Should Patients With Acute Minor Ischemic Stroke With Isolated Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Be Thrombolysed?

BACKGROUND: We recently reported a worrying 30% rate of early neurological deterioration (END) occurring within 24 hours following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in minor stroke with isolated internal carotid artery occlusion (ie, without additional intracranial occlusion), mainly due to artery-to-artery embolism. Here, we hypothesize that in this setting IVT-as compared to no-IVT-may foster END, in particular by favoring artery-to-artery embolism from thrombus fragmentation. METHODS: From a large multicenter retrospective database, we compared minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score <6) isolated internal carotid artery occlusion patients treated within 4.5 hours of symptoms onset with either IVT or antithrombotic therapy between 2006 and 2020 (inclusion date varied among centers). Primary outcome was END within 24 hours (≥4 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale points increase within 24 hours), and secondary outcomes were END within 7 days (END7d) and 3-month modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 1. RESULTS: Overall, 189 patients were included (IVT=95; antithrombotics=94 [antiplatelets, n=58, anticoagulants, n=36]) from 34 centers. END within 24 hours and END7d occurred in 46 (24%) and 60 (32%) patients, respectively. Baseline clinical and radiological variables were similar between the 2 groups, except significantly higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (median 3 versus 2) and shorter onset-to-imaging (124 versus 149min) in the IVT group. END within 24 hours was more frequent following IVT (33% versus 16%, adjusted hazard ratio, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.07-3.92]; P=0.03), driven by higher odds of artery-to-artery embolism (20% versus 9%, P=0.09). However, END7d and 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1 did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (END7d: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 0.75-2.23]; P=0.37; modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1: adjusted odds ratio, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.6-2.2]; P=0.71). END7d occurred earlier in the IVT group: median imaging-to-END 2.6 hours (interquartile range, 1.9-10.1) versus 20.4 hours (interquartile range, 7.8-34.4), respectively, P<0.01. CONCLUSIONS: In our population of minor strokes with iICAO, although END rate at 7 days and 3-month outcome were similar between the 2 groups, END-particularly END due to artery-to-artery embolism-occurred earlier following IVT. Prospective studies are warranted to further clarify the benefit/risk profile of IVT in this population.

Bridging Therapy or IV Thrombolysis in Minor Stroke with Large Vessel Occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: Whether bridging therapy (intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] followed by endovascular treatment) is superior to IVT alone in minor stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. METHODS: Multicentric retrospective observational study including, in intention-to-treat, consecutive IVT-treated minor strokes (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤ 5) with LVO, with or without additional mechanical thrombectomy. Propensity-score (inverse probability of treatment weighting) was used to reduce baseline between-groups differences. The primary outcome was excellent outcome, that is, modified Rankin score 0 to 1 at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 598 patients were included (214 and 384 in the bridging therapy and IVT groups, respectively). Following propensity-score weighting, the distribution of baseline clinical and radiological variables was similar across the two patient groups. Compared with IVT alone, bridging therapy was not associated with excellent outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.24; p = 0.76), but was associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.77-5.11; p < 0.0001). Occlusion site was a strong modifier of the effect of bridging therapy on outcome (pinteraction < 0.0001), with bridging therapy associated with higher odds of excellent outcome in proximal M1 (OR = 3.26; 95% CI = 1.67-6.35; p = 0.0006) and distal M1 (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.01-2.82; p = 0.04) occlusions, but with lower odds of excellent outcome for M2 (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.38-0.75; p = 0.0003) occlusions. Bridging therapy was associated with higher rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in M2 occlusions only (OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 2.20-8.83; p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Although overall outcomes were similar in intended bridging therapy as compared to intended IVT alone in minor strokes with LVO, our results suggest that intended bridging therapy may be beneficial in M1 occlusions, whereas the benefit-risk profile may favor IVT alone in M2 occlusions. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:160-169.

