Soil organic carbon is not just for soil scientists: measurement recommendations for diverse practitioners.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) regulates terrestrial ecosystem functioning, provides diverse energy sources for soil microorganisms, governs soil structure, and regulates the availability of organically bound nutrients. Investigators in increasingly diverse disciplines recognize how quantifying SOC attributes can provide insight about ecological states and processes. Today, multiple research networks collect and provide SOC data, and robust, new technologies are available for managing, sharing, and analyzing large data sets. We advocate that the scientific community capitalize on these developments to augment SOC data sets via standardized protocols. We describe why such efforts are important and the breadth of disciplines for which it will be helpful, and outline a tiered approach for standardized sampling of SOC and ancillary variables that ranges from simple to more complex. We target scientists ranging from those with little to no background in soil science to those with more soil-related expertise, and offer examples of the ways in which the resulting data can be organized, shared, and discoverable.

Salivary dysfunction caused by medication usage.

A considerable number of patients arriving in dental offices are being treated with ongoing medication for a variety of chronic diseases. As a result, dentists must be familiar with the potential side effects these therapeutic agents may have on the tissues of the oral cavity, and in particular on the salivary gland. Salivary gland function may be altered by a wide range of medications, leading to effects such as xerostomia, hyposalivation, hypersalivation or even swelling of the glands. These disorders can cause a variety of other health complications. This review will focus on the most common groups of drugs responsible for salivary gland dysfunction, including psychoactive drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and antihistamines.

Strong Coupling of Organic Dyes Located at the Surface of a Dielectric Slab Microcavity.

Strong coupling to the electronic or vibronic transitions of an organic semiconductor has been extensively studied in microcavity structures in which a molecular film is placed between two closely spaced mirrors. Recent experiments suggest that such strong coupling can be used to modify chemical reactions; however, the geometry of conventional microcavity structures makes such studies difficult as they limit the ability of molecules to interact with their local environment. Here, we show that optical strong coupling to a molecular film can be achieved even when such molecules are located on the surface of a dielectric slab. We then show that such molecules on the surface of the slab can undergo facile interactions with molecules in their surrounding environment, and evidence a reversible protonation/deprotonation reaction by exposing a surface-bound porphyrin to an acidic or basic vapor. Although our proof-of-principle measurements do not evidence any change in reaction rates, we believe our structures represent a promising system in which to explore polariton-driven chemical phenomena.

Extreme weather and air pollution effects on cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions in Cyprus.

In many regions of the world, climatic change is associated with increased extreme temperatures, which can have severe effects on mortality and morbidity. In this study, we examine the effect of extreme weather on hospital admissions in Cyprus, for inland and coastal areas, through the use of synoptic weather classifications (air mass types). In addition, the effect of particulate air pollution (PM10) on morbidity is examined. Our results show that two air mass types, namely (a) warm, rainy days with increased levels of water vapour in the atmosphere and (b) cold, cloudy days with increased levels of precipitation, were associated with increased morbidity in the form of hospital admissions. This was true both for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, for all age groups, but particularly for the elderly, aged over 65. Particulate air pollution was also associated with increased morbidity in Cyprus, where the effect was more pronounced for cardiovascular diseases.

Isolation of viruses from outbreaks of suspected tenosynovitis (viral arthritis) in chickens.

Specimens from the legs of chickens from 84 outbreaks of suspected tenosynovitis were examined for the presence of viruses by culture in chick embryo lung or liver cell monolayers. All samples were from broilers or broiler breeders, ranging in age from dead-in-shell embryos to 36 weeks old. Twenty-five outbreaks (29.8 per cent) yielded viruses of which 12 were reoviruses alone, 12 adenoviruses alone, and one, a mixture of both types of virus. Rupture of the gastrocnemius tendon was seen in 12 outbreaks and viruses were isolated from six of these: three were reoviruses and three were adenoviruses. Approximately half the affected flocks from which specimens were received were in the six to 14 week age range. With one exception, all the reovirus isolations were made from chickens of 11 weeks or under, while adenovirus isolations showed more scatter with regard to age.

Distortion of the gizzard in Cyprus pigeons (Columba livia) associated with Hadjelia truncata infestation.

Hadjelia truncata is well recognised as an avian parasite but is rarely reported as pathogenic. This paper describes severe disease in pigeons due to this parasite and is the first to describe the condition in Cyprus. The morphology of the parasite and the associated lesions are described and illustrated and the pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.

