Lipid profile in schizophrenia: case control study.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases are common co morbidities of schizophrenia and constitute the main factors of high mortality in this pathology. Cardiovascular damages are favored by some risk factors, of which one of the most important is dyslipidemia. In this context, a study of lipid profile in schizophrenia is interesting.  The aims of this study were to compare the lipid profile of patients with schizophrenia to healthy controls and to investigate the associations between lipid parameters and demographics, clinical and treatment characteristics of the patients. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study between April 2013 and March 2014 on 78 patients with schizophrenia and 68 healthy subjects who benefited from the dosage of four serum lipid parameters: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High-density lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). For the socio-demographic and clinical assessments, we used an information sheet and the following psychometric scales: PANSS (Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI (Clinical Global Impressions), GAF (Global Assessment Functionning) and the Calgary scale for depression. RESULTS: The comparative study showed that serum concentrations of TC and LDL-C were significantly higher for patients compared to healthy controls respectively with (t=2,83 ; p=0,008) and             (t=9,35; p<0,001), the cholesterol ratio (TC / HDL-C) was also significantly higher for patients           (t=2,23; p=0,033). The patients had significantly higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia              (OR = 2.96) and low density hyperlipoproteinemia (OR = 18.79). The analytical study in the population of patients showed that the age ≥35 year-old, male gender and alcohol consumption were associated with disturbances in lipid parameters. Cannabis consumption was associated with significantly lower concentrations in TG. Concerning clinical features, paranoid schizophrenia was associated with less dyslipidemia unlike the depressive dimension assessed by the Calgary scale. There was a negative correlation between plasmatic TG concentrations and doses of antipsychotics. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of the literature confirms that patients with schizophrenia are at greater risk of dyslipidemia. This high risk appears to be more important with the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. It seems also that age and masculine gender are dyslipidemia risk factors for schizophrenic patients. The paranoid type of schizophrenia and positive symptoms seem to be associated with less dyslipidemia while depressive symptoms worsen lipid parameters. It then follows that, clinical and regular monitoring of lipid profile, lifestyle recommendations (smoking cessation, exercise and balanced diet) and appropriate therapeutic choices could help reduce morbidity and mortality among patients with schizophrenia. A special focus should be accorded to patients with high negative and depression symptoms.

ABCB1 and SLCO1B3 Gene Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Digoxin Pharmacokinetics in Atrial Fibrillation Patients among the Tunisian Population.

BACKGROUND: Digoxin is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters that are encoded by ABCB1 and SLCO1B3 genes. Genetic polymorphisms in both genes may explain inter-individual variability of serum digoxin concentration (SDC). This study evaluates the possible effect of the most common ABCB1 and SLCO1B3 polymorphisms on SDC after a single oral dose of digoxin in Tunisian atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. METHODS: ABCB1 and SLCO1B3 genotypes were analyzed in 102 patients with AF who received digoxin (0.5 mg) without (group I, n = 58) or with the co-administration of P-gp inhibitors (group II, n = 44). SDCs were determined at 6 h following the oral dose. RESULTS: SDCs levels were significantly higher in patients who were co-administered P-gp inhibitors. No influence was noted in ABCB1 and SLCO1B3 polymorphisms on SDC in group I patients. However, SDCs values were significantly different among ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotypes of 2677G>T/A (TT, GG>GT, p < 0.05) and 3435C>T (TT, CC>CT, p < 0.05) only in group II with no effect of 1236C>T and SLCO1B3 SNPs. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that P-gp inhibitors and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms may affect digoxin pharmacokinetics.

Comparison of Mineral Contents in Three Different Tobacco Formulations.

