Octanoic acid mitigates busulfan-induced blood-testis barrier damage by alleviating oxidative stress and autophagy.

BACKGROUND: The management of male infertility continues to encounter an array of challenges and constraints, necessitating an in-depth exploration of novel therapeutic targets to enhance its efficacy. As an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid, octanoic acid (OCA) shows promise for improving health, yet its impact on spermatogenesis remains inadequately researched. METHODS: Mass spectrometry was performed to determine the fatty acid content and screen for a pivotal lipid component in the serum of patients with severe spermatogenesis disorders. The sperm quality was examined, and histopathological analysis and biotin tracer tests were performed to assess spermatogenesis function and the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vivo. Cell-based in vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of OCA administration on Sertoli cell dysfunction. This research aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which OCA may influence the function of Sertoli cells. RESULTS: A pronounced reduction in OCA content was observed in the serum of patients with severe spermatogenesis disorders, indicating that OCA deficiency is related to spermatogenic disorders. The protective effect of OCA on reproduction was tested in a mouse model of spermatogenic disorder induced by busulfan at a dose 30 mg/kg body weight (BW). The mice in the study were separated into distinct groups and administered varying amounts of OCA, specifically at doses of 32, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg BW. After evaluating sperm parameters, the most effective dose was determined to be 32 mg/kg BW. In vivo experiments showed that treatment with OCA significantly improved sperm quality, testicular histopathology and BTB integrity, which were damaged by busulfan. Moreover, OCA intervention reduced busulfan-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in mouse testes. In vitro, OCA pretreatment (100 µM) significantly ameliorated Sertoli cell dysfunction by alleviating busulfan (800 µM)-induced oxidative stress and autophagy. Moreover, rapamycin (5 µM)-induced autophagy led to Sertoli cell barrier dysfunction, while OCA administration exerted a protective effect by alleviating autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that OCA administration suppressed oxidative stress and autophagy to alleviate busulfan-induced BTB damage. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the toxicology of busulfan and a promising avenue for the development of novel OCA-based therapies for male infertility.

LncRNA Tug1 maintains blood-testis barrier integrity by modulating Ccl2 expression in high-fat diet mice.

Sertoli cells are essential for spermatogenesis in the testicular seminiferous tubules by forming blood-testis barrier (BTB) and creating a unique microenvironment for spermatogenesis. Many lncRNAs have been reported to participate in spermatogenesis. However, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Sertoli cells has rarely been examined. Herein, we found that a high-fat diet (HFD) decreased sperm quality, impaired BTB integrity and resulted in accumulation of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), especially palmitic acid (PA), in mouse testes. PA decreased the expression of tight junction (TJ)-related proteins, increased permeability and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in primary Sertoli cells and TM4 cells. Moreover, lncRNA Tug1 was found to be involved in PA-induced BTB disruption by RNA-seq. Tug1 depletion distinctly impaired the TJs of Sertoli cells and overexpression of Tug1 alleviated the disruption of BTB integrity induced by PA. Moreover, Ccl2 was found to be a downstream target of Tug1, and decreased TJ-related protein levels and TER and increased FITC-dextran permeability in vitro. Furthermore, the addition of Ccl2 damaged BTB integrity after overexpression of Tug1 in the presence of PA. Mechanistically, we found that Tug1 could directly bind to EZH2 and regulate H3K27me3 occupancy in the Ccl2 promoter region by RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Our study revealed an important role of Tug1 in the BTB integrity of Sertoli cells and provided a new view of the role of lncRNAs in male infertility.

NLRP3 promotes endometrial receptivity by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the endometrial epithelium.

