Epidemiology of bloodstream infections after myeloablative and non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) often develop bloodstream infections (BSI). We aimed to describe the etiologies and antibiotic resistance patterns of BSI after allo-HSCT, and, as knowledge about the impact of conditioning regimen is limited, we looked at the incidence, timing, risk factors, and mortality of BSI separately for myeloablative (MA)- and non-myeloablative (NMA)-conditioned patients. METHODS: All 460 patients (207 MA- and 253 NMA-conditioned) who underwent their first allo-HSCT at our center from 2008 to 2013 were included in a historical cohort. BSI were registered from initiation of conditioning to day 360 after transplantation. RESULTS: BSI occurred in 34% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28%, 41%) of MA-conditioned patients and in 17% (95% CI: 12%, 22%) of NMA-conditioned patients. Of all isolates, 68% were gram-positive bacteria (GPB), 23% gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and 9% fungi. The GPB/GNB ratio declined from 2008 to 2014 (P for trend <.01). Of all GNB, 47% were multidrug resistant (MDR), but the proportion declined over the study period. In a multivariate Cox regression model, only acute graft-versus-host disease was associated with a higher hazard of first BSI (hazard ratio 2.50, 95% CI: 1.48, 4.21). Overall 30-day survival after a BSI was higher for MA-conditioned patients than for NMA-conditioned patients (89% vs 74%, P=.04). CONCLUSION: MA-conditioned patients experience BSI more often than NMA-conditioned patients in the year after allo-HSCT. While BSI are increasingly caused by GNB, the rate of MDR GNB is declining.

Trends in Incidences and Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Liver Events in HIV and Hepatitis C Virus-coinfected Individuals From 2001 to 2014: A Multicohort Study.

BACKGROUND: While liver-related deaths in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected individuals have declined over the last decade, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may have increased. We describe the epidemiology of HCC and other liver events in a multicohort collaboration of HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. METHODS: We studied HCV antibody-positive adults with HIV in the EuroSIDA study, the Southern Alberta Clinic Cohort, the Canadian Co-infection Cohort, and the Swiss HIV Cohort study from 2001 to 2014. We calculated the incidence of HCC and other liver events (defined as liver-related deaths or decompensations, excluding HCC) and used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios. RESULTS: Our study comprised 7229 HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals (68% male, 90% white). During follow-up, 72 cases of HCC and 375 other liver events occurred, yielding incidence rates of 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3, 2.0) and 8.6 (95% CI, 7.8, 9.5) cases per 1000 person-years of follow-up, respectively. The rate of HCC increased 11% per calendar year (95% CI, 4%, 19%) and decreased 4% for other liver events (95% CI, 2%, 7%), but only the latter remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Older age, cirrhosis, and low current CD4 cell count were associated with a higher incidence of both HCC and other liver events. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals, the crude incidence of HCC increased from 2001 to 2014, while other liver events declined. Individuals with cirrhosis or low current CD4 cell count are at highest risk of developing HCC or other liver events.