patients (76.3%) underwent peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization, after first consolidation, and 24 of 55 (44%) collected >3 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. Among the 55 patients eligible for PBSC mobilization, 7 did not receive the planned treatment, 23 were allocated for ASCT, and 25 were allocated for GO on an intention-to-treat basis. With a median follow-up of 70 months (range, 24 to 124), 20 of 55 patients are alive, 18 of them in continuous complete remission. The 8-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) are, respectively, 35.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 24% to 49.8%) and 31.2% (95% CI, 21% to 43.8%), median OS and DFS were 22 and 16 months, respectively. In multivariate analysis, postconsolidation treatment and hyperleukocytosis (WBC > 50,000/µL) significantly predicted OS and DFS, whereas secondary AML was significantly associated with a higher relapse rate (83.4% versus 54% of de novo AML). Patients with hyperleukocytosis had 0% 3-year OS versus the 46% (at 8 years) in patients without hyperleukocytosis (P = .01); 57% of patients in the GO arm are alive at 8 years, compared with 25.4% of patients in the ASCT arm, who had an overall relative risk (RR) of death of 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2 to 5.8; P = .02). DFS at 8 years was 45.3% in patients receiving GO, compared with 26% in ASCT arm (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1 to 4.3; P = .05). Our study outlines low feasibility and efficacy of ASCT in elderly AML patients, whereas postconsolidation with GO appears safe and effective in this unfavorable setting. The study was registered at Umin Clinical Trial Registry (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr), number R000014052.

Variant Philadelphia translocations: molecular-cytogenetic characterization and prognostic influence on frontline imatinib therapy, a GIMEMA Working Party on CML analysis.

Variant Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome translocations have been reported in 5%-10% of patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Variant translocations may involve one or more chromosomes in addition to 9 and 22, and can be generated by 2 different mechanisms, 1-step and 2-step rearrangements, as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The prognostic significance of the occurrence of variant translocations has been discussed in previous studies. The European LeukemiaNet recommendations do not provide a "warning" for patients with variant translocations, but there is limited information about their outcome after therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. To identify the role of variant translocations in early chronic phase (CP) CML patients treated with imatinib mesylate, we performed an analysis in a large series of 559 patients enrolled in 3 prospective imatinib trials of the Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Working Party on CML. Variant translocations occurred in 30 patients (5%). Our data show that the presence of variant translocations has no impact on the cytogenetic and molecular response or on outcome, regardless of the involvement of different mechanisms, the number of involved chromosomes, or the presence of deletions. Therefore, we suggest that patients with variant translocations do not constitute a "warning" category in the imatinib era. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00514488 and NCT00510926.

6q deletion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 are known to occur at relatively low frequency (3-6%) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and they are more frequently observed in 6q21. Few data have been reported regarding other bands on 6q involved by cytogenetic alterations in CLL. The cytogenetic study was performed in nuclei and metaphases obtained after stimulation with a combination of CpG-oligonucleotide DSP30 and interleukin-2. Four bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones mapping regions in bands 6q16, 6q23, 6q25, 6q27 were used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization in 107 CLL cases in order to analyze the occurrence and localization of 6q aberrations. We identified 11 cases (10.2%) with 6q deletion of 107 patients studied with CLL. The trends of survival curves and the treatment-free intervals (TFI) of patients with deletion suggest a better outcome than the other cytogenetic risk groups. We observed two subgroups with 6q deletion as the sole anomaly: two cases with 6q16 deletion, and three cases with 6q25.2-27 deletion. There were differences of age, stage, and TFI between both subgroups. By using BAC probes, we observed that 6q deletion has a higher frequency in CLL and is linked with a good prognosis. In addition, it was observed that the deletion in 6q16 appears to be the most frequent and, if present as the only abnormality, it could be associated with a most widespread disease.

Feasibility and Outcome of a Phase II Study of Intensive Induction Chemotherapy in 91 Elderly Patients with AML Evaluated Using a Simplified Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment.

