Unhoused and Injured: Injury Characteristics and Outcomes in Unhoused Trauma Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The unhoused population is known to be at high risk for traumatic injury. However, there are scarce data regarding injury patterns and outcomes for this patient group. This study aims to investigate any differences in injury characteristics and hospital outcomes between unhoused and housed patients presenting with traumatic injuries. METHODS: We conducted a 3-y retrospective cohort study at a level 1 trauma center in a metropolitan area with a large unhoused population. All adult trauma patients who were identified as unhoused or housed underinsured (HUI) were included in the study. Injury characteristics, comorbidities, and hospital outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 8450 patients were identified, of which 7.5% were unhoused. Compared to HUI patients, unhoused patients were more likely to sustain minor injuries (65.2% versus 59.1%, P = 0.003) and more likely to be injured by assault (17.9% versus 12.4%, P < 0.001), stab wound (17.7% versus 10.8%, P < 0.001), and automobile versus pedestrian or bike (21.0% versus 15.8% P < 0.001). We found that unhoused patients had higher odds of mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-3.36, P = 0.021), brain death (AOR: 5.40, 95% CI: 2.11-13.83, P < 0.001), bacteremia/sepsis (AOR: 4.36, 95% CI: 1.20-15.81, P = 0.025), and increased hospital length of stay (regression coefficient: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.12, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This study observed significant disparities in injury characteristics and hospital outcomes between the unhoused and HUI groups. Our results suggest that these disparities are impacted by social determinants of health unique to the unhoused population.

Short term safety of magnetic sphincter augmentation vs minimally invasive fundoplication: an ACS-NSQIP analysis.

PURPOSE: Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation (MSA) is an FDA-approved anti-reflux procedure with comparable outcomes to fundoplication. However, most data regarding its use are limited to single or small multicenter studies which may limit the generalizability of its efficacy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing MSA vs fundoplication in a national database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 2017-2020 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Registry was utilized to evaluate patients undergoing MSA or fundoplication. Patients requiring Collis gastroplasty, paraesophageal hernia repair, and emergency cases, were excluded. Patient outcomes included overall complication rates, readmissions, reoperations, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 7,882 patients underwent MSA (n = 597) or fundoplication (n = 7285). MSA patients were younger (51 vs 57, p < 0.001), and more often male (49.6 vs 34.3%, p < 0.001). While patients undergoing MSA experienced similar rates of reoperation (1.0 vs 2.0%, p = 0.095), they experienced fewer readmissions (2.2 vs 4.7%, p = 0.005), complications (0.6 vs 4.0%, p < 0.001), shorter mean (SD) hospital length of stay(days) (0.4 ± 4.3 vs 1.8 ± 4.6, p < 0.001) and operative time(min) (80.8 ± 36.1 vs 118.7 ± 63.7, p < 0.001). Mortality was similar between groups (0 vs 0.3%, p = 0.175). On multivariable analysis, MSA was independently associated with reduced postoperative complications (OR 0.23, CI 0.08 to 0.61, p = 0.002), readmissions (OR 0.53, CI 0.30 to 0.94, p = 0.02), operative time (RC - 36.56, CI - 41.62 to - 31.49. p < 0.001) and length of stay (RC - 1.22, CI - 1.61 to - 0.84 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this national database study, compared to fundoplication MSA was associated with reduced postoperative complications, fewer readmissions, and shorter operative time and hospital length of stay. While randomized trials are lacking between MSA and fundoplication, both institutional and national database studies continue to support the use of MSA as a safe anti-reflux operation.

Understanding the GERD Barrier.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is steadily increasing in incidence and now affects 18% to 28% of the population in the United States. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology underlying this disease is necessary to improve the current standard of care. Most GERD pathophysiology models focus on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) as the key element which prevents esophageal reflux. More recent research has highlighted the crural diaphragm (CD) as an additional critical component of the GERD barrier. We now know that the CD actively relaxes when the distal esophagus is distended and contracts when the stomach is distended. Crural myotomy in animal models increases esophageal acid exposure, highlighting the CD's vital role. There are also multiple physiological studies in patients with symptomatic hiatal hernia that demonstrate CD dysfunction is associated with GERD. Finally, computer models integrating physiological data predict that the CD and the LES each contribute roughly 50% to the GERD barrier. This more robust understanding has implications for future procedural management of GERD. Specifically, effective GERD management mandates repair of the CD and reinforcement of the LES. Given the high rate of hiatal hernia recurrences, it seems that novel antireflux procedures should target this essential component of the GERD barrier. Future research should focus on methods to maintain crural integrity, decrease hiatal hernia recurrence, and improve long-term competency of the GERD barrier.