Endometrial receptivity is crucial for successful embryo implantation. It is regulated by multiple factors which include ovarian steroid hormones and the immune microenvironment among others. Nod-Like Receptor Pyrins-3 (NLRP3) is a key intracellular pattern-recognition receptor and a critical component of the inflammasome, which plays an essential role in the development of inflammation and of immune responses. However, the physiological functions of NLRP3 in the endometrium remain largely unclear. This study investigated the physiological and pathological significance of NLRP3 in human endometrial epithelial cell during the implantation window. NLRP3 is highly expressed during the mid-proliferative and mid-secretory phases of the human endometrium and transcriptionally up-regulated by estradiol (E2) through estrogen receptor ß (ERß). In addition, NLRP3 promotes embryo implantation and enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of Ishikawa (IK) cells via both inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent pathways, which might provide a novel insight into endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. Our findings suggest that NLRP3, which is transcriptionally regulated by E2, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial epithelial cells and promotes embryo adhesion.

Rosiglitazone ameliorates palmitic acid-induced cytotoxicity in TM4 Sertoli cells.

The Sertoli cell is the only somatic cell within the seminiferous tubules, and is vital for testis development and spermatogenesis. Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a member of the thiazolidinedione family and is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist. It has been reported that RSG protects various types of cells from fatty acid-induced damage. However, whether RSG serves a protective role in Sertoli cells against palmitic acid (PA)-induced toxicity remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of RSG on PA-induced cytotoxicity in Sertoli cells. MTT assay and Oil Red O staining revealed that RSG ameliorated the PA-induced decrease in TM4 cell viability, which was accompanied by an alleviation of PA-induced lipid accumulation in cells. In primary mouse Sertoli cells, RSG also showed similar protective effects against PA-induced lipotoxicity. Knockdown of PPARγ verified that RSG exerted its protective role in TM4 cells through a PPARγ-dependent pathway. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the protective role of RSG on PA-induced lipotoxicity, the present study analyzed the effects of RSG on PA uptake, and the expression of genes associated with both fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride synthesis. The results demonstrated that although RSG did not affect the endocytosis of PA, it significantly elevated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1A, a key enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation, which indicated that the protective effect of RSG may have an important role in fatty acid oxidation. On the other hand, the expression of CPT1B was not affected by RSG. Moreover, the expression levels of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT)-1 and DGAT2, both of which encode enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of triglycerides, were not suppressed by RSG. The results indicated that RSG reduced PA-induced lipid accumulation by promoting fatty acid oxidation mediated by CPT1A. The effect of RSG in protecting cells from lipotoxicity was also found to be specific to Sertoli cells and hepatocytes, and not to other cell types that do not store excess lipid in large quantities, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These findings provide insights into the cytoprotective effects of RSG on Sertoli cells and suggest that PPARγ activation may be a useful therapeutic method for the treatment of Sertoli cell dysfunction caused by dyslipidemia.

Spermatogenesis improved by suppressing the high level of endogenous gonadotropins in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia: a case control pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma gonadotropins were associated with desensitization of Sertoli and Leydig cells in the male testis. Testis spermatogenesis ability would be improved via inhibiting high endogenous gonadotropin in patients with severe oligozoospermia. Whether it would be beneficial for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients was still unclear. METHODS: Goserelin, a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHα) was used to suppress endogenous gonadotropin levels (gonadotropin reset) in the NOA patients, improving the sensitization of the Sertoli and Leydig cells. Then human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were injected to stimulate them to ameliorate the ability of testicular spermatogenesis. The main outcome measure was the existence of spermatozoa in the semen or by testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Elevation of inhibin B and/or ameliorative expression pattern of ZO-1 was the secondary objective. RESULTS: A total of 35 NOA men who failed to retrieve sperm via TESE were enrolled. Among these, 10 patients without treatment were selected as control group and secondary TESE was performed 6 months later. Of the 25 treated men, inhibin B was elevated in 11 patients in the first 4 weeks (Response group), while only 5 patients had constant increase in the following 20 weeks (Response group 2). Of the 5 men, 2 men acquired sperm (Response group 2B), while 3 failed (Response group 2A). Immunofluorescence of mouse vasa homologue (MVH) and ZO-1 showed that both positive MVH signals and ZO-1 expression were significantly increased in the Response group 2, but only Response group 2B showed ameliorative ZO-1 distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Gonadotropin reset, a new therapeutic protocol with GnRHα, was able to improve the ability of testicular spermatogenesis in the NOA patients through restoring the sensitivity of Sertoli and Leydig cells, which were reflected by elevated inhibin B and ameliorative ZO-1 expression and distribution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02544191 .

