Characterization of homologous and heterologous adaptive immune responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.

The present study characterized the homologous and heterologous immune response in type-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1, eight pigs were inoculated with PRRSV strain 3262 and 84 days post-inoculation (dpi) they were challenged with either strain 3262 or strain 3267 and followed for the next 14 days (98 dpi). In experiment 2, eight pigs were inoculated with strain 3267 and challenged at 84 dpi as above. Clinical course, viremia, humoral response (neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, NA) and virus-specific IFN-γ responses (ELISPOT) were evaluated all throughout the study. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TGF-ß were determined (ELISA) after the second challenge. In experiment 1 primo-inoculation with strain 3262 induced viremia of ≤ 28 days, low titres of homologous NA but strong IFN-γ responses. In contrast, strain 3267 induced longer viremias (up to 56 days), higher NA titres (≤ 6 log2) and lower IFN-γ responses. Inoculation with 3267 produced higher serum IL-8 levels. After the re-challenge at 84 dpi, pigs in experiment 1 developed mostly a one week viremia regardless of the strain used. In experiment 2, neither the homologous nor the heterologous challenge resulted in detectable viremia although PRRSV was present in tonsils of some animals. Homologous re-inoculation with 3267 produced elevated TGF-ß levels in serum for 7-14 days but this did not occur with the heterologous re-inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation with different PRRSV strains result in different virological and immunological outcomes and in different degrees of homologous and heterologous protection.

Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates.

The present study examined the immunological response of antigen presenting cells (APC) to genotype-I isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by analysing the cytokine profile induced and evaluating the changes taking place upon infection on immunologically relevant cell markers (MHCI, MHCII, CD80/86, CD14, CD16, CD163, CD172a, SWC9). Several types of APC were infected with 39 PRRSV isolates. The results show that different isolates were able to induce different patterns of IL-10 and TNF-α. The four possible phenotypes based on the ability to induce IL-10 and/or TNF-α were observed, although different cell types seemed to have different capabilities. In addition, isolates inducing different cytokine-release profiles on APC could induce different expression of cell markers.

Immunization with DNA vaccines containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus open reading frames 5, 6, and 7 may be related to the exacerbation of clinical disease after an experimental challenge.

Pigs were immunized with DNA plasmids containing different open reading frames (ORFs) of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genotype I strain. One group was injected with three inoculations of ORF7, a second group was immunized with three inoculations of plasmids containing ORF5 and ORF6, and a third group was kept as controls. Later, +21 days after the last inoculation, animals were challenged with the homologous strain. After the challenge, PRRSV-specific interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells and anti-PRRSV IgG antibodies developed faster in DNA vaccinated pigs (p<0.05). However, DNA-immunized pigs showed an exacerbation of the disease compared to the unvaccinated challenged pigs. The data suggest that previous immunization with DNA vaccines against glycoprotein 5 and/or matrix protein of PRRSV, as well as nucleoprotein but to a lesser degree, could result in an exacerbation of the clinical course in terms of fever upon challenge.

Genetic and immunobiological diversities of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome genotype I strains.

Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been based on ORF5/GP5 and ORF7/N protein variations. Complete viral genome studies are limited and focused on a single or a few set of strains. Moreover, there is a general tendency to extrapolate results obtained from a single isolate to the overall PRRSV population. In the present study, six genotype-I isolates of PRRSV were sequenced from ORF1a to ORF7. Phylogenetic comparisons and the variability degree of known linear B-epitopes were done considering other available full-length genotype-I sequences. Cytokine induction of all strains was also evaluated in different cellular systems. Non structural protein 2 (nsp2) was the most variable part of the virus with 2 out of 6 strains harboring a 74 aa deletion. Deletions were also found in ORF3 and ORF4. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates could be grouped differently depending on the ORF examined and the highest similarity with the full genome cluster was found for the nsp9. Interestingly, most of predicted linear B-epitopes in the literature, particularly in nsp2 and GP4 regions, were found deleted or varied in some of our isolates. Moreover, 4 strains, those with deletions in nsp2, induced TNF-α and 3 induced IL-10. These results underline the high genetic diversity of PRRSV mainly in nsp1, nsp2 and ORFs 3 and 4. This variability also affects most of the known linear B-epitopes of the virus. Accordingly, different PRRSV strains might have substantially different immunobiological properties. These data can contribute to the understanding of PRRSV complexity.

In silico prediction and ex vivo evaluation of potential T-cell epitopes in glycoproteins 4 and 5 and nucleocapsid protein of genotype-I (European) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

T-cell epitopes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) glycoproteins 4 (GP4), 5 (GP5) and nucleocapsid (N) were predicted using bioinformatics and later tested by IFN-gamma ELISPOT in pigs immunized with either a modified live vaccine (MLV) or DNA (open reading frames 4, 5 or 7). For MLV-vaccinated pigs, immunodominant epitopes were found in N but T-epitopes were also found in GP4 and GP5. For DNA-immunized pigs, some peptides were differently recognized. Using a large set of PRRSV sequences it was shown that N contains a conserved epitope and that for GP5, the genotype-I counterparts of previously reported epitopes of genotype-II strains were also immunogenic.