Back on the Streets: Examining Emergency Department Return Rates for Unhoused Patients Discharged After Trauma.

BACKGROUND: The unhoused population is at high risk for traumatic injuries and faces unique challenges in accessing follow-up care. However, there is scarce data regarding differences in Emergency Department (ED) return rates and reasons for return between unhoused and housed patients. METHODS: We conducted a 3-year retrospective cohort study at a level-1 trauma center in a large metropolitan area. All patients who presented to the ED with traumatic injuries and were discharged without hospital admission were included in the study. The primary outcome was ED returns for trauma-related complications or new traumatic events <6 months after discharge. Patient characteristics and study outcomes were compared between housed and unhoused groups. RESULTS: A total of 4184 patients were identified, of which 20.3% were unhoused. Compared to housed, unhoused patients were more likely to return to the ED (18.8% vs 13.9%, P < .001), more likely to return for trauma-related complications (4.6% vs 3.1%, P = .045), more likely to return with new trauma (7.1% vs 2.8%, P < .001), and less likely to return for scheduled wound checks (2.5% vs 4.3%, P = .012). Of the patients who returned with trauma-related complications, unhoused patients had a higher proportion of wound infection (20.5% vs 5.7%, P = .008). In the regression analysis, unhoused status was associated with increased odds of ED return with new trauma and decreased odds of return for scheduled wound checks. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed significant disparities between unhoused and housed patients after trauma. Our results suggest that inadequate follow-up in unhoused patients may contribute to further ED return.

Paradigm Shifts in Vascular Surgery: Analysis of the Top 100 Innovative and Disruptive Academic Publications.

BACKGROUND: Disruption score (DS) is a novel bibliometric created to identify research that shifts paradigms, which may be overlooked by citation count (CC). We analyzed the most disruptive, compared to the most cited, literature in vascular surgery, and hypothesized that DS and CC would not correlate. METHODS: A PubMed search identified vascular surgery publications from 1954 to 2014. The publications were linked to the iCite NIH tool and DS algorithm to identify the top 100 studies by CC and DS, respectively. The publications were reviewed for study focus, design, and contribution, and subsequently compared. RESULTS: A total of 56,640 publications were identified. The top 100 DS papers were frequently published in J Vasc Sur (43%) and Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (13%). The top 100 CC papers were frequently published in N Engl J Med (32%) and J Vasc Sur (20%). The most cited article is the fifth most disruptive; the most disruptive article is not in the top 100 cited papers. The DS papers had a higher mean DS than the CC papers (.17 vs .0001, P < .0001). The CC papers had a higher mean CC than the DS papers (866 vs 188, P < .0001). DS and CC are weakly correlated metrics (r = .22, P = .03). DISCUSSION: DS was weakly correlated with CC and captured a unique subset of literature that created paradigm shifts in vascular surgery. DS should be utilized as an adjunct to CC to avoid overlooking impactful research and influential researchers, and to measure true academic productivity.

