Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) Consensus Statement on Perioperative Smoking Cessation.

Smokers are at increased risk for surgical complications. Despite the known benefits of smoking cessation, many perioperative health care providers do not routinely provide smoking cessation interventions. The variation in delivery of perioperative smoking cessation interventions may be due to limited high-level evidence for whether smoking cessation interventions used in the general population are effective and feasible in the surgical population, as well as the challenges and barriers to implementation of interventions. Yet smoking is a potentially modifiable risk factor for improving short- and long-term patient outcomes. The purpose of the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) Consensus Statement on Perioperative Smoking Cessation is to present recommendations based on current scientific evidence in surgical patients. These statements address questions regarding the timing and intensity of interventions, roles of perioperative health care providers, and behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Barriers and strategies to overcome challenges surrounding implementation of interventions and future areas of research are identified. These statements are based on the current state of knowledge and its interpretation by a multidisciplinary group of experts at the time of publication.

Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to Demonstrate Value in Perioperative Care: Recommendations and Review from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI).

A shift in healthcare payment models from volume toward value-based incentives will require deliberate input into systems development from both perioperative clinicians and administrators to ensure appropriate recognition of the value of all services provided-particularly ones that are not reimbursable in current fee-for-service payment models. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) methodology identifies cost drivers and reduces inaccurate costing based on siloed budgets. Inaccurate costing also results from the fact that current costing methods use charges and there has been tremendous cost shifting throughout health care. High cost, high variability processes can be identified for process improvement. As payment models inevitably evolve towards value-based metrics, it will be critical to knowledgably participate in the coordination of these changes. This document provides 8 practical Recommendations from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) aimed at outlining the principles of TDABC, creating process maps for patient workflows, understanding payment structures, establishing physician alignment across service lines to create integrated practice units to facilitate development of evidence-based pathways for specific patient risk groups, establishing consistent care delivery, minimizing variability between physicians and departments, utilizing data analytics and information technology tools to track progress and obtain actionable data, and using TDABC to create costing transparency.

Preoperative Management of Medications for Neurologic Diseases: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement Consensus Statement.

Neurologic diseases are prevalent in patients undergoing invasive procedures; yet, no societal guidelines exist as to best practice in management of perioperative medications prescribed to treat these disorders. The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement tasked experts in internal medicine, anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, and neurology to provide evidence-based recommendations for preoperative management of these medications. The aim of this review is not only to provide consensus recommendations for preoperative management of patients on medications for neurologic disorders, but also to serve as an educational guide to perioperative clinicians. While, in general, medications for neurologic disorders should be continued preoperatively, an individualized approach may be needed in certain situations (eg, holding anticonvulsants on day of surgery if electroencephalographic mapping is planned during epilepsy surgery). Pertinent interactions with commonly used drugs in anesthesia practice, as well as considerations for targeted laboratory testing or perioperative drug substitutions, are addressed as well.

Preoperative Management of Medications for Psychiatric Diseases: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement Consensus Statement.

There is a lack of guidelines for preoperative management of psychiatric medications leading to variation in care and the potential for perioperative complications and surgical procedure cancellations on the day of surgery. The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement identified preoperative psychiatric medication management as an area in which consensus could improve patient care. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide recommendations to clinicians regarding preoperative psychiatric medication management. Several categories of drugs were identified including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications. Literature searches and review of primary and secondary data sources were performed for each medication/medication class. We used a modified Delphi process to develop consensus recommendations for preoperative management of individual medications in each of these drug categories. While most medications should be continued perioperatively to avoid risk of relapse of the psychiatric condition, adjustments may need to be made on a case-by-case basis for certain drugs.

Preoperative Management of Medications for Rheumatologic and HIV Diseases: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) Consensus Statement.

Perioperative medical management is challenging because of the rising complexity of patients presenting for surgical procedures. A key part of preoperative optimization is appropriate management of long-term medications, yet guidelines and consensus statements for perioperative medication management are lacking. Available resources use recommendations derived from individual studies and do not include a multidisciplinary focus on formal consensus. The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement identified a lack of authoritative clinical guidance as an opportunity to use its multidisciplinary membership to improve evidence-based perioperative care. The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement seeks to provide guidance on perioperative medication management that synthesizes available literature with expert consensus. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide practical guidance on the preoperative management of immunosuppressive, biologic, antiretroviral, and anti-inflammatory medications. A panel of experts including hospitalists, anesthesiologists, internal medicine physicians, infectious disease specialists, and rheumatologists was appointed to identify the common medications in each of these categories. The authors then used a modified Delphi process to critically review the literature and to generate consensus recommendations.