We identified and quantified a variety of mineral elements in 18 tobacco samples purchased from a Tunisian market. In total, 25 mineral elements have been measured in cigarettes, water pipe tobacco, and smokeless tobacco using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy following microwave-assisted digestion. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSSTM, version 18.0. The lowest concentrations of all studied elements were observed in water pipe tobacco. Significantly higher concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Cr, and Co were found in smokeless tobacco, while cigarettes brands contained the highest concentrations of K, Mn, Ni, Ba, and Sr. There was no significant difference between the mineral contents of local and foreign cigarettes and conventional and light cigarettes. Our findings demonstrated that local smokeless tobacco appears to be the most hazardous tobacco type. The concentration of minerals in light cigarettes was not significantly different from the concentration in conventional cigarettes.

The association between altered lipid profile and suicide attempt among Tunisian patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: There have been many studies on psychiatric disorders, but very little is known about the biology of suicide with schizophrenia. In the present study, we are looking for a possible connection between altered lipid profile and suicidal behavior in schizophrenic Tunisian patients. METHODS: Assay of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides (TG) has been done for 126 schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts and 131 healthy controls recruited in the University Hospital of Monastir. RESULTS: TC and LDL-c levels were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients compared to controls. TC was significantly lower in schizophrenic patients with suicide attempt compared to those without suicide attempt. Depending to the sonority of suicide attempt, TC was significantly lower in patients with recent suicide attempt compared to those with lifetime suicide attempt and without suicide attempt (p < 0.001), and no significant differences between TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study showed that TC levels in schizophrenic patients after a recent suicide attempt are significantly lower than in patients without suicide attempt and with lifetime suicide attempts. TC can be one of biological markers defined suicidal risk for schizophrenic patients.

CT genotype of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism is protector factor of major depressive disorder in the Tunisian population: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder with considerable mortality. Death from unnatural causes, largely suicidal or quasi-suicidal, has a particularly high risk for the functional disorders, especially depression and schizophrenia. One of the prospective risk factors for this disease is hyperhomocysteinemia and folate deficiency. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene encodes for a 5-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase involved in folate metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. The aim of this research is to study the association between the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene and depression in Tunisian population, to explore their relationship with clinical and therapeutic characteristics of this disease. And it may lead to discover a novel marker to identify a patient with a higher risk of development of depressive disorder to be. This marker can be used for better therapeutic management and prevent disease installation. METHODS: Our study included 208 depressive patients, 187 controls aged between 44.1 ± 13.5 and 38.9 ± 13.2 years, respectively. MTHFR gene polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism). RESULTS: No significant difference was detected in the distribution of the genotype frequencies of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms (χ (2) = 5.443, df = 2, p = 0.066) between patients and controls. But when we study the risk of these genotypes, CT genotype is significantly more frequent in controls compared to patients, it may be a protection from depression (OR = 0.655, CI 95 % = 0.432-0.995, p = 0.047, OR* = 0.638, CI 95 %* = 0.415-0.983, p* = 0.04, before and after adjustment). Women, TT Genotype can increase four times the risk to be depressive. Addictive behavior seems to be associated with CT genotype and there was no significant association between clinical and therapeutic characteristics and this polymorphism. CONCLUSION: This paper is the first study to prove that CT genotype of MTHFR C677T polymorphism may protect from depression and TT genotype seems to be associated with women's depression. Further studies are required with other polymorphisms and biochemical factors that must be investigated to clarify the implication of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in the pathophysiology of depression.

Toxic effects of methamidophos on paraoxonase 1 activity and on rat kidney and liver and ameliorating effects of alpha-tocopherol.

The role of alpha-tocopherol on nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by methamidophos (MT) was investigated in wistar rats. Animals were given via gavage, for four weeks, a low dose of MT (MT1), a high dose of MT (MT2), vitamin E (200 mg/kg of bw) or both MT2 plus vitamin E (Vit E) and control group was given distillate water. MT treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the body weight of MT2-treated group. Moreover, MT-treated groups had significantly lower butyrylcholinesterase (p < 0.01) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activities compared with the control group (p < 0.05). However, MT2-treated group had significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity compared with untreated rats (p < 0.05). Both MT-treated groups had significantly higher urea (p < 0.01) and uric acid levels (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. However, significant low uric acid level (p < 0.05) was noted in MT2 plus vit E-treated rats compared with MT2-treated group. Histopathological changes in organ tissues were observed in both MT-treated groups and MT2 plus vit E-treated rats. However, the damage was reduced in MT2 plus vit E-treated rats. Therefore, this study deduces that alpha-tocopherol administration may ameliorate the adverse effects of subacute exposure to MT on rat liver and kidney and this antioxidant can protect PON1 from oxidative stress induced by this organophosphorus pesticide. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 842-854, 2016.

