[Chromosomal localization of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase fast-migrating isoenzyme Aadh1F (CAD1-F) gene in Triticum aestivum L. bread wheat].

Differences in isoenzyme pattern of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, NADP-AADH or CAD, were found in the Triticum aestivum L. winter bread wheat cultivars by the method of electrophoresis in the starch gel. A standard three-component spectrum is present in the cv. Zitnica (former Yugoslavia); additional fact-migrating isoenzymes appear in the cv. Novosibirskaya 9 (Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia). The presence of fast-migrating CAD isoenzymes is designated as FF phenotype; their absence, as 00 phenotype. Hybridological analysis was carried out; the excess of "null" genotypes was found in F2 progenies. Hybridization with nulli-tetrasomic lines of the chromosomes of the fifth homeologous group was conducted for the gene localization. The segregation analysis demonstrated the most probable localization of the CAD1-F gene in the chromosome 5A. The plants with FF and 00 genotypes differed in a number of chemical and anatomical traits, as well as in grain productivity. The results obtained are discussed in connection with the function of this enzyme in the wheat plant tissues.

[Inheritance and phenotype expression of functional and null alleles of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in diploid wheats].

Functional F and null 0 alleles of the CAD1 (Aadh1) gene, which controls the biosynthesis of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, were studied in hybrids of the diploid wheat T. monococcum L. and Triticum sinskajae A.Filat. et Kurk. The gene CAD1 is located in chromosome 5A and is linked with the awnless gene awnS (La) with a recombination frequency of about 32%. Plants with genotypes FF, F0, and 00 were significantly different in the height and mechanical strength of the stalk (culm). The elastic limit of the culm tissues of plants FF was considerably higher than in 00 plants. F0 heterozygotes had intermediate values. The thickness of the wall of the sclerenchyma was thinner in plants with genotype 00. The chemical structure of lignin of plants with the functional CAD allele contained units of a phloroglucinol series missing in the mutant plants. The CAD genotypes had no effect on the relative content of cellulose and lignin in stalks ofdiploid wheat and insignificantly influenced the ratio of H :G : S units in the lignin structure, as well as some components of extractives.

[The influence of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the behavior in old non-human primates].

At present time there is a lack of satisfactory understanding of how DHEA affects cognition and nervous system function. Aim of the present study to evaluate effects of long-term DH EA administration of physiological doses on the Higher Brain Activity (HBA) in rhesus macaques (RM) at the limits of their biological age. The study included 9 male RM aged 24-30 years. Five of them were given im injections of DHEA (1 mg/kg each two days for 3 months). 4 control monkeys were administered the vehicle alone. Cortisol, testosterone, and free thyroxin were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. HBA was studied by classical motor-food conditioning (to estimate long-term memory) and by determining delayed response time (a measure of short-term memory). RM had to respond to a positive signal (1000 Hz) and no bar-pressing was required in response to a negative signal (400 Hz). MR were free to move in the cage during the experiment. Their behavior was tested before, within 1, 2, 3 months of DHEA administration and 3 months after its termination. The HBA increased of all 5 RM within 1, 2, and 3 month after the beginning of DHEA administration. Both long- and short-term memory stably improved while response time decreased from 5 to 1-1.5 s. The behavior of RM changed radically from passive one to enhanced motor activity and food motivation. These effects of DHEA persisted as long as 3 months after DHEA treatment. During DHEA treatment the steady tendency to rising in a blood concentrations of a free thyroxine, testosterone and DHEA was observed. DHEA administration caused a rise in testosterone, free thyroxin levels and DHEAS levels. In three months after DHEA treatment the hairs lost in the old monkeys was restored and this effect remained within one years of observation. Conclusion. Administration of physiological doses of DHEA to old RM induced a stable increase of Higher Brain Activity with harmonization of excitation and inhibition processes; radically enhanced motor and food activity; completely restored body hairiness which already remained within one year.

Multivariate analysis of long-term climate data in connection with yield, earliness and the problem of global warming.

Climate change is the key challenge to agriculture in the XXI century. Future agricultural techniques in the Russian Federation should involve the optimization of land utilization. This optimization should apply algorithms for smart farming and take into consideration possible climate variations. Due to timely risk assessment, this approach would increase profitability and production sustainability of agricultural products without extra expenditures. Also, we should ground farming optimization not on available empirical data encompassing limited time intervals (month, year) or human personal evaluations but on the integral analysis of long-term information bodies using artificial intelligence. This article presents the results of a multivariate analysis of meteorological extremes which caused crop failures in Eastern and Western Europe in last 2600 years according to chronicle data and paleoreconstructions as well as reconstructions of heliophysical data for the last 9000 years. This information leads us to the conclusion that the current global warming will last for some time. However, subsequent climate changes may go in any direction. And cooling is more likely than warming; thus, we should be prepared to any scenario. Plant breeding can play a key role in solving food security problems connected with climate changes. Possible measures to adapt plant industry to the ongoing and expected climate changes are discussed. It is concluded that future breeding should be based on the use of highly adapted crops that have already been produced in pre-breeding programs, ready to meet future challenges caused by potential climate change.