Mechanism matters: Differential benefits of cold-stored whole blood for trauma resuscitation from a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation with cold-stored low-titre whole blood (LTOWB) has increased despite the paucity of robust civilian data. Most studies are in predominately blunt trauma and lack analysis of specific subgroups or mechanism of injury. We sought to compare outcomes between patients receiving LTOWB versus balanced component therapy (BCT) after blunt (BL) and penetrating (PN) trauma. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter study of patients receiving either LTWOB-containing or BCT resuscitation was performed. Patients were grouped by mechanism of injury (BL vs. PN). A generalized estimated equations model using inverse probability of treatment weighting was employed. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary complications, and bleeding complications. Additional analyses were performed on no-traumatic brain injury (TBI), severe torso injury, and LTOWB-only resuscitation patients. RESULTS: There were 1,617 patients (BL 47% vs PN 54%) identified; 1,175 (73%) of which received LTOWB. PN trauma patients receiving LTOWB demonstrated improved survival compared to BCT (77% vs. 56%; p < 0.01). Interval survival was higher at 6 hours (95% vs. 88%), 12 hours (93% vs. 80%), and 24 hours (88% vs. 57%) (all p < 0.05). The survival benefit following LTOWB was also seen across PN non-TBI (83% vs. 52%), and severe torso injuries (75% vs. 43%) (all p < 0.05). After controlling for age, sex, injury severity, and trauma center, LTWOB was associated with decreased odds of death (odds ratio, 0.31, p < 0.05) in PN trauma. However, no difference in overall mortality was seen across the BL groups. Both PN and BL patients receiving LTOWB had more frequent acute kidney injury compared to BCT (19% vs. 7% and 12% vs 6%, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low-titre whole blood resuscitation was independently associated with decreased mortality following PN trauma, but not BL trauma. Further analysis in BL trauma is required to identify subgroups that may demonstrate survival benefit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Is barbed better? Evaluation of triclosan-coated barbed suture on wound complications following emergency laparotomy.

INTRODUCTION: Emergent laparotomy is associated with significant wound complications including surgical site infections (SSIs) and fascial dehiscence. Triclosan-coated barbed (TCB) suture for fascial closure has been shown to reduce local complications but primarily in elective settings. We sought to evaluate the effect of TCB emergency laparotomy fascial closure on major wound complications. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy were prospectively evaluated over 1 year. Patients were grouped into TCB versus polydioxanone (PDS) for fascial closure. Subanalysis was performed on patients undergoing single-stage laparotomy. Primary outcomes were SSI and fascial dehiscence. Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with SSI and fascial dehiscence. RESULTS: Of the 206 laparotomies, 73 (35%) were closed with TCB, and 133 (65%) were closed with PDS. Trauma was the reason for laparotomy in 73% of cases; damage-control laparotomy was performed in 27% of cases. The overall rate of SSI and fascial dehiscence was 18% and 10%, respectively. Operative strategy was similar between groups, including damage-control laparotomy, wound vac use, skin closure, and blood products. Surgical site infection events trended lower with TCB versus PDS closure (11% vs. 21%, p = 0.07), and fascial dehiscence was significantly lower with TCB versus PDS (4% vs. 14%, p < 0.05). Subanalysis of trauma and nontrauma cases showed no difference in SSI or fascial dehiscence. Multivariable analysis found that TCB decreased the likelihood of fascial dehiscence (odds ratio, 0.07; p < 0.05) following emergency laparotomy. Increased odds of fascial dehiscence were seen in damage-control laparotomy (odds ratio, 3.1; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Emergency laparotomy fascial closure with TCB showed significantly decreased rates of fascial dehiscence compared with closure with PDS and a strong trend toward lower SSI events. Triclosan-coated barbed suture was independently associated with decreased fascial dehiscence rates after emergency laparotomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Modified Brain Injury Guidelines for preinjury anticoagulation in traumatic brain injury: An opportunity to reduce health care resource utilization.