Results of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair with general, regional, and local/monitored anesthesia care in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

BACKGROUND: This study examined outcomes of endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) using general, spinal, epidural, and local/monitored anesthesia care (MAC) in a multicenter North American hospital database reflecting contemporary anesthesia and surgical practices. METHODS: Elective EVAR cases performed between 2005 and 2008 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Excluded were emergency cases and patients with concomitant procedures requiring general anesthesia. Patient-level comorbidities, characteristics, and intraoperative and postoperative details were examined. Complications were analyzed individually and in aggregate categories, including wound, pulmonary, renal, venous thromboembolic, cardiovascular, operative, and septic. Length of stay (LOS) and 30-day mortality were examined. Characteristics and outcomes were described using mean ± standard deviation or count (%), and comparisons were evaluated for statistical significance using χ(2), Fisher exact test, and univariate linear regression. LOS was analyzed with linear regression techniques using a log transformation. Associations between anesthesia type and outcomes were examined using univariable and multivariable regression techniques. RESULTS: We identified 6009 elective EVAR procedures for analysis. General anesthesia was used in 4868 cases, spinal anesthesia in 419, epidural anesthesia in 331, and local/MAC in 391. Defined morbidity occurred in 11% of patients. Median LOS was 2 (interquartile range, 1-3) days, and mean LOS was 2.8 ± 4.3 days. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.1%. Significant multivariate associations were observed between anesthesia type, pulmonary morbidity, and log-LOS. General anesthesia was associated with an increase in pulmonary morbidity vs spinal (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-12.5; P = .020) and local/MAC anesthesia (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.0-6.4; P = .041). Use of general anesthesia was associated with a 10% increase in LOS for general vs spinal anesthesia (95% CI, 4.8%-15.5%; P = .001) and a 20% increase for general vs local/MAC anesthesia (95% CI, 14.1%-26.2%; P < .001). Trends toward increased pulmonary morbidity and LOS were not observed for general vs epidural anesthesia. No significant association between anesthesia type and mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In contemporary North American anesthetic and surgical practice, general anesthesia for EVAR was associated with increased postoperative LOS and pulmonary morbidity compared with spinal and local/MAC anesthesia. These data suggest that increasing the use of less-invasive anesthetic techniques may limit postoperative complications and decrease the overall costs of EVAR.

Automated Frailty Screening At-Scale for Pre-Operative Risk Stratification Using the Electronic Frailty Index.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with numerous post-operative adverse outcomes in older adults. Current pre-operative frailty screening tools require additional data collection or objective assessments, adding expense and limiting large-scale implementation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of an automated measure of frailty integrated within the Electronic Health Record (EHR) with post-operative outcomes for nonemergency surgeries. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients 65 years or older that underwent nonemergency surgery with an inpatient stay 24 hours or more between October 8th, 2017 and June 1st, 2019. EXPOSURES: Frailty as measured by a 54-item electronic frailty index (eFI). OUTCOMES AND MEASUREMENTS: Inpatient length of stay, requirements for post-acute care, 30-day readmission, and 6-month all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of 4,831 unique patients (2,281 females (47.3%); mean (SD) age, 73.2 (5.9) years), 4,143 (85.7%) had sufficient EHR data to calculate the eFI, with 15.1% categorized as frail (eFI > 0.21) and 50.9% pre-frail (0.10 < eFI ≤ 0.21). For all outcomes, there was a generally a gradation of risk with higher eFI scores. For example, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and accounting for variability by service line, patients identified as frail based on the eFI, compared to fit patients, had greater needs for post-acute care (odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.36-2.08), higher rates of 30-day readmission (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.46; 95%CI = 1.72-3.52) and higher all-cause mortality (HR = 2.86; 95%CI = 1.84-4.44) over 6 months' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The eFI, an automated digital marker for frailty integrated within the EHR, can facilitate pre-operative frailty screening at scale.

Common neurodegenerative disorders in the perioperative setting: Recommendations for screening from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI).

Aging is associated with normal and abnormal brain and cognitive changes. Due to the expected increase in older adults requiring surgery, perioperative clinicians will be increasingly encountering patients with neurodegenerative disease. To help perioperative clinicians understand signs of abnormal behaviors that may mark an undiagnosed neurodegenerative disorder and alert additional patient monitoring, The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) worked with experts in dementia, neuropsychology, geriatric medicine, neurology, and anesthesiology to provide a summary of cognitive and behavioral considerations for patients with common neurodegenerative disorders being evaluated at preoperative centers. Patients with neurodegenerative disorders are at high risk for delirium due to known neurochemical disruptions, medication interactions, associated frailty, or vascular risk profiles presenting risk for repeat strokes. We provide basic information on the expected cognitive changes with aging, most common neurodegenerative disorders, a list of behavioral features and considerations to help differentiate neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we propose screening recommendations intended for a multidisciplinary team in the perioperative setting.

Launching a Geriatric Surgery Center: Recommendations from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement.

To prepare for the increasing numbers of older adults undergoing surgery, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) has recently launched the Geriatric Surgery Verification Program with the goal of encouraging the creation of centers of geriatric surgery. Meanwhile, the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) has published recommendations for the preoperative management of frailty, which state that teams should actively screen for frailty before surgery and that pathways, including geriatric comanagement, shared decision-making, and multimodal prehabilitation, should be embedded in routine care to help improve patient outcomes. Both SPAQI and the ACS advocate for a multidisciplinary approach to improve the value of care for older adults undergoing surgery. However, the best way to implement geriatric services in the surgical setting is yet to be determined. In this statement, we will describe the SPAQI recommendations for launching a geriatric surgery center and the process by which its value should be assessed over time.