C3 Polymorphism Influences Circulating Levels of C3, ASP and Lipids in Schizophrenic Patients.

Excessive activation of complement is associated with many diseases including schizophrenia. Investigation of C3 polymorphisms, circulating C3, cleavage product ASP/C3adesArg, and lipid metabolism. Cross-sectional analysis. C3 genotyping (CC vs GG for R102L) was performed on 434 Tunisian people consisting of 272 schizophrenic (SZ) patients and 162 control subjects. In a age- and gender-matched subgroups of the three genotypes (131 SZ and 112 NOR), plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol (C), LDL-C, HDL-C, ASP, and complement C3 were measured. C3 gene polymorphism influences BMI and plasma C3, ASP, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C among SZ patients (p < 0.05-0.0001), with increasing values demonstrated from CC (common form) to CG (heterozygote form) to GG (rare homozygote) forms. Significant correlations between plasma C3 and BMI, triglyceride, HDL-C and ASP (p < 0.05-0.0001) were observed, while ASP correlated with BMI and LDL-C (p = 0.005, p = 0.001, respectively) in SZ patients. Further, proportional conversion of C3 to ASP (%ASP/C3) also increased (p < 0.0001, GG>CG>CC). C3 polymorphisms and plasma C3, ASP and %ASP/C3 correlated with lipid parameters in this SZ population, suggesting that factors predisposing patients to schizophrenia are permissive for complement pathway activation and dyslipidemic influences.

Association of PON1 and PON2 polymorphisms with PON1 activity and significant coronary stenosis in a Tunisian population.

PON1 and PON2 have attracted considerable attention as candidate genes for coronary heart disease because their enzymes function as key factors in lipoprotein catabolism pathways. We studied the distribution of PON1 and PON2 polymorphisms, including genotyping, lipid profile, and PON1 activity, and their association with PON1 activity and significant coronary stenosis (SCS) in a Tunisian population. PON1 activity was lower in patients with SCS than in controls. It increased with the R allele (QQ < QR < RR) in PON1-192 genotypes and with the L allele (MM < ML < LL) in PON1-55 genotypes. In the presence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, PON1-192RR and PON2-311CC were associated with an increased risk of SCS and PON1-55MM seems to have lower risk. This association was evident among nonsmokers for PON1-55MM and among smokers for PON1-192RR and PON2-311CC. The GTGC haplotype seemed to increase the risk of SCS compared with the wild haplotype in a Tunisian population.

Titanate nanotubes as an efficient oral detoxifying agent against drug overdose: application in rat acetaminophen poisoning.

Voluntary drug intoxication is mainly due to drug overdose or the interaction of several drugs. Coma and its associated complications such as hypoventilation, aspiration pneumopathy, and heart rhythm disorders are the main hallmarks of drug intoxication. Conventional detoxification treatments, including gastric lavage or vomiting, administration of ipecac or activated charcoal (CH), and the use of antidotes, have proven to be inefficient and are generally associated with severe adverse effects. To overcome these limitations, titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) are proposed as an efficient emerging detoxifying agent because of their tubular shape and high adsorption capacity. In the present study, the detoxifying ability of TiNTs was evaluated on paracetamol (PR)-intoxicated rats. Results indicate that the loading ability of PR into TiNTs (70%) was significantly higher than that recorded for CH (38.6%). In simulated intestinal medium, TiNTs showed a controlled drug release of less than 10% after 72 h of incubation. In PR-intoxicated rats, TiNTs treatment resulted in a 64% decrease of PR after 4 h of poisoning versus 40% for CH. Concomitantly, TiNTs efficiently reduced PR absorption by 90% after 24 h of poisoning, attenuated the elevated levels of biochemical markers (i.e., alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and TNF-α) and mitigated oxidative stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and reducing the oxidized glutathione/total glutathione ratio, suggesting a histoprotective effect of TiNTs against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. In addition to their safety and high stability in the entire gastro-intestinal tract, biodistribution analysis revealed that TiNTs exhibited low intestinal absorption owing to their large cluster size of compact aggregate nanomaterials across the intestinal villi hindering the absorption of paracetamol. Collectively, these data provide a new and promising solution for in vivo detoxification. TiNTs are expected to have great potential for the treatment of voluntary and accidental intoxication in emergency care.