Relationship Between Amyloid Precursor Protein in Seminal Plasma and Abnormal Penile Sympathetic Skin Response in Lifelong Premature Ejaculation.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system can play an important role in lifelong premature ejaculation (PE). Our previous study found that amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels in seminal plasma of patients with PE were clearly increased. Amyloid-ß (Aß) is derived from APP. Excessive Aß, especially Aß42, can cause neuronal dysfunction. AIM: To determine whether APP and Aß42 are associated with an abnormal penile sympathetic skin response (PSSR). METHODS: From November 2015 to April 2016, 24 patients with lifelong PE (mean age = 29.2 ± 5.3) with self-estimated intravaginal ejaculatory latency time no longer than 2 minutes and 10 control subjects (mean age = 28.0 ± 5.5) were enrolled consecutively from andrology clinics. PSSR was measured in patients with lifelong PE. APP and Aß42 levels in seminal plasma were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PSSR in patients with lifelong PE and APP and Aß42 levels in all subjects. RESULTS: Patients with PE presented 1.5-fold higher levels of APP (P = .004) than control subjects. Seminal plasma protein concentration (C) in the PE group was lower than that in the control group (P = .007). APP divided by C (APP/C) was 2.0-fold higher (P < .001) in the PE group. Aß42 level was not different between the PE and control groups, but Aß42 divided by C (Aß42/C) was significantly higher in the PE group (P < .001). No differences in APP and APP/C were found between patients with PE in the abnormal and normal PSSR groups. The abnormal PSSR group presented significantly higher Aß42 (P = .007) and Aß42/C (P < .001) levels. The latency of PSSR was negatively correlated with Aß42/C (r = -0.436; P = .033). CONCLUSION: These results showed that patients with lifelong PE had higher APP and Aß42 levels in seminal plasma. Abnormal PSSR was related to a higher Aß42 level. Drugs that decrease Aß could be treatment of PE.

MiR-2 family targets awd and fng to regulate wing morphogenesis in Bombyx mori.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that target specific mRNAs for repression and thus play key roles in many biological processes, including insect wing morphogenesis. miR-2 is an invertebrate-specific miRNA family that has been predicted in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to be involved in regulating the Notch signaling pathway. We show here that miR-2 plays a critical role in wing morphogenesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran model insect. Transgenic over-expression of a miR-2 cluster using a Gal4/UAS system results in deformed adult wings, supporting the conclusion that miR-2 regulates functions essential for normal wing morphogenesis. Two genes, abnormal wing disc (awd) and fringe (fng), which are positive regulators in Notch signaling, are identified as miR-2 targets and validated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The relative abundance of both awd and fng expression products was reduced significantly in transgenic animals, implicating them in the abnormal wing phenotype. Furthermore, somatic mutagenesis analysis of awd and fng using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and knock-out mutants also resulted in deformed wings similar to those observed in the miR-2 overexpression transgenic animals. The critical role of miR-2 in Bombyx wing morphogenesis may provide a potential target in future lepidopteran pest control.

Evodiamine Attenuates PDGF-BB-Induced Migration of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Activating PPARγ.

