Adrenal cysts of lymphatic origin: A clinical and pathological study of six cases and systematic literature review.

Adrenal cysts are rare, benign, and usually asymptomatic, being detected as an incidental finding on imaging methods. Adrenal Cysts of Lymphatic Origin (ACLO) and Adrenal Lymphangiomas (AL) are types of endothelial cyst and are the most prevalent subtype in this series. This study aims to present a single institutional experience of these rare cysts and compare their features with those found in the review of existing literature on ACLO and AL. Overall, thirteen cases of adrenal cysts were diagnosed and surgically excised during the study period, onto which we performed immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies (CD31, CD34, Pan Cytokeratin AE-1/AE-3, Factor VII, D2-40, and ERG). Four cases of ACLO and two AL were found. The lesions predominantly affected right adrenal, and the majority of patients were middle-age females, of Caucasian ethnicity, and asymptomatic. In our literature review, we found 108 cases of ACLO/AL from 57 articles with similar sex and age distribution. The diagnosis and subclassification of adrenal cysts are challenging, and there is a significant overlapping between the definition of ACLO and AL.

Histoplasmosis in a fingolimod-treated patient: case report and scoping review.

Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator used to treat multiple sclerosis. While fingolimod has been associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal meningitis, its correlation with other deep mycoses remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a scoping review of fingolimod associated with histoplasmosis, based on a case report, a literature review, and data from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) as of January 24th, 2023. A 30-year-old Brazilian woman diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, receiving a daily dose of 0.5 mg of fingolimod, presented with a two-month history of fever and unintended weight loss, accompanied by lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and lung involvement was investigated. Biopsy of a lung nodule revealed fungal structures suggestive of Histoplasma sp. Additionally, serological testing yielded positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndromes in patients undergoing fingolimod therapy for multiple sclerosis, particularly in the Americas, where this mycosis is endemic. Treatment with itraconazole and modification of immunotherapy can achieve excellent clinical outcomes.

Underlying IPEX syndrome in a patient with idiopathic juvenile arthritis and vitiligo.

BACKGROUND: IPEX syndrome is an X-linked inborn error of immunity clinically characterized by the triad of: enteropathy, polyendocrinopathy and eczema. However many other clinical presentations lacking the triad above described have been reported what underpin the need of careful clinical suspicion, immunological evaluation and genetic sequencing. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we report a case of a Brazilian boy with severe eczema as the first and only presentation requiring cyclosporin therapy. Progressive and cumulative symptoms of arthritis and enteropathy lead to the suspicion of an inborn error of immunity. Peripheral FOXP3 expression was normal (CD127-/CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+-396 cells-63%) and a pathogenic mutation in FOXP3 gene (c.1150G>A; p.Ala384Thr), confirmed the diagnosis of IPEX syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: IPEX syndrome should be suspected in patients presenting with severe eczema associated or not with other autoimmune/hyper inflammatory diseases in life. Our study also reinforces that FOXP3 expression by flowcytometry seems not to be a good screening method, and genetic sequencing is mandatory even in those with high suspicion and normal peripheral FOXP3 expression.

Histoplasmosis in a fingolimod-treated patient: case report and scoping review

ABSTRACT Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator used to treat multiple sclerosis. While fingolimod has been associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal meningitis, its correlation with other deep mycoses remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a scoping review of fingolimod associated with histoplasmosis, based on a case report, a literature review, and data from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) as of January 24th, 2023. A 30-year-old Brazilian woman diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, receiving a daily dose of 0.5 mg of fingolimod, presented with a two-month history of fever and unintended weight loss, accompanied by lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and lung involvement was investigated. Biopsy of a lung nodule revealed fungal structures suggestive of Histoplasma sp. Additionally, serological testing yielded positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndromes in patients undergoing fingolimod therapy for multiple sclerosis, particularly in the Americas, where this mycosis is endemic. Treatment with itraconazole and modification of immunotherapy can achieve excellent clinical outcomes.