In vitro effects of three antidepressant drugs on plasma paraoxonase activity.

BACKGROUND: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is important in organophosphates and xenobiotic metabolism and as an antioxidant bio-scavenger. PON1 activity was shown to significantly decrease in depressed patients after antidepressant treatment instauration. Our aim was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of three antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline and fluoxetine) on PON1 activity. METHODS: Plasma from healthy volunteers was spiked with antidepressant drugs. The working solutions were then diluted with plasma to obtain concentrations that covered the therapeutic margin. PON1 was tested by a kinetic method in triplicate after incubation at 37°C for 2 h. RESULTS: Tricyclic antidepressants significantly inhibited PON1. Fluoxetine had no effect. The inhibition percentage for imipramine was 15.6% at 100 µg/L after incubation for 1 h (131±1 vs. 155±2 IU/L; p<0.01). At 350 µg/L, the inhibition percentage for imipramine 19.2% after 1 h and 20.2% after 2 h. Amitriptyline was a stronger inhibitor: 26% after 30 min at 125 µg/L. At 250 µg/L, the inhibition percentage for amitriptyline was 36.5% after 30 min (100±4 vs. 159±2 IU/L; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The tested tricyclic antidepressants significantly inhibit PON1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Amitriptyline had a higher inhibition potency than imipramine.

Development of a method of clozapine dosage by selective electrode to the iodides.

Clozapine (Leponex(®)), the main neuroleptic indicated in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia, requires therapeutic monitoring because of its side effects and the individual variability in metabolism. In addition, several cases of intoxication by this drug were described in the literature. In this work, we studied the indirect dosage of clozapine by selective electrode to the iodides for the optimization of an analytical protocol allowing therapeutic monitoring and the diagnosis of intoxication and/or overdose. Our results showed that the developed method is linear between 0.05 and 12.5 µg/mL (r = 0.980), with a limit of detection of 0.645.10(-3) µg/mL. It presents good precision (coefficient of variation less than 4%) and accuracy (coefficient less than 10%) for all the studied concentrations. With a domain of linearity covering a wide margin of concentrations, this method can be applicable to the dosage of clozapine in tablets and in different biological matrices, such as plasma, urines, and postmortem samples.

Biological and chemical study of Astragalus gombiformis.

Extracts of aerial parts and roots of wild Astragalus gombiformis Pomel were tested for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and contents of phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was tested by the paper disk agar diffusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitor concentration. Among the tested extracts, three extracts (methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) from aerial parts and two extracts (water, methanol) from roots exhibited diameters of inhibition zone equal or above 12 mm (at 150 microg/ disk) and minimal inhibitor concentrations ranging between 233 and 1250 microg/ml. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses showed that contents of both total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity were higher in the methanolic extract of aerial parts as compared to roots. No insecticidal activity of the extracts of the aerial parts was found against Culex pipiens.

[Pseudocholinesterase activity in type 1 bipolar patients]. / Étude de l'activité pseudocholinestérasique chez des patients bipolaires de type 1.