INTRODUCTION: The Brain Injury Guidelines (BIG) stratify patients by traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity to provide management recommendations to reduce health care resource burden but mandates that patients on anticoagulation (AC) are allocated to the most severe tertile (BIG 3). We sought to analyze TBI patients on AC therapy using a modified BIG model to determine if this population can offer further opportunity for safe reductions in health care resource utilization. METHODS: Patients 55 years or older on AC with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from two centers were retrospectively stratified into BIG 1 to 3 risk groups using modified BIG criteria excluding AC as a criterion. Intracranial hemorrhage progression, neurosurgical intervention (NSI), death, and worsened discharge status were compared. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients were included, with 23%, 29%, and 48% classified as BIG 1, BIG 2, and BIG 3, respectively. The BIG 3 cohort had a higher rate of AC reversal agents administered (66%) compared with the BIG 1 (40%) and BIG 2 (54%) cohorts ( p < 0.01), as well as ICH progression discovered on repeat head computed tomography (56% vs. 38% vs. 26%, respectively; p < 0.001). No patients in the BIG 1 and 2 cohorts required NSI. No patients in BIG 1 and 3% of patients in BIG 2 died secondary to the ICH. In the BIG 3 cohort, 16% of patients required NSI and 26% died. Brain Injury Guidelines 3 patients had 15 times the odds of mortality compared with BIG 1 patients ( p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The AC population had higher rates of ICH progression than the BIG literature, but this did not lead to more NSI or mortality in the lower tertiles of our modified BIG protocol. If the modified BIG used the original tertile management on our population, then NS consultation may have been reduced by up to 52%. These modified criteria may be a safe opportunity for further health care resource and cost savings in the TBI population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Sex-based utilization and outcomes of cold-stored whole blood for trauma resuscitation: Analysis of a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation with cold-stored whole blood (WB) has outcome benefits, but benefits varied by patient sex is unknown. There are also concerns about alloimmunization risk for premenopausal females given WB, leading to some protocols excluding this cohort. We sought to analyze WB utilization, outcomes, and disparities by patient sex. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter study of WB resuscitation. Patients were stratified by sex and compared by transfusion strategy of WB or component therapy (CT). Generalized estimated equation models using inverse probability of treatment weighting were utilized. RESULTS: There were 1,617 patients (83% male; 17% female) included. Females were less likely to receive WB versus males (55% vs. 76%; p < 0.001), with wide variability between individual centers (0%-33% female vs. 66%-100% male, p < 0.01). Male WB had more blunt trauma (45% vs. 31%) and higher shock index (1.0 vs. 0.8) compared with the male CT cohort (all p < 0.05) but similar Injury Severity Score. The female WB cohort was older (53 vs. 36) and primarily blunt trauma (77% vs. 62%) compared with the female CT cohort (all p < 0.05) but had similar shock index and Injury Severity Score. Male WB had lower early and overall mortality (27% vs. 42%), but a higher rate of acute kidney injury (16% vs. 6%) vs. the male CT cohort (all p < 0.01). Female cohorts had no difference in mortality, but the WB cohort had higher bleeding complications. Whole blood use was independently associated with decreased mortality (OR, 0.6; p < 0.01) for males but not for females (OR, 0.9; p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Whole blood was independently associated with a decreased mortality for males with no difference identified for females. Whole blood was significantly less utilized in females and showed wide variability between centers. Further study of the impact of patient sex on outcomes with WB and WB utilization is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/Epidemiological; Level IV.

Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic vascular injury repair by trauma surgeons and vascular surgeons in a collaborative model.

BACKGROUND: Management roles for peripheral vascular injuries (PVI) are a source of ongoing debate given the concern for the loss of vascular skills among general surgeons and trauma surgeons (TS). We sought to analyze outcomes of PVI managed by TSs or vascular surgeons (VSs). METHODS: This is a retrospective study of a single, Level I trauma center. Trauma patients with PVI who underwent repair from 2010 to 2021 were included. Patients were separated into groups by the surgical specialty (TS or VS) undertaking the first intervention of the injured vessel. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were included, with 101 (52%) PVI managed by TS and 93 (48%) by VS. The TS group had more penetrating injuries (84% vs. 63%, p < 0.01), were more often hypotensive (17% vs. 6%, p = 0.01), and had a higher median Injury Severity Score (10 vs. 9, p < 0.001). Time from arrival to operating room was lower in the TS group (77 vs. 257 minutes, p < 0.01), with no difference in rates of preoperative imaging. The TS group performed damage-control surgery (DCS) more frequently (21% vs. 1.1%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in reintervention rates between the two groups after excluding patients that required reintervention for definitive repair after DCS (13% vs. 9%, p = 0.34). Mortality was 8% in the TS group and 1% in the VS group ( p = 0.02) with no deaths related to the PVI repair in either group. There was no difference in PVI repair complication rates between the two groups (18% vs. 13%; p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: In our collaborative model at a high-volume trauma center, a wide variety of PVI are surgically managed by TS with VS. immediately available for consultation or for definitive repair of more complex vascular injuries. Trauma surgeons performed more DCS on higher acuity patients. No difference in vascular-related complications was detected between groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Identifying Risk Factors for AMA Discharge After Injury at a Level 1 Trauma Center.