[125th birth anniversary of the outstanding botanist Peter Mikhailovich Zhukovsky].

Peter Mikhailovich Zhykovsky--botanist, monograph of the genus Aegilops, closest associate of N.N. Vavilov, Director of the All-Union Institute of Plant Industry, Academic Secretary of the Department of Agriculture of VASKhNIL, and the first Editor-in-Chief of the Genetika journal. He postulated a theory on host-parasite coevolution at their common place of origin, and put forward the concept on Megagene centers of origin of cultivated plants and their endemic Microgene centers. He discovered and described the new wheat species Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. This species is unique with respect to its immunity to diseases and pests, and is the carrier of the genes for cytoplasmic male sterility.

[Neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone and brain function].

For last 30 years it became clear that DHEA and DHEAS are synthesized de novo in brain. Steroids synthesized in brain structures, were received the name "neurosteroids". In the review are submitted data on a biosynthesis and metabolism of DHEA(S) including its metabolism in fatty tissue where it serves as substrate for intracellular formation of its biologically active metabolites--estradiol and testosterone. The role of a sulfatase and sulfotransferase in mutual transformations of DHEA and DHEA-sulfate are analysed. Specific differences in DHEA synthesis in adrenals are surveyed. The adrenals of primates, both human beings and monkeys, produce free DHEA and DHEA-sulphate in large quantity. Their synthesis proceeds on Δ5-pathways: cholesterol-pregnenolone-17-hydroxypregnenolone-DHEA. Adrenals of other animas species, including rats and mice, don't synthesize DHEA. From the authors point of view, process of DHEAS penetration in brain structures include two mechanisms: transformation under steroid sulfatase action DHEAS in DHEA which freely gets through a blood-brain barrier and DHEAS passing through a hypothalamus which isn't protected by a blood-brain barrier. Results of researches on clinical application of DHEA as neurosteroid, with the analysis of its role in a course of Alzheimer's disease, distrurbances of cognitive function and other disorders of a CBS are presented also. The main neurobiological effects of DHEA(S) on brain structures which are studied on various models of animals include: neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuronal survival, apoptosis, catecholamine synthesis and secretion. Neurosteroids have also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-glucocorticoid effects.

Allelic diversity of the Vrn genes and the control of growth habit and earliness in wheat.

Wheat is one of three main food crops around the world, which has the largest distribution area due to its adaptation to the different environments. This review considers polymorphisms and allelic variation of the vernalization response genes Vrn controlling the major adaptation traits in wheats (the genus Triticum L.): growth habit (spring vs. winter) and length of vegetative period (earliness). The review summarizes available information on the allelic diversity of the Vrn genes and discusses molecular-level relationships between Vrn polymorphisms and their effect on growth habit (spring vs. winter) and earliness (length vegetative period in spring plants) in di-, tetra- and hexaploid wheat species. A unique attempt has been made to relate information on mutations (polymorphisms) in dominant Vrn alleles to the values of the commercially most important trait "length of plant vegetative period (earliness)". The effects of mutations (polymorphisms) in the recessive vrn genes on vernalization requirement in winter wheats are considered, and this trait was formalized. The evolution of the winter/spring growth habit in the genus Triticum species is discussed. A scheme of phylogenetic interactions between Vrn alleles was constructed on the basis of these polymorphisms; the paper considers the possibilities to enhance the diversity of polymorphisms for the dominant Vrn genes and their alleles using wheat related species and rarely used alleles and discusses the prospects of breeding for improved earliness for concrete agroecological zones.

[Significance and role of hormone detection methods in the development of endocrinology as a biological discipline].

This review covers the development of technology and methods of hormone detection in the human biological environment: from radioimmunological technique to various immune-enzyme methods. Modem ultrasensitive methods of immuneanalysis, which function on the principle of luminescent or fluorescent signal detection, are described in the article. In the recent years physiochemical ultrasensitive methods of detection using mass-spectrometry in combination with high resolution liquid chromatography are being more acknowledged and in perspective will become the leading technique of biological detection. This article also lists main achievements reached using aforesaid methods of hormone detection both in fundamental and in clinical endocrinology.

Earliness and morphotypes of common wheat cultivars of Western and Eastern Siberia.