INTRODUCTION: We prospectively tested in a phase II study high-dose aracytin and idarubicin plus amifostine as induction regimen in 149 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) aged ≥ 60 years, evaluated by a simplified multidimensional geriatric assessment (MGA). METHODS: Ninety-one fully or partially fit patients (61%) were allocated to intensive chemotherapy and 58 (39%) frail patients to best supportive care (BSC). Intensively treated patients, showing early death and complete response (CR) rate respectively of 5.5% and 73.6%, received 61 consolidations, followed by autologous transplant (ASCT), stem cell transplantation (SCT) or gemtuzumab ozogamicin, depending on mobilization outcome and donor availability. RESULTS: The 8-year overall survival (OS) of these patients was 20.4%, with median duration of 11.4 months significantly superior to the 1.5 months of BSC arm (p < 0.001). Hyperleukocytosis and cytogenetics were predictors of survival with a relative risk of 1.8 in patients with poor karyotype without hyperleukocytosis (p = 0.02) and 3 in those with hyperleukocytosis (≥ 50,000/µl) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: MGA allowed tailored post-consolidation in 53.8% of patients after high-dose aracytin induction, with long-term survival doubling that reported in the literature after standard-dose cytarabine regimens. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with the Umin Clinical Trial Registry (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr), number R000014052.

Targeted next-generation sequencing identifies the disruption of the SHANK3 and RYR2 genes in a patient carrying a de novo t(1;22)(q43;q13.3) associated with signs of Phelan-McDermid syndrome.

BACKGROUND: It has been known for more than 30 years that balanced translocations, especially if de novo, can associate with congenital malformations and / or neurodevelopmental disorders, following the disruption of a disease gene or its cis-regulatory elements at one or both breakpoints. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 10-year-old girl with a non-specific neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by moderate intellectual disability (ID), gross motor clumsiness, social and communication deficits. She carries a de novo reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1q43 and 22q13.3, the latter suggesting the involvement of SHANK3. Indeed, its haploinsufficiency associates with Phelan-McDermid Syndrome, whose main symptoms are characterized by global developmental delay and absent or severely delayed expressive speech. A deep molecular approach, including next-generation sequencing of SHANK3 locus, allowed demonstrating the breakage of RYR2 and SHANK3 on the derivative chromosomes 1 and 22 respectively, and the formation of two fusion genes SHANK3-RYR2 and RYR2-SHANK3 with concomitant cryptic deletion of 3.6 and 4.1 kilobases at translocation junction of both derivatives chromosomes 22 and 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the interruption of SHANK3 accounts for the patient's psychomotor retardation and autism-like behavior, we do not exclude that the interruption of RYR2 may also have a role on her disorder, or result in further pathogenicity in the future. Indeed, RYR2 that has a well-established role in the etiology of two autosomal dominant adulthood cardiac disorders (#600996 and #604772) is also expressed in the brain (cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex) and about half of RYR2 mutation carriers present late onset primary generalized epilepsy without cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders. Moreover, RYR2 variants have also been sporadically reported in individuals with early onset schizophrenia or ID, and its constraint values suggest intolerance to loss-of-function. This study not only confirms the usefulness of the molecular mapping of de novo balanced rearrangements in symptomatic individuals, but also underscores the need for long-term clinical evaluation of the patients, for better evaluating the pathogenicity of the chromosomal breakpoints.

Mutations in MFSD8/CLN7 are a frequent cause of variant-late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. The recent identification of the MFSD8/CLN7 gene in a variant-late infantile form of NCL (v-LINCL) in affected children from Turkey prompted us to examine the relative frequency of variants in this gene in Italian patients with v-LINCL. We identified nine children harboring 11 different mutations in MFSD8/CLN7. Ten mutations were novel and included three nonsense (p.Arg35Stop, p.Glu381Stop, p.Arg482Stop), four missense (p.Met1Thr, p.Gly52Arg, p.Thr294Lys, p.Pro447Leu), two splice site mutations (c.863+3_4insT, c.863+1G>C), and a 17-bp deletion predicting a frameshift and premature protein truncation (c.627_643del17/p.Met209IlefsX3). The clinical phenotype, which was similar to that of the Turkish v-LINCL cases, was not influenced by type and location of the mutation nor the length of the predicted residual gene product. As well as identifying novel variants in MFSD8/CLN7, this study contributes to a better molecular characterization of Italian NCL cases, and will facilitate medical genetic counseling in such families. The existence of a subset of v-LINCL cases without mutations in any of the known NCL genes suggests further genetic heterogeneity.