BACKGROUND: Discharging a patient against medical advice (AMA) is used to describe when a patient opts to leave the hospital prior to a physician's recommendation while acknowledging the risks of doing so. There are limited published data that identify risk factors for patients leaving AMA, particularly after trauma. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to delineate risk factors for AMA discharge after trauma. METHODS: Trauma patients who left AMA at our ACS-verified level 1 trauma center were retrospectively included (2021-2022) without exclusions. Demographics, clinical/injury data, and outcomes were collected. The primary outcome was patient-stated reason for leaving AMA. Study variables were summarized with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: During the study period, 262 (8%) of 3218 admitted trauma patients left AMA. Psychiatric disease was present in most patients (n = 197, 75%), including substance abuse (n = 146, 56%), and alcohol abuse (n = 95, 36%). Common patient-stated reasons for leaving AMA were inability/unwillingness to wait for procedure, imaging, or placement (n = 56, 22%); and psychiatric disease other than alcohol/substance abuse (n = 39, 15%). Of the patients who left AMA, 29% (n = 77) returned to the hospital 30 days, and 13% (n = 35) were readmitted. CONCLUSION: Patients who leave AMA are at elevated risk of returning to the hospital, which incurs additional costs in already resource-constrained systems. These findings provide impetus for early identification of high-risk patients and efforts to decrease wait times for imaging, procedures, and placement. These actions may mitigate AMA discharges and their resultant impact on patients and hospitals.

Citation versus disruption in the military: Analysis of the top disruptive military trauma research publications.

BACKGROUND: Bibliometric analysis of surgical research has become increasingly prevalent. Citation count (CC) is a commonly used marker of research quality, but may overlook impactful military research. The disruption score (DS) evaluates manuscripts on a spectrum from most innovative with more positive scores (disruptive [DR]) to most entrenched with more negative scores (developmental; DV). We sought to analyze the most DR and DV versus most cited research in military trauma. METHODS: Top trauma articles by DS and by CC were identified via professional literature search. All publications in military journals were included. Military trauma-related keywords were used to query additional top surgical journals for military-focused publications. Publications were linked to the iCite NIH tool for CC and related metrics. The top 100 DR and DV publications by DS were analyzed and compared with the top 100 articles by CC. RESULTS: Overall, 32,040 articles published between 1954 and 2014 were identified. The average DS and CC were 0.01 and 22, respectively. Most articles were published in Mil Med ( 68%). The top 100 DR articles were frequently published in Mil Med (51%) with a mean DS of 0.148. Of these, the most cited article was only the 40th most disruptive. The top 100 CC articles averaged a DS of 0.009 and were commonly found in J Trauma (53%). Only five publications were on both the top 100 DR and top 100 CC lists; 19 were on both the top DV and CC lists. Citation count was not correlated with DR ( r = -0.134; p = 0.07) and only weakly correlated with DV ( r = 0.215; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: DS identifies publications that changed military paradigms and future research directions previously overlooked by citation count alone. The DR and DV articles are distinct with little overlap between highly cited military articles. Multiple bibliometric measures should be employed to avoid overlooking impactful military trauma research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Test or Criteria; Level IV.

Hodgkin lymphoma masquerading as perforated gallbladder adenocarcinoma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: There are several case reports of acute cholecystitis as the initial presentation of lymphoma of the gallbladder; all reports describe non-Hodgkin lymphoma or its subtypes on histopathology of the gallbladder tissue itself. Interestingly, there is no description in the literature of Hodgkin lymphoma causing hilar lymphadenopathy, inevitably presenting as ruptured cholecystitis with imaging mimicking gallbladder adenocarcinoma. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus presented with progressive abdominal pain, jaundice, night sweats, weakness, and unintended weight loss for one month. Work-up revealed a mass in the region of the porta hepatis causing obstructions of the cystic and common hepatic ducts, gallbladder rupture, as well as retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. The clinical picture and imaging findings were suspicious for locally advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma causing ruptured cholecystitis and cholangitis, with metastases to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Minimally invasive techniques, including endoscopic duct brushings and percutaneous lymph node biopsy, were inadequate for tissue diagnosis. Therefore, this case required exploratory laparotomy, open cholecystectomy, and periaortic lymph node dissection for histopathological assessment and definitive diagnosis. Hodgkin lymphoma was present in the lymph nodes while the gallbladder specimen had no evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSION: This clinical scenario highlights the importance of histopathological assessment in diagnosing gallbladder malignancy in a patient with gallbladder perforation and a grossly positive positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. For both gallbladder adenocarcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, medical and surgical therapies must be tailored to the specific disease entity in order to achieve optimal long-term survival rates.