Damage and recovery of the bone marrow microenvironment induced by cancer chemotherapy - potential regulatory role of chemokine CXCL12/receptor CXCR4 signalling.

The bone marrow microenvironment houses haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their progeny, supports haematopoiesis, osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis. It plays a key role in maintaining homeostatic production of erythroid, myeloid or lymphoid cells, appropriate bone mass and bone health throughout life. Through cell-cell adhesion and chemotactic axes, a reciprocal inter-dependent relationship exists between these two cell lineages. Following chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression observed in cancer patients, HSCs are induced to enter into the cell cycle in order to re-establish the damaged microenvironment. These cells not only have the capacity to mobilize to the peripheral blood, but the ability to repopulate the marrow cavity as required. However, depending on the dosage and length of chemotherapy treatment, complications in bone and bone marrow recovery occur. This may manifest as marrow haematopoietic depletion, high marrow fat content, reduced bone formation and aggravated osteoclastic bone resorption. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing injured states of the marrow microenvironment are yet to be fully elucidated, many reports have demonstrated the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in regulating the two cell lineages. Their interaction maintains bone marrow homeostasis and orchestrates its regeneration following chemotherapy. This review explores movement of MSC and HSC, haematopoiesis, commitment of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and adipocytes, as well as the major signalling pathways that regulate these cellular processes under chemotherapy-treated conditions. This review also discusses molecular targets that are being used clinically or are currently under investigation for preserving the bone marrow microenvironment during or enhancing recovery after chemotherapy.

Investigations into the cause of foot-and-mouth disease virus seropositive small ruminants in Cyprus during 2007.

In 2007, serological evidence for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infection was found as a result of differential diagnostic testing of Cypriot sheep suspected to be infected with bluetongue or contagious ecthyma. Seropositive sheep and goats were subsequently uncovered on ten geographically clustered flocks, while cattle and pigs in neighbouring herds were all seronegative. These antibodies were specific for serotype-O FMD virus, reacting with both structural and non-structural (NS) FMD viral proteins. However, no FMD virus could be recovered from the seropositive flocks. FMD had not been recorded in Cyprus since 1964 and there has been no vaccination programme since 1984. Since all the seropositive animals were at least 3 years old and home-bred, it was concluded that infection had occurred approximately 3 years previously had passed un-noticed and died out spontaneously. It therefore appears that antibodies to FMD virus NS proteins can still be detected around 3 years after infection of small ruminants, but that virus carriers cannot be detected at this time. This unusual situation of finding evidence of historical infection in a FMD-free country caused considerable disruption and alarm and posed questions about the definition of what constitutes a FMD outbreak.

Experimental infection of chickens with adenoviruses isolated from tenosynovitis.

Two adenoviruses isolated as the only viruses from the hock joints of chickens in outbreaks of tenosynovitis were tested for their ability to cause experimental tenosynovitis in chickens. It was previously shown that they were capable of growth in tendon organ cultures. One strain, designated 92, was used for infection of specific pathogen-free light hybrid chicks either in ovo at 17 days incubation or at 1-day-old orally or via the footpad. It was also used for infection of commercial broiler chicks at 1-day-old via the oral or footpad routes. The other virus, strain PS, was similarly used for infection of broiler chicks via the same routes. In none of the experiments did clinical signs or lesions of tenosynovitis develop other than transient inflammatory changes in the tissues and there was no evidence of prolonged virus persistence in hock joints. Of the tissues examined for virus, persistence was greatest in the gut.

Experimental infection of chickens with an adenovirus isolated from tenosynovitis, following infection with either (1) an arthrotropic reovirus, or (2) infectious bursal disease virus.

In an attempt to show arthrotropic activity for an adenovirus isolated from tenosynovitis in chickens, but which did not cause tenosynovitis on its own, two dual infections were conducted. In the first, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were infected with a tenosynovitis-inducing reovirus at 1-day-old, and the adenovirus was given 3 days later. In both cases viruses were administered orally or via the footpad. The adenovirus did not exacerbate reovirus-induced lesions of tenosynovitis. There was an indication that lesions regressed more rapidly in dually-infected chickens. Neither virus appeared to influence the persistence of the other in joints or the gut. In a second experiment, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was inoculated onto the conjunctiva of 1-day-old SPF chicks and 6 days later they were infected with the adenovirus by either route. No tenosynovitis occurred, although preinfection with IBDV caused a more prolonged shedding of adenovirus, and in a greater proportion of the birds than those infected with adenovirus alone. In neither experiment did the dual infection cause the adenovirus to become pathogenic for the hock joints. It is considered that there is no evidence that adenoviruses are important agents of hock disorders in the chicken.