The uncontrolled migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intima is a critical process in the development of atherosclerosis. Evodiamine, an indole alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medicine evodia, has been shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion and protect the cardiovascular system, but its effects on VSMCs remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of evodiamine on the platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMC migration using wound healing and transwell assays, and assessed its role in decreasing the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases and cell adhesion molecules. More importantly, we found that evodiamine activated the expression and nuclear translocation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Inhibition of PPARγ activity by using its antagonist T0070907 and its specific siRNA oligonucleotides significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of evodiamine on VSMC migration. Taken together, our results indicate a promising anti-atherogenic effect of evodiamine through attenuation of VSMC migration by activating PPARγ.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its metabolite 12-HEPE rescue busulfan disrupted spermatogenesis via target to GPR120.

Busulfan is an antineoplastic, which is always accompanied with the abnormal of spermatogonia self-renewal and differentiation. It has been demonstrated that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) benefits mature spermatozoa. However, whether omega-3 can protect endogenous spermatogonia and the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. Evaluate of spermatogenesis function (in vivo) were examined by histopathological analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. The levels of lipid metabolites in testicular tissue were determined via liquid chromatography. We investigated the effect of lipid metabolites on Sertoli cells provided paracrine factors to regulate spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation using co-culture system. In our study, we showed that omega-3 PUFAs significantly improved the process of sperm production and elevated the quantity of both undifferentiated Lin28+ spermatogonia and differentiated c-kit+ spermatogonia in a mouse model where spermatogenic function was disrupted by busulfan. Mass spectrometry revealed an increase in the levels of several omega-3 metabolites in the testes of mice fed with omega-3 PUFAs. The eicosapentaenoic acid metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) up-regulated bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) expression through GPR120-ERK1/2 pathway activation in Sertoli cells and restored spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation. Our study provides evidence that omega-3 PUFAs metabolite 12-HEPE effectively protects spermatogonia and reveals that GPR120 might be a tractable pharmacological target for fertility in men received chemotherapy or severe spermatogenesis dysfunction.

ZDHHC17 participates in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome by affecting androgen conversion to estrogen in granulosa cells.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age and is a significant cause of female subfertility. Our previous research demonstrated that the abnormal palmitoylation of heat shock protein-90α (HSP90α) plays a role in the development of PCOS. However, the palmitoyl acyltransferases in HSP90α palmitoylation remain poorly understood. Herein, we identified ZDHHC17 as a major palmitoyl acyltransferase for HSP90α palmitoylation in granulosa cells. ZDHHC17 protein expression was diminished under excess androgen conditions in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, ovarian ZDHHC17 expression was found to be attenuated in patients with PCOS. ZDHHC17 depletion decreased HSP90α palmitoylation levels and hampered the conversion of androgen to estrogen via CYP19A1. Furthermore, ZDHHC17-mediated regulation of CYP19A1 expression was dependent on HSP90α palmitoylation. Our findings reveal that the regulatory role of HSP90α palmitoylation by ZDHHC17 is critical in PCOS pathophysiology and provide insights into the role of ZDHHC17 in reproductive endocrinology.

Effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on oocyte in vitro maturation in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome.

n-3 PUFAs are classic antioxidant that can be used to treat follicular dysplasia and hyperinsulinemia caused by excessive oxidative stress in PCOS women. To investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on the oocyte quality of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mice during in vitro maturation, a PCOS mouse model was established by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The GV oocytes of the control and PCOS groups were collected and cultured in vitro with or without n-3 PUFAs. After 14 h, the oocytes were collected. Our data demonstrated that the oocyte maturation rate of PCOS mice significantly increased after the addition of 50 µM n-3 PUFAs. The results of immunofluorescence showed that the abnormal rates of spindles and chromosomes in the PCOS + n-3 PUFA group were lower than those in the PCOS group. The mRNA expression of an antioxidant-related gene (Sirt1) and DNA damage repair genes (Brca1/Msh2) was found to be significantly rescued after n-3 treatment. Additionally, the results of living cell staining showed that the addition of n-3 PUFAs could reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in PCOS oocytes. In conclusion, the addition of 50 µM n-3 PUFAs during the in vitro maturation of PCOS mouse oocytes can improve the maturation rate by reducing the level of oxidative stress and the rate of spindle/chromosome abnormalities, providing valuable support during the IVM process.