Spontaneous choledochoduodenal fistula in a patient with a bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

We report a 67-year-old female that had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy complicated by common bile duct (CBD) and right hepatic artery injuries. A catheter was placed into the proximal common bile duct to create an external biliary fistula. The catheter eroded into the edge of the CBD and that irritation caused a choledochoduodenal fistula to form. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which an external biliary catheter caused the formation of a choledochoduodenal fistula after a bile duct injury from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Operative time as a marker of quality in bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the effect of prolonged operative time (OT) on outcomes in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Existing studies mostly focus on 30-day complications, whereas serious complications may not occur until well after 30 days from the index operation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of prolonged OT on 1-year morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). SETTING: The Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database (BOLD). METHODS: Data on primary LRYGB and LSG cases performed between 2008 and 2012 in the BOLD were analyzed. Converted cases and cases concurrent with other procedures were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between OT and 1-year morbidity and mortality, with adjustment for preoperative demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 93,051 cases were examined, including 74,745 (80.3%) LRYGB and 18,306 (19.7%) LSG cases. For LRYGB, mean OT was 104 minutes (standard deviation [SD] 46.6). Every additional 10 minutes of OT was associated with increased odds of 1-year mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.04; P = .02), leak (AOR 1.07; P < .0001), and any adverse event (AOR 1.03; P < .001). For LSG, mean OT was 78 minutes (SD 37.4). Every additional 10 minutes of OT was associated with increased odds of 1-year leak (AOR 1.07; P = .0002). Data on patients lost to follow-up was unavailable. CONCLUSION: Prolonged operative time is associated with a significant increase in the odds of mortality and serious complications after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Operative time may be a useful marker of quality in primary laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Mitochondrial Impairment in Antibiotic Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathies.

There is growing evidence for the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the toxic optic neuropathies. Due to the structural similarities between antibiotic targets and mitochondrial machinery, several antibiotics known to cause optic neuropathy have deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. We review the literature on the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management of antibiotic induced toxic optic neuropathies. The effect of these antibiotics on mitochondrial function in regard to the optic nerve is discussed.

Learning Curve of Robotic Lobectomy for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by a Thoracic Surgeon Adept in Open Lobectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical outcomes and learning curve during the adoption of a robotic platform for lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer by a thoracic surgeon experienced in open thoracotomy. METHODS: Retrospective review of 157 consecutive patients (57 open thoracotomies, 100 robotic lobectomies) treated with lobectomy for clinical stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer between 2007 and 2014. Clinical outcomes were compared between the open thoracotomy group and five consecutive groups of 20 robotic lobectomies. We used the following six metrics to evaluate learning curve: operative time, conversion to open, estimated blood loss, hospitalization duration, overall morbidity, and pathologic nodal upstaging. RESULTS: The robotic and open thoracotomy groups had equivalent preoperative characteristics, except for a higher proportion of clinical stage IA patients in the robotic cohort. The robotic group, as a whole, had lower intraoperative blood loss, less overall morbidity, shorter chest tube duration, and shorter length of hospital stay as compared with the open thoracotomy group. Operative time demonstrated a bimodal learning curve. Conversion rate diminished from 22.5% in the first two robotic groups to 6.7% in the latter three groups. The rate of pathologic nodal upstaging was statistically equivalent to the open thoracotomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of a robotic platform for lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer by an experienced open thoracic surgeon is safe and feasible, with fewer complications, less blood loss, and equivalent nodal sampling rate even during the learning curve. The conversion to open rate significantly dropped after the first 40 robotic lobectomies, and operative time for robotic lobectomy approached open thoracotomy after 60 cases, after a bimodal curve.