The global and local climate changes determine the producing of highly-adaptive common (bread) wheat commercial cultivars of a new generation whose optimal earliness matches the climatic features of the territory where the cultivars are farmed. Principal component analysis involving our own and published data has been applied to investigate 98 commercial common wheat cultivars from Western and Eastern Siberia comparing their morphotypes; cultivar zoning time; length of the vegetation period; 1000-grain weight, and inheritance of spring growth habit. It demonstrated that the dominant Vrn gene polymorphism determining the spring growth habit of the Siberian cultivars was minimally polymorphic. In 75 % of the tested cultivars, the spring growth habit was controlled by digenic, namely dominant Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 genes. In 25 % of them (24 cultivars), spring growth habit is controlled by a single gene. In 19 and 5 of these cultivars spring growth habit is controlled by only one dominant gene, Vrn-B1 or Vrn-A1, respectively. In cv. Tulun 15, a trigenic control was identified. A conclusion about the optimality of the digenic control for the climatic conditions of both Western and Eastern Siberia has been confirmed. However, since none of the tested cultivars had the dominant Vrn-D1 gene typical of the regions of China and Central Asia bordering Siberia, it can be considered as an additional argument in favor of the European origin of Siberian common wheat cultivars. The revealed high frequency of the Vrn-B1c allele in the Western Siberian cultivars and the Vrn-B1a allele in the Eastern Siberian cultivars suggests their selectivity. The analysis also confirmed the dominance of red glume (ferrugineum, milturum) and awned spike (ferrugineum, erythrospermum) varieties in the Eastern Siberian cultivars, and white glume and awnedless spike (lutescens and albidum) ones in the Western Siberian cultivars. Small grain size cultivars are more typical of Eastern than Western Siberia. The retrospective analysis based on the cultivars' zoning time included in the "State Register for Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage" brought us to the conclusion that the earliness/lateness of modern Siberian commercial cultivars was not regionally but rather zonally-associated (taiga, subtaiga, forest-steppe and steppe zones).

[Nebido in the treatment of hypogonadism syndrome and its complications in men].

The article presents original experience with use of undecanoate (nebido, BayerHealthcare Pharmaceuticals, Germany) in androgenic testosteron replacement therapy in males with hypogonadism. Prospective studies of nebido efficacy were made in males with vein-occlusive erectile dysfunction (n = 20), chronic pelvic pain syndrome (n = 77), metabolic syndrome (n = 170). Retrospective studies assessed efficacy of nebido monotherapy in patients with erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism (n = 34), hematological and urological safety of the drug (n = 40). Laboratory monitoring was performed in all the studies according to ISSAM recommendations. The patients were not included in contraindications to androgenic therapy. Nebido treatment significantly improved libido and erectile function, efficacy of phosphodiesterase of type 5 inhibiors used in moderate and severe erectile dysfunction. Depressive, asthenic, pain symptoms declined in males with chronic pelvic pain. Body fat reduced in metabolic syndrome with alleviation of its other components. Insignificant rise of hemoglobin level and packed cell volume was observed in some patients while a PSA level increase was clinically significant in 10% patients who had initial PSA > 2.5 ng/ml and acromegalia. Also, nebido depressed production of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis. Thus, nebido is highly effective in sexual dysfunction and other somatic disorders caused by hypogonadism. Nebido does not induce severe side effects, but clinically significant rise of PSA level requires treatment discontinuation and more careful urological examination. In view of nebido ability to suppress spermatogenesis, the drug should not be used in reproductively active men.

Scientific support to plant breeding and seed production in Siberia in the XXI century.

Agriculture in the Russian Federation is fundamental to the country's economic performance, living standards, the wellbeing of people and state safety. Considerations relating to food security, prospects of and challenges before plant breeding in the Siberian Federal District (SFD), the largest agricultural area of the Russian Federation, are provided in the article. The agricultural area used in the SFD is about 50 million hectares and accounts for 13 % of the country's gross grain production. The need for the introduction of modern molecular biological methods, bioengineering and IT technology is demonstrated and discussed. As Russia as a whole, Siberia is largely engaged in unpromising extensive farming practices, which rely on natural soil fertility, and this factor should be taken into account. Another issue is noncompliance with intensive farming technologies used for cultivating new-generation commercial cultivars. Although capital investments in plant breeding are the most cost effective investments in crop production, breeders' efforts remain underfunded. The article explains the need for fundamental reform in this economic sector: the recognition of plant breeding as being a fundamental science; a fair increase in its funding; the development of a breeding strategy, nationally and regionally; the further expansion of the network of the Breeding Centers; the re-establishment and improvement of the universities' departments specialized in plant breeding and seed production; having more state-funded places in the universities for training plant breeders to be able to maintain and cement the country's advanced position in plant breeding and to develop new globally competitive next-generation cultivars of main crops. Should these issues be ignored, all the problems that have accumulated to date will lead to risks of long-term instability in this economic sector. The need for the careful preservation of continuity in plant breeders and plants being bred is stated. The regulatory functions of the state and agricultural science in plant breeding, plant industry and seed production are considered.

Automatic morphology phenotyping of tetra- and hexaploid wheat spike using computer vision methods.