Chronic oral exposure to short chain chlorinated paraffins induced testicular toxicity by promoting NRF2-mediated oxidative stress.

As a widespread environmental contaminant, short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has attracted great attention. However, the toxicity of SCCPs on male reproductive system remains ambiguous. In this study, we treated mice with SCCPs by gavage and investigated the toxic effects of SCCPs on testis. According to the results, the sperm parameters of mice were significantly reduced after exposure to 1, 10, 100 mg/kg body mass per day SCCPs for 35 days. SCCPs resulted in disorderly arranged seminiferous epithelium and increased apoptotic cells in testes. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that the oxidative stress was induced after SCCPs exposure, and dysfunction of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor (NRF2) signaling pathway played a role in this process. Moreover, resveratrol, an NRF2 activator, could alleviate the damage of SCCPs onmale reproductive system. Our study indicated that oxidative stress is the key point for explaining the testicular toxicity caused by SCCPs, and NRF2 could be used as a potential target for clinical treatment to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by SCCPs.

PPT1 regulation of HSP90α depalmitoylation participates in the pathogenesis of hyperandrogenism.

Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) in the follicle are the important mediator of steroidogenesis and foster oocyte maturation. Evidences suggested that the function of GCs could be regulated by S-palmitoylation. However, the role of S-palmitoylation of GCs in ovarian hyperandrogenism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that the protein from GCs in ovarian hyperandrogenism phenotype mouse group exhibits lower palmitoylation level compared with that in the control group. Using S-palmitoylation-enriched quantitative proteomics, we identified heat shock protein isoform α (HSP90α) with lower S-palmitoylation levels in ovarian hyperandrogenism phenotype group. Mechanistically, S-palmitoylation of HSP90α modulates the conversion of androgen to estrogens via the androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway, and its level is regulated by PPT1. Targeting AR signaling by using dipyridamole attenuated ovarian hyperandrogenism symptoms. Our data help elucidate ovarian hyperandrogenism from perspective of protein modification and provide new evidence showing that HSP90α S-palmitoylation modification might be a potential pharmacological target for ovarian hyperandrogenism treatment.

MiR-425-5p suppression of Crebzf regulates oocyte aging via chromatin modification.

Female infertility due to declining oocyte quality with age remains a significant challenge for patients and physicians, despite extensive research efforts. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs), which respond to various stressors in the aging process, may provide a promising solution. With the approval of small RNA drugs for clinical use, miRNA-based treatment of oocyte aging appears to be a viable option. Through high-throughput sequencing, miR-425-5p was identified as the only miRNA elevated under natural aging and oxidative stress. Microinjection of inhibitors to inhibit miR-425-5p effectively improved compromised phenotypes of old oocytes in vitro. Further investigation revealed that Crebzf acts as a mediator of miR-425-5p's age-related functions in old oocytes. In vivo treatment with miR-425-5p antagomirs significantly improved impaired oocyte development in reproductively old females by targeting Crebzf. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that Crebzf plays a vital role in regulating mRNAs targeting histone H3, trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3), a crucial marker for transcriptional silencing. Overexpression of miR-425-5p could hinder oocyte maturation by downregulating Crebzf expression and disrupting transcriptional regulation. Our findings provide new insights into the potential of miR-425-5p antagomirs as a treatment for female infertility and highlight an elegant mechanism by which miR-425-5p inhibition of Crebzf inhibits a developmental switch in GV oocytes by regulating a group of histone methyltransferase mRNAs.

Age-related elevation of O-GlcNAc causes meiotic arrest in male mice.