Preoperative Sleep Questionnaires Identify Medical Emergency Team Activation in Older Adults.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have increased postoperative complications that are important for patient safety and healthcare utilization. Questionnaires help identify patients at risk for OSA; however, among older adults who preoperatively self-administered OSA questionnaires, the frequency of postoperative Medical Emergency Team Activation (META), rapid response, code blue, code stroke, is unknown. OBJECTIVES: Identify whether having OSA questionnaires completed by patients is feasible in the preoperative clinic. Determine the frequency of META among older patients at risk for OSA. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: Cohort of prospective patients independently completed 2 OSA questionnaires in a preoperative clinic, STOP-Bang (SB) and ISNORED (IS). Observers blinded to questionnaire responses recorded incidence of META. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Of the 898 consecutive patients approached in the preoperative assessment clinic and surgical navigation center, 575 (64%) consented and completed the questionnaires in <5 minutes and were included in the analysis. MEASURES: Sleep questionnaire responses and frequency of inpatient postoperative META. RESULTS: With an affirmative response to ≥3 questions on either questionnaire, 65% of patients enrolled were at risk for OSA. Of these, 3.1% sustained an META. In patients at risk for OSA, META occurred in 7.6% (SB+) and 7.2% (IS+) vs 2.5% (SB+) and 1.7% (IS+) for low risk. METAs were disproportionately higher among patients aged ≥65 years (6.3% vs 1.7%; P < .018), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class ≥3, and IS+. All patients with META positively answered ≥3 of 15 components of the 2 questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Preoperative, self-administration of SB and IS questionnaires is feasible. Overall, 65% of those with affirmative responses to ≥3 questions were at risk for OSA and associated with a disproportionate number of postoperative META in older patients. Additionally, risk of OSA identified by preoperative sleep questionnaires was associated with postoperative META among older adults. Use of clinical tools and OSA questionnaires may improve preoperative identification of META in this population.

Preoperative Laboratory Testing.

Obtaining routine preoperative laboratory tests increases health care costs and has been listed, by the Choosing Wisely Campaign, as one of the top 5 practices anesthesiologists should avoid. Routine testing without clinical indication is not cost-effective and could cause harm and unnecessary delays. Abnormal findings are more likely to be false positive and costly to pursue, introduce new risks, and increase anxiety for the patient. Preoperative testing need to be performed only following a targeted history and physical examination, factoring severity of surgery, and comorbidities such that the benefit of the test outweighs risk.

Preoperative Clinics.

Preoperative evaluation clinics have been shown to enhance operating room efficiency, decrease day-of-surgery cancellations, reduce hospital costs, and improve the quality of patient care. Although programs differ in staffing, structure, financial support, and daily operations, they share the common goal of preoperative risk reduction in order for patients to proceed safely through the perioperative period. Effective preoperative evaluation occurs if processes are standardized to ensure clinical, regulatory, and accreditation guidelines are met while keeping medical optimization and patient satisfaction at the forefront. Although no universally accepted standard model exists, there are key components to a successful preoperative process.

Results of valve replacement with Omniscience mechanical prostheses.

BACKGROUND: The Omniscience mechanical valve has been the subject of multiple clinical investigations with variable results, including reports of high complication and reoperation rates. METHODS: Records of all patients who received Omniscience valves were reviewed, and follow-up interviews were conducted to determine the incidence of valve-related morbidity, mortality, and functional results. Incidence of complications was expressed as events per 100 patient-years follow-up. Survival and freedom from valve-related complications and mortality were calculated using a product limit method. RESULTS: Between 1984 and 1988, 192 patients received 213 Omniscience valves [93 mitral (M), 79 aortic (A), and 20 multiple (D) valve replacements]. Perioperative mortality was 9%. The incidence of major valve-related morbidity was as follows: thrombosis, 1.30 M, 0.17 A, 0.72 D; endocarditis, 0.48 M, 0.18 A, 0 D; hemorrhagic, 4.67 M, 2.84 A, 5.00 D; embolic, 2.90 M, 2.27 A, 1.57 D; nonstructural dysfunction, 1.66 M, 1.08 A, 2.27 D; reoperation, 4.02 M, 1.99 A, 6.48 D. All explanted valves (n = 43) were examined, and 40% (n = 17) were found to have limited disc excursion in the absence of thrombus. Freedom from valve-related morbidity, mortality, or reoperation at 10 years was 22% for mitral, 39% for aortic, and 17% for multivalve replacements. At follow-up, only 73% of patients were New York Heart Association class I or II. Five- and 10-year estimated survivals were 72% and 55% for M, 80% and 51% for A, and 65% and 50% for D replacements. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Omniscience valve provided poor functional improvement and a significant incidence of valve-related complications, including the need for reoperation.