This study aims to investigate the variation of pseudocholinesterase activity (BuChE) in bipolar patients and to explore its relation to the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of this disease. Our study included 105 patients with bipolar disorder and 100 control subjects aged 38.7 ±â€Š12.2 and 36.4 ±â€Š15.7 y, respectively. BuChE was determined by kinetic methods on Cobas Integra 400 plus™. Compared with controls, patients had a significantly higher pseudocholinesterase activity. Moreover, this increase was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with bipolar disorder with sensibility of 58% and specificity of 62% at threshold of 7392 IU/L. There was no significant change in pseudocholinesterase activity in relation to illness episodes and treatment, whereas the lowest values of this activity were seen in euthymic patients and those taking psychotics. Therefore, this activity is a real interest in the biological monitoring of patients as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases associated with bipolar disorder. But it would be most useful to evaluate their interest as a predictor of bipolar disorder in patients at risk.

[Risk of hyperthyroidism in a Tunisian population of smokers]. / Risque d'hyperthyroïdie dans une population de fumeurs tunisiens.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoking on thyroid function especially TSH and FT4 levels and to determine the correlation between these parameters and the biological tobacco markers: plasma thiocyanate and cotininuria. METHODS: The initial study was conducted on 300 voluntary subjects, 162 current smokers, 27 former smokers and 111 nonsmokers aged respectively 35.4±16.1, 31.6±1.8 and 38.0±14.6 years. TSH and FT4 levels were determined using electrochemiluminescence, cotinine by homogenous enzymes immunoassay and thiocyanate by selective electrode. RESULTS: Before and after adjustment for potentials confounder factors, we found a significant decrease of TSH and a significant increase of FT4 levels according to smoking status. In current and former smokers, we found significant decrease in TSH and increase in FT4 levels compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, we noted a significant decrease of TSH levels in subjects smoking more than 40 cigarettes/day compared to those smoking less than 20 cigarettes/day. Additionally, TSH levels were significantly reduced in subjects smoking more than 5 years compared to those who smoked < 5 years. In smokers, cotininuria and plasma thiocyanates presented a negative correlation with TSH and a positive correlation with FT4 levels. CONCLUSION: cigarette smoking is associated to perturbations in FT4 and TSH levels, these perturbations were strongly correlated with smoking status parameters. The associations with smoking cessation suggest that smoking may have reversible effects on thyroid function. Therefore, it is recommended to stop or reduce smoking and to introduce testing of thyroid estimation as a routine test, especially in subjects at risk.

Effect of cigarette smoking on paraoxonase 1 activity according to PON1 L55M and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity according to PON1 L55M and PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our sample included 300 voluntary subjects: 138 nonsmokers and 162 current smokers aged 38.47 ± 21.91 and 35.55 ± 16.03 years, respectively. PON1 activity was determined by kinetic methods. L55M and Q192R gene polymorphisms of PON1 were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS: We found in smokers a significant decrease of PON1 activity before and after adjustment. We noted a significant association between smoking status and lower PON1 activity [odds ratio (OR) = 3.03, confidence interval 95% = 1.5-5.9, p = 0.001]. In smokers, there was significant association between PON1 activity and PON1 L55M polymorphisms (p = 0.01). Also, the 55MM genotype presented the lowest paraoxonase activity, while the 55LL genotype showed the highest one. After adjustment for confounding variables, smokers with PON1 L55M polymorphism had the highest risk for lower PON1 activity; however, PON1 Q192R genotype might protect smokers from decrease in PON1 activity. We found significant interaction between the effect of cigarette smoking and both PON1 L55M and PON1 Q192R polymorphisms on lower PON1 activity. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with decrease in PON1 activity. Moreover, PON1 L55M polymorphism predisposes smokers to decreased PON1 activity in contrast to PON1 Q192R genotype.