A new intensive induction schedule, including high-dose Idarubicin, high-dose Aracytin and Amifostine, in older AML patients: feasibility and long-term results in 42 patients.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the feasibility of a new regimen in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The main end points were overall response rate (ORR) and toxicity; secondary end points were feasibility of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) collection, leukemia-free survival, and overall survival (OS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We treated 42 fit elderly patients with high-dose (HD) idarubicin plus HD-cytarabine (Ara-C), with amifostine. RESULTS: We observed one treatment-related death (2%). The main extrahematological toxicity was represented by grade III to IV infections in 64% of patients. Hematological toxicity was acceptable with 15 days (range, 9-29 days) to reach >500 x 10(6)/L absolute neutrophil count and 16 days (range, 3-39 days) to achieve an unsupported platelet count >20,000 x 10(6)/L. Median duration of severe neutropenia was 12 days (range, 1-36) and median number of febrile days and intravenous antibiotics therapy was 6 (range, 0-17) and 17 days (range, 0-34), respectively, Median duration of hospitalization was 31 days (range, 20-61). ORR was 83% (34 of 41); 32 patients received intensive consolidation therapy; 15 patients were able to mobilize a sufficient number of CD34+ cells; and 14 were transplanted. CONCLUSION: According to the intention to treat criteria all patients were analyzed for outcomes. Five-year OS was 19%, with median follow-up of 38 months. Patients with unfavorable cytogenetic and those with secondary AML had poorer OS; about 40% of patients could mobilize a sufficient amount of PBSC for autologous stem cell transplantation.

Plasticity of human dedifferentiated adipocytes toward endothelial cells.

The process of cellular differentiation in terminally differentiated cells is thought to be irreversible, and these cells are thought to be incapable of differentiating into distinct cell lineages. Our previous study showed that mature adipocytes represent an alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, results showed the capacity of mature adipocytes to differentiate into endothelial-like cells, using the ability of these cells to revert into an immature phase without any relievable chromosomal alterations. Mature adipocytes were isolated from human omental and subcutaneous fat and were dedifferentiated in vitro. The resulting cells were subcultivated for endothelial differentiation and were analyzed for their expression of specific genes and proteins. Endothelial-like cells were harvested from the differentiation medium and were traditionally cultured to evaluate the endothelial markers and the karyotype. Cells cultured in specific medium formed tube-like structures and expressed several endothelial marker genes and proteins. The endothelial-like cells expressed significantly higher levels of vascular endothelium growth factor receptor 2, vascular endothelial cadherin, Von Willebrand factor, and CD133 than the untreated cells. These cells were positively stained for CD31 and vascular endothelial cadherin, markers of mature endothelial cells. Moreover, the low-density lipoprotein-uptake assay demonstrated a functionally endothelial differentiation of these cells. When these cells were harvested and reseeded in basal medium, they lost the endothelial markers and reacquired the typical mesenchymal stem cell markers and the ability to expand in a short time period. Moreover, karyotype analysis showed that these cells reverted into an immature phase without any karyotype alterations. In conclusion, the results showed that adipocytes exhibited a great plasticity toward the endothelial lineage, suggesting their possible use in cell therapy applications for vascular disease.

Human mesenchymal stem cells from chorionic villi and amniotic fluid are not susceptible to transformation after extensive in vitro expansion.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Increasing evidence suggests that MSCs isolated from fetal tissues are more plastic and grow faster than adult MSCs. In this study, we characterized human mesenchymal progenitor cells from chorionic villi (CV) and amniotic fluid (AF) isolated during the first and second trimesters, respectively, and compared them with adult bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM). We evaluated 10 CV, 10 AF, and 6 BM samples expanded until the MSCs reached senescence. We used discarded cells from prenatal analyses for all the experiments. To evaluate the replicative stability of these cells, we studied the telomerase activity, hTERT gene transcription, and telomere length in these cells. Spontaneous chromosomal alterations were excluded by cytogenetic analysis. We studied the expression of c-myc and p53, tumor-associated genes, at different passage in culture and the capacity of these cells to grow in an anchorage-independent manner by using soft agar assay. We isolated homogeneous populations of spindle-shaped CV, AF, and BM cells expressing mesenchymal immunophenotypic markers throughout the period of expansion. CV cells achieved 14 ± 0.9 logs of expansion in 118 days and AF cells achieved 21 ± 0.9 logs in 118 days, while BM cells achieved 11 × 0.4 logs in 84 days. Despite their high proliferation capacity, fetal MSCs showed no telomerase activity, no hTERT and c-myc transcriptions, and maintained long, stable telomeres. A constant expression level of p53 and a normal karyotype were preserved throughout long-term expansion, suggesting the safety of fetal MSCs. In conclusion, our results indicate that fetal MSCs could be an alternative, more accessible resource for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.