In recent years, the postponement of childbearing has become a critical social issue. Male fertility is negatively associated with age because of testis aging. Spermatogenesis is impaired with age, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. The dynamic posttranslational modification O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), which is a type of monosaccharide modification, has been shown to drive the process of aging in various systems, but it has not yet been investigated in the testis and male reproductive aging. Thus, this study aims to investigate the alteration of O-GlcNAc with aging and explore the role of O-GlcNAc in spermatogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the decline in spermatogenesis in aged mice is associated with elevation of O-GlcNAc. O-GlcNAc is specifically localized in differentiating spermatogonia and spermatocytes, indicating its crucial role in meiotic initiation and progression. Mimicking the age-related elevation of O-GlcNAc in young mice by disabling O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using the chemical inhibitor Thiamet-G can recapitulate the impairment of spermatogenesis in aged mice. Mechanistically, the elevation of O-GlcNAc in the testis leads to meiotic pachytene arrest due to defects in synapsis and recombination. Furthermore, decreasing O-GlcNAc in aged testes using an O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor can partially rescue the age-related impairment of spermatogenesis. Our results highlight that O-GlcNAc, as a novel posttranslational modification, participates in meiotic progression and drives the impairment of spermatogenesis during aging.

Protein palmitoylation-mediated palmitic acid sensing causes blood-testis barrier damage via inducing ER stress.

Blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage promotes spermatogenesis dysfunction, which is a critical cause of male infertility. Dyslipidemia has been correlated with male infertility, but the major hazardous lipid and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we firstly discovered an elevation of palmitic acid (PA) and a decrease of inhibin B in patients with severe dyszoospermia, which leaded us to explore the effects of PA on Sertoli cells. We observed a damage of BTB by PA. PA penetration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its damage to ER structures were exhibited by microimaging and dynamic observation, and consequent ER stress was proved to mediate PA-induced Sertoli cell barrier disruption. Remarkably, we demonstrated a critical role of aberrant protein palmitoylation in PA-induced Sertoli cell barrier dysfunction. An ER protein, Calnexin, was screened out and was demonstrated to participate in this process, and suppression of its palmitoylation showed an ameliorating effect. We also found that ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids down-regulated Calnexin palmitoylation, and alleviated BTB dysfunction. Our results indicate that dysregulated palmitoylation induced by PA plays a pivotal role in BTB disruption and subsequent spermatogenesis dysfunction, suggesting that protein palmitoylation might be therapeutically targetable in male infertility.

SERPINA5 Protein in Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Increases the Fertilisation Ability of Mouse Sperm.

Obtaining high-quality sperm is key to improving the success rate of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Although cytokines secreted by cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) bind to sperm surface receptors to improve sperm quality, the effects of adding mouse COCs to human tubal fluid (HTF) medium on sperm capacitation have not yet been explored. Eight-week-old ICR mouse COCs were added to HTF medium and crushed to obtain the post-modified HTF medium. Compared with using HTF medium, the fertilisation rate and number of sperm combined with the zona pellucida significantly increased after in vitro capacitation using the post-modified HTF medium (P < 0.01). Proteomic and Western blotting analyses showed that the level of SERPINA5 in sperm increased significantly following in vitro capacitation with the post-modified HTF medium (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining analysis demonstrated that SERPINA5 protein was expressed in mouse cumulus cells. A SERPINA5 antibody was added in the post-modified HTF medium to block the effects of SERPINA5 after in vitro capacitation, which significantly decreased the fertilisation rate and the number of sperm combined with the zona pellucida (P < 0.05). Recombinant mouse SERPINA5 protein (1 ~ 2 µg/ml) was added to HTF medium and the fertilisation rate and the number of sperm combined with the zona pellucida significantly increased (P < 0.01). Moreover, recombinant human SERPINA5 protein (5 µg/ml) was added before human semen freezing. Compared with adding no SERPINA5 protein, the percentage of normal sperm morphology and the intact acrosome significantly increased (P < 0.05). Our study provides a reference method for optimising sperm quality in the process of in vitro capacitation.