Effect of cigarette smoking on plasma homocysteine concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while the role of homocysteine is still not clear. This study investigated the effects of smoking on plasma homocysteine concentration and determined the correlation between this parameter and biological markers of tobacco use, such as plasma thiocyanate and urine cotinine. METHODS: Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine were measured in 300 subjects: 138 non-smokers and 162 smokers using immunoassay methods. Cotinine was measured using an enzymatic colorimetric method and thiocyanate by a selective electrode. RESULTS: In smokers, we found a significant increase in homocysteine and a decrease in folate and vitamin B12 levels compared to non-smokers. Homocysteine was strongly correlated with the duration of use and the number of cigarettes consumed. Folate and vitamin B12 were significantly reduced in subjects smoking for more than 20 years compared to those who smoked less than 5 years. Among smokers, we noted a positive correlation between homocysteine and both plasma thiocyanates and cotininuria, and a negative-correlation between cotininuria and plasma folate. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking increases homocysteine, which is strongly correlated with cotininuria and plasma thiocyanates. Moreover, smokers had tendency to develop hypofolatemia and hypovitamin B12, particularly when the duration of consumption exceeded 20 years.

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian bipolar I patients.

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian bipolar I patients according to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 92 patients with bipolar I disorder diagnosed according to DSM-IV, and 170 controls. Plasma total homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 were measured. MTHFR C677T polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients had a significantly higher homocysteine level (16.4 ± 9.8 vs 9.6 ± 4.5 µmol/L; P < 0.001) and a significantly lower folate level (3.2 ± 0.9 vs 6.5 ± 3.2 µg/L; P < 0.001). C677T MTHFR polymorphism genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. After adjustment for MTHFR C677T genotypes, hypofolatemia, hypovitamin B12 and for potential confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) of hyperhomocysteinemia associated with bipolar disorder remained significant (OR, 5.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.92-15.86; P = 0.001). In patients, there was no significant change in hyperhomocysteinemia, hypofolatemia and hypovitamin B12 with regard to the clinical and therapeutic characteristics, whereas the highest prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was found in depressive patients and when illness duration was >12 years. Hypofolatemia was seen in all patients on lithium and in the majority of patients on carbamazepine, and the highest prevalence of hypovitamin B12 was noted in patients taking carbamazepine. CONCLUSION: Hyperhomocysteinemia was more frequent in bipolar I patients independent of C677T polymorphism. Patients had reduced levels of folate, which modulates homocysteine metabolism. Indeed, this finding indicates that folate supplementation may be appropriate for bipolar patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.

Variation in volatiles of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) from aerial parts of Astragalus gombiformis were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This study showed that the A. gombiformis essential oils are complex mixtures of important natural compounds, which varied qualitatively and quantitatively between cultivated and wild plants and between phenological stages of development. All analysed oils are characterized by the constant presence of phytol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 4-terpineol, and gamma-terpinene. This study is the first report on the chemical composition of essential oils from A. gombiformis and indicates that these oils should be more studied.

[Butyrylcholinesterase activity in schizophrenic patients]. / Étude de l'activité butyrylcholinestérase chez des patients schizophrènes.

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme that has been investigated for its putative role in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of our work was to study BChE activity variations in schizophrenic patients and to investigate the involvement of this enzyme in schizophrenia and the importance of determining its activity in this disease. This cross-sectional study was carried out 131 (104 males and 27 females, mean age  = 38.0  ±â€Š 11.4 years) patients with chronic schizophrenia according DSM-IV criteria and 90 (64 males and 26 females, mean age  = 37.1  ±  15.9 years) healthy controls. Plasma BChE activity was determined by a kinetic method on Integra 400plus(TM) (Roche Diagnostics). Patients with schizophrenia had higher plasma BChE activity than controls (P < 0.0001). Female patients had higher BChE activity and smokers had lower BChE activity than non-smokers either in patients and controls. In patients with schizophrenia, BChE activity was not differed with age, alcohol status and clinical sub-types, and was not correlated to duration of illness. Concerning therapeutic features, BChE activity was higher in patients treated with antipsychotics monotherapy than those treated with an association of antipsychotic and anticholinergic drugs, without significant difference (P  = 0.196). Schizophrenic patients showed an increase BChE activity, which could be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.