Reovirus-induced tenosynovitis in chickens the influence of age at infection.

Groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) light hybrid chickens were infected with an arthrotropic reovirus at 1 day old, or at 2, 4, 6 or 9 weeks of age. In each group, approximately 20 were infected orally and 6 via the footpad. For each age group clinical signs of tenosynovitis, gross and microscopic lesions in the legs, virus excretion in the faeces, virus persistence in the joints, and precipitin response to reovirus were observed over a period of 9 weeks post infection (p.i.). For both routes of infection an age-limited susceptibility was shown, the most serious effects, both in numbers of affected birds and severity of gross lesions including tendon rupture, being seen in the youngest group. Gross lesions were rarely seen after oral infection of 6- and 9-week-old chickens. Footpad inoculation of virus had a more severe effect overall, and extended the age susceptibility, mild leg swellings being seen in some birds infected at 6 and 9 weeks of age. After oral infection, higher virus titres in the faeces and a more prolonged persistence in the gut and hock joint were recorded in chicks infected at 1 day old compared with the other age groups. Also, compared with the older groups, a delayed precipitin response was found in those infected at 1 day old. Footpad inoculation provoked earlier virus replication in the gut and a more rapid precipitin response.

The temporal distribution of an arthrotropic reovirus in the leg of the chicken after oral infection.

One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) light hybrid chicks were infected orally with an arthrotropic reovirus strain R2. At 2, 5, 8 and 10 weeks post infection (p.i.) birds were killed and tissues were taken from 7 sites in the leg for virus isolation and titration. Over the 10-week period the highest number of isolations was made from the hypo-tarsal sesamoid bone (89.7% of such specimens), followed in turn by digital flexor tendons (66.7%), articular cartilage at the hock (64.1%), gastrocnemius tendon (61.5%), head of the femur (56.4%), joint swab (30.8%) and synovial membrane at the hock (20.5%). Swabbing of the hock joint, although technically the simplest sampling method, was one of the least successful for virus recovery. Virus isolations from the articular cartilage at the hock gradually increased during the 10 weeks p.i. but decreased in the other tissues. Best correlations between the presence of gross tendon lesions and virus isolation were at 5 and 8 weeks p.i. With one exception, virus could always be recovered from specimens of hock articular cartilage which had gross lesions. For diagnostic purposes it is recommended that specimens from several birds in an infected flock, both with and without gross lesions, should be examined for virus, and the hypotarsal sesamoid bone and hock cartilage would be the tissues of choice.

Organ culture studies on adenoviruses isolated from tenosynovitis in chickens.

Five strains of adenovirus isolated from tenosynovitis in chickens were examined for their ability to grow in vitro in pieces of explanted tendon from 20-day-old chicken embryos from light or heavy breeds. Replicate tendon organ cultures (TOCs) were infected with three concentrations of each strain of virus and supernatant fluids were assayed for virus at intervals after infection up to 11 days. Two strains grew well in TOC, one moderately well, and the other two failed to grow. A strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an agent not associated with tenosynovitis, also failed to grow. TOC from broiler embryos seemed slightly more susceptible to the two actively growing viruses than explants from a light breed. Growth of the adenovirus was demonstrated by immuno-fluorescence staining of sections of TOC but the appearance of stained antigen was dependent on virus titre. One of the strains which showed no activity in TOC grew in tracheal organ cultures (TrOC), as did one which multiplied in tendon, and NDV. In a more prolonged experiment, one of the viruses was found to persist in TOC at high titre for at least 37 days. The likelihood of the in vitro behaviour of these adenoviruses reflecting that occurring in vivo in tendon tissue of infected chickens is discussed.

Some observations on the isolation and cultivation of avian reoviruses.

For the cultivation of avian reoviruses a comparison was made of cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts, lungs, liver, kidney and chicken kidney and fertile eggs inoculated via the yolk sac, chorioallantoic membrane or allantoic cavity. Chick embryo liver was found to be the most sensitive cell culture method and the yolk sac the best inoculation route for eggs. Chicken kidney cells were second to embryonic liver cells, but peak titres of cell-bound and cell-free virus occurred later than in chick embryo liver. Using the plaque technique, minimal adsorption times for reovirus in embryonic liver and chicken kidney cells were found to be 30 and 45 min respectively. Plaques produced by six different strains of reovirus in embryonic liver cells were larger and appeared sooner than in chicken kidney cells.