Role of Filamin C in Muscle Cells.

Filamin C (FLNC) is a member of a high-molecular weight protein family, which bind actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of various cells. In human genome FLNC is encoded by the FLNC gene located on chromosome 7 and is expressed predominantly in striated skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Filamin C is involved in organization and stabilization of thin actin filaments three-dimensional network in sarcomeres, and is supposed to play a role of mechanosensor transferring mechanical signals to different protein targets. Under mechanical stress FLNC can undergo unfolding that increases the risk of its aggregation. FLNC molecules with an impaired native structure could be eliminated by the BAG3-mediated chaperone-assisted selective autophagy. Mutations in the FLNC gene could be accompanied by the changes in FLNC interaction with its protein partners and could lead to formation of aggregates, which overload the autophagy and proteasome protein degradation systems, thus facilitating development of various pathological processes. Molecular mechanisms of the FLNC-associated congenital disorders, called filaminopathies, remain poorly understood. This review is devoted to analysis of the structure and mechanisms of filamin C function in muscle and heart cells in normal state and in the FLNC-associated pathologies. The presented data summarize the results of research at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels and allow us to outline promising ways for further investigation of pathogenetic mechanisms in filaminopathies.

PAPP-A-Specific IGFBP-4 Proteolysis in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

The insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II-as well as their binding proteins (IGFBPs), which regulate their bioavailability-are involved in many pathological and physiological processes in cardiac tissue. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is a metalloprotease that preferentially cleaves IGFBP-4, releasing IGF and activating its biological activity. Previous studies have shown that PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemia, heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. However, it remains unclear whether PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis participates in human normal cardiomyocytes. Here, we report PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis occurring in human cardiomyocytes derived from two independent induced pluripotent cell lines (hiPSC-CMs), detected both on the cell surface and in the cell secretome. PAPP-A was measured by fluoroimmune analysis (FIA) in a conditioned medium of hiPSC-CMs and was detected in concentrations of up to 4.3 ± 1.33 ng/mL and 3.8 ± 1.1 ng/mL. The level of PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis was determined as the concentration of NT-IGFBP-4 proteolytic fragments using FIA for a proteolytic neo-epitope-specific assay. We showed that PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis is IGF-dependent and inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. Therefore, it may be concluded that PAPP-A-specific IGFBP-4 proteolysis functions in human normal cardiomyocytes, and hiPSC-CMs contain membrane-bound and secreted forms of proteolytically active PAPP-A.

Internalization of transferrin-tagged Myxococcus xanthus encapsulins into mesenchymal stem cells.

Currently, various functionalized nanocarrier systems are extensively studied for targeted delivery of drugs, peptides, and nucleic acids. Joining the approaches of genetic and chemical engineering may produce novel carriers for precise targeting different cellular proteins, which is important for both therapy and diagnosis of various pathologies. Here we present the novel nanocontainers based on vectorized genetically encoded Myxococcus xanthus (Mx) encapsulin, confining a fluorescent photoactivatable mCherry (PAmCherry) protein. The shells of such encapsulins were modified using chemical conjugation of human transferrin (Tf) prelabeled with a fluorescein-6 (FAM) maleimide acting as a vector. We demonstrate that the vectorized encapsulin specifically binds to transferrin receptors (TfRs) on the membranes of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) followed by internalization into cells. Two spectrally separated fluorescent signals from Tf-FAM and PAmCherry are clearly distinguishable and co-localized. It is shown that Tf-tagged Mx encapsulins are internalized by MSCs much more efficiently than by fibroblasts. It has been also found that unlabeled Tf effectively competes with the conjugated Mx-Tf-FAM formulations. That indicates the conjugate internalization into cells by Tf-TfR endocytosis pathway. The developed nanoplatform can be used as an alternative to conventional nanocarriers for targeted delivery of, e.g., genetic material to MSCs.

Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line MNDINSi001-A from a patient with neonatal diabetes caused by a heterozygous INS mutation.

Insulin gene (INS) mutations prove to be the second most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Here, we report the generation of iPSC line from a patient, heterozygous for the intronic INS mutation that presumably leads to aberrant splicing. Dermal fibroblasts were reprogrammed using non-integrating RNA-based vector. Derivation and expansion of iPSCs were performed under feeder-free culture conditions. The iPSC line expressed pluripotency markers, had normal karyotype, could differentiate into three germ layers in vitro and retained the disease mutation. This line can be a powerful tool for modeling of diabetes and cell replacement therapy as well.