MYPT1 reduction is a pathogenic factor of erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is closely associated with smooth muscle dysfunction, but its underlying mechanisms remains incompletely understood. We here reported that the reduced expression of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), the main regulatory unit of myosin light chain phosphatase, was critical for the development of vasculogenic ED. Male MYPT1 knockout mice had reduced fertility and the penises displayed impaired erections as evidenced by reduced intracavernous pressure (ICP). The penile smooth muscles of the knockout mice displayed enhanced response to G-Protein Couple Receptor agonism and depolarization contractility and resistant relaxation. We further identified a natural compound lotusine that increased the MYPT1 expression by inhibiting SIAH1/2 E3 ligases-mediated protein degradation. This compound sufficiently restored the ICP and improved histological characters of the penile artery of Mypt1 haploinsufficiency mice. In diabetic ED mice (db/db), the decreased expression of MYPT1 was measured, and ICP was improved by lotusine treatment. We conclude that the reduction of MYPT1 is the major pathogenic factor of vasculogenic ED. The restoration of MYPT1 by lotusine improved the function of injured penile smooth muscles, and could be a novel strategy for ED therapy.

Electroacupuncture Reduces Oocyte Number and Maintains Vascular Barrier Against Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome by Regulating CD200.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a common complication caused by ovulatory stimulation therapy, which manifests as an increase in ovarian volume, an increase in the number of oocytes retrieved, and increased vascular permeability throughout the body and especially in ovarian tissue. In our previous study, we found that electroacupuncture (EA) could prevent the progression of OHSS, by mainly affecting ovary. However, the specific molecules and the mechanism of this process were still unknown. In order to explore the underlying mechanism, OHSS rat model was established and EA treatment was performed, which was followed by proteomic analysis of ovaries. Results showed a significant increase in the expression level of CD200 in the ovaries of OHSS group treated with EA than those of OHSS group. Clinical data showed that the level of CD200 in follicular fluid was negatively correlated with the number of oocytes retrieved and serum E2 level. Further in vitro experiments showed a concentration-dependent role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in reducing CD200 and CD200R levels, and increasing inflammatory cytokine levels in cultured KGN cells. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the vascular barrier function was improved by CM (cultural medium from KGN cell) which treated with CD200Fc (CD200R agonist). Meanwhile, the results of in vivo experiments indicated that EA reduced the number of ovarian corpora lutea, decreased inflammatory response, and improved the vascular barrier function by increasing the expression of CD200 and CD200R in rat ovaries. These findings suggest that EA treatment may reduce oocyte number and maintain vascular barrier against OHSS through ovarian anti-inflammatory response mediated by CD200. Therefore, this study is the first to identify CD200 as a main of EA in the ovary and elucidate the possible mechanism of EA on preventing and treating OHSS, which provide a scientific basis for CD200 as an effector and indicator in EA treatment.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate hydrogen sulfide-induced blood-testis barrier disruption in the testes of adult mice.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous intracellular signal transducer, participates in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, including reproductive conditions, and disrupts spermatogenesis. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) plays a vital role in spermatogenesis. However, the effect of H2S on the BTB and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Herein, we examined the effect of H2S and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on the BTB and testicular functions. ICR male mice were randomly divided into the following groups: control, H2S exposure, and H2S exposure with ω-3 PUFAs intervention. The sperm parameters (sperm concentration and sperm motility) declined in the H2S group and improved in the ω-3 intervention group. BTB integrity was severely disrupted by H2S, and the BTB-related gene levels (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin 11) decreased; ω-3 supplementation could alleviate BTB disruption by upregulating BTB-related genes, and TM4 Sertoli cells had a similar trend in vitro. p38 MAPK phosphorylation was upregulated in the Na2S treatment group and downregulated after ω-3 cotreatment. These findings suggest that H2S can impair the BTB and that ω-3 PUFAs supplementation can attenuate H2S toxicity in the male reproductive system. Our study elucidated the relationship between a gasotransmitter (H2S) and the BTB and identified the potential therapeutic effect of ω-3 PUFAs.