Intraspecific classification of cultivated plants is necessary for the conservation of biological diversity, study of their origin and their phylogeny. The modern cultivated wheat species originated from three wild diploid ancestors as a result of several rounds of genome doubling and are represented by di-, tetra- and hexaploid species. The identification of wheat ploidy level is one of the main stages of their taxonomy. Such classification is possible based on visual analysis of the wheat spike traits. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexa- and tetraploid wheat species based on the method of high-performance phenotyping. Phenotyping of the quantitative characteristics of the spike of 17 wheat species (595 plants, 3348 images), including eight tetraploids (Triticum aethiopicum, T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. militinae, T. polonicum, T. timopheevii, and T. turgidum) and nine hexaploids (T. compactum, T. aestivum, i:ANK-23 (near-isogenic line of T. aestivum cv. Novosibirskaya 67), T. antiquorum, T. spelta (including cv. Rother Sommer Kolben), T. petropavlovskyi, T. yunnanense, T. macha, T. sphaerococcum, and T. vavilovii), was performed. Wheat spike morphology was described on the basis of nine quantitative traits including shape, size and awns area of the spike. The traits were obtained as a result of image analysis using the WERecognizer program. A cluster analysis of plants according to the characteristics of the spike shape and comparison of their distributions in tetraploid and hexaploid species showed a higher variability of traits in hexaploid species compared to tetraploid ones. At the same time, the species themselves form two clusters in the visual characteristics of the spike. One type is predominantly hexaploid species (with the exception of one tetraploid, T. dicoccoides). The other group includes tetraploid ones (with the exception of three hexaploid ones, T. compactum, T. antiquorum, T. sphaerococcum, and i:ANK-23). Thus, it has been shown that the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexaploid and tetraploid wheat species, obtained on the basis of computer analysis of images, include differences, which are further used to develop methods for plant classifications by ploidy level and their species in an automatic mode.

[The order of the bs, Skdh, and Aadh1 genes in chromosome 5R of rye Secale cereale L].

Segregation analysis was performed in the progenies obtained in analyzing crosses of hybrids of spring and winter accessions of rye Secale cereale L. and wild S. montanum subsp. anatolicum (Grossh.) Tzvel. (syn. S. strictum (J. Presl) J. Presl). The test genes controlled the brittle stem (bs), the allelic variants of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (Aadh 1) and shikimate dehydrogenase (Skdh), and the growth habit (Vrn 1). A linkage was observed in the inheritance of the brittle stem and the aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase alloenzymes. The order of genes was established to be bs-Skdh-Aadh 1, and the genetic distances were estimated to be bs-(9.0%)-Skdh, bs-(10.8%)-Aadh 1, and Skdh-(5.3%)-Aadh 1. The recombination coefficient between the Skdh and Aadh 1 genes varied from 2.2 to 18.2%, averaging 5.3%. The growth habit was inherited independently of the bs-Skdh-Aadh 1 linkage group.

Testosterone and obesity in men under the age of 40 years.

The study assessed anthropometric and laboratory variables, in particular testosterone (T) in a group of obese men of <40 years. Of 60 men with a body mass index (BMI) of >27 kg m(-2), 34 met the criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Twenty men <40 years (with a BMI <25 kg m(-2)) were studied for comparison. It was found that with increasing BMI, levels of serum leptin, triglycerides, insulin, the ratio high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol/low-density liporotein (LDL) cholesterol, the waist circumference (WC), the area of visceral fat and systolic/diastolic blood pressure were higher, whereas insulin sensitivity (HOMA) and serum T were lower. Obesity (BMI 27-30 kg m(-2)) was associated with a decline in plasma T, but not with a decline in plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The latter was the case in more severe obesity (>30 kg m(-2)) qualifying as MS. In patients with MS, 58% variability of T levels could be predicted by combination of independent factors - SHBG, ratio LDL/HDL, insulin and leptin. On the other hand, in men with MS, 80% variance of concentrations of SHBG were predicted by triglycerides, HDL, glucose, leptin and surface of visceral adipose tissue. It is concluded that plasma T is significantly correlated with a number of features of the MS and, therefore, plasma T could serve as a marker of the MS.

[Phylogeny of the A genomes of wild and cultivated wheat species].

Diploid species of the genus Triticum L. are its most ancient representatives and have the A genome, which was more recently inherited by all polyploid species. Studies of the phylogenetic relationships among diploid and polyploid wheat species help to identify the donors of elementary genomes and to examine the species specificity of genomes. In this study, molecular analysis of the variable sequences of three nuclear genes (Acc-1, Pgk-1, and Vrn-1) was performed for wild and cultivated wheat species, including both diploids and polyploids. Based on the sequence variations found in the genes, clear differences were observed among elementary genomes, but almost no polymorphism was detected within each genome in polyploids. At the same time, the