Immunostaining for nucleophosmin in bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens in acute myeloid leukemias.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technicalfeasibility of nucleophosmin (NPM) staining and the problems of interpretations by pathologists in an academic regional hospital in Italy. STUDY DESIGN: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder of hematopoietic progenitor cells that presents genetic abnormalities in several genes, including NPM. Mutations of the NPM gene occur in 35% of patients with AML with normal karyotype, causing cytoplasmic rather than nuclear localization of the protein. Because the NPM antibody recently became commercially available, we immunostained a series of diagnosed AML samples. We performed NPM immunostaining in 48 AML cases. NPM immunostaining was correlated with phenotypic and cytogenetic data. RESULTS: Reactivity for NPM was exclusively nuclear in 31 cases (64.6%) and nuclear and cytoplasmic in 17 cases (35.4%). The distribution of NPM cytoplasmic staining was more frequently observed in cases with monocytic differentiation and with normal karyotype or with minor cytogenetic abnormalities (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: NPM immunostaining is a feasible test, without problems of interpretation for pathologists, when the sections are optimally prepared and can be considered predictive of peculiar phenotypic and karyotype subtypes of AML, in addition to the well-known prognostic role.

Platelet-derived growth factor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate Ras protein levels in primary human fibroblasts via ERK1/2. Amplification of ROS and Ras in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts.

The levels of Ras proteins in human primary fibroblasts are regulated by PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor). PDGF induced post-transcriptionally Ha-Ras by stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ERK1/2. Activation of ERK1/2 and high ROS levels stabilize Ha-Ras protein, by inhibiting proteasomal degradation. We found a remarkable example in vivo of amplification of this circuitry in fibroblasts derived from systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) lesions, producing vast excess of ROS and undergoing rapid senescence. High ROS, Ha-Ras, and active ERK1/2 stimulated collagen synthesis, DNA damage, and accelerated senescence. Conversely ROS or Ras inhibition interrupted the signaling cascade and restored the normal phenotype. We conclude that in primary fibroblasts stabilization of Ras protein by ROS and ERK1/2 amplifies the response of the cells to growth factors and in systemic sclerosis represents a critical factor in the onset and progression of the disease.

Distal trisomy of 10q. Report of a new case of duplication 10q25.2-25.3-->qter defined by FISH.

In the present work, we report on a 2.5-year-old male patient with typical clinical features of partial trisomy of the distal third of chromosome 10 long arm. The karyotype was: 46,XY, dir dup(10)(q25.2-25.3-->qter). The identification of the duplicated segment was carried out by the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique using region-specific probes. The proband's phenotype is compared with previously reported cases.

Prenatal diagnosis of an extra der(4) resulting from a complex maternal chromosome translocation.

We report the prenatal diagnosis of an extra der(4) resulting from 4:2 malsegregation of a maternal balanced complex translocation involving chromosomes 4, 10, and 11. The woman was referred for amniocentesis because of recurrent miscarriages. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed in order to characterize the complex chromosome rearrangement. Following genetic counselling, the couple decided to terminate the pregnancy.

De novo balanced translocation (2;10)(q24;q22) associated with mental retardation.

We report a case of a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of the 2 and 10 chromosomes observed in a 14-year-old male with mild mental impairment, compulsive and obsessive behavior. The apparently balanced translocation was characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the karyotype was 46, XY, t(2;10)(q24;q22). The way by balanced chromosomal translocations can lead to a disease phenotype are reviewed and discussed.