Disruption of a miR-29 binding site leading to COL4A1 upregulation causes pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders. Screening of known cSVD genes identifies the causative mutation in <15% of familial cSVD cases. We sought to identify novel causes of cSVD. METHODS: We used linkage analysis and exome sequencing to identify the causal mutation in a French cSVD family. The identified candidate gene was then screened in 202 cSVD unrelated probands, including 1 proband from the first reported pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy (PADMAL) family. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm variants in all mutated probands and analyze their segregation in probands' relatives. Mutation consequences were assessed with luciferase reporter assays and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: A candidate heterozygous variant located in a predicted miR-29 microRNA binding site, within the 3' untranslated region of COL4A1, was identified in the large French cSVD family. Five additional unrelated probands, including the PADMAL proband, harbored heterozygous variants in this microRNA binding site. Variants cosegregated with the affected phenotype, and cumulative logarithm of odds score reached 6.03, establishing linkage to this locus. A highly significant difference was observed when comparing the number of variants within this binding site in cases and controls (p = 1.77 × 10E-12). RT-qPCR analyses of patients' primary fibroblasts and luciferase reporter assays strongly favor an upregulation of COL4A1 mediated by disruption of miR-29 binding to its target site. Magnetic resonance imaging features were characterized by the presence of multiple pontine infarcts in all symptomatic mutation carriers. INTERPRETATION: Mutations upregulating COL4A1 expression lead to PADMAL, a severe early onset ischemic cSVD, distinct from the various phenotypes associated with COL4A1 missense glycine mutations. Ann Neurol 2016;80:741-753.

Prediction of Early Neurological Deterioration in Individuals With Minor Stroke and Large Vessel Occlusion Intended for Intravenous Thrombolysis Alone.

Importance: The best reperfusion strategy in patients with acute minor stroke and large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. Accurately predicting early neurological deterioration of presumed ischemic origin (ENDi) following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in this population may help to select candidates for immediate transfer for additional thrombectomy. Objective: To develop and validate an easily applicable predictive score of ENDi following IVT in patients with minor stroke and LVO. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicentric retrospective cohort included 729 consecutive patients with minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score of 5 or less) and LVO (basilar artery, internal carotid artery, first [M1] or second [M2] segment of middle cerebral artery) intended for IVT alone in 45 French stroke centers, ie, including those who eventually received rescue thrombectomy because of ENDi. For external validation, another cohort of 347 patients with similar inclusion criteria was collected from 9 additional centers. Data were collected from January 2018 to September 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: ENDi, defined as 4 or more points' deterioration on NIHSS score within the first 24 hours without parenchymal hemorrhage on follow-up imaging or another identified cause. Results: Of the 729 patients in the derivation cohort, 335 (46.0%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 70 (15) years; of the 347 patients in the validation cohort, 190 (54.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 69 (15) years. In the derivation cohort, the median (interquartile range) NIHSS score was 3 (1-4), and the occlusion site was the internal carotid artery in 97 patients (13.3%), M1 in 207 (28.4%), M2 in 395 (54.2%), and basilar artery in 30 (4.1%). ENDi occurred in 88 patients (12.1%; 95% CI, 9.7-14.4) and was strongly associated with poorer 3-month outcomes, even in patients who underwent rescue thrombectomy. In multivariable analysis, a more proximal occlusion site and a longer thrombus were independently associated with ENDi. A 4-point score derived from these variables-1 point for thrombus length and 3 points for occlusion site-showed good discriminative power for ENDi (C statistic = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70-0.82) and was successfully validated in the validation cohort (ENDi rate, 11.0% [38 of 347]; C statistic = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86). In both cohorts, ENDi probability was approximately 3%, 7%, 20%, and 35% for scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 to 4, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: The substantial ENDi rates observed in these cohorts highlights the current debate regarding whether to directly transfer patients with IVT-treated minor stroke and LVO for additional thrombectomy. Based on the strong associations observed, an easily applicable score for ENDi risk prediction that may assist decision-making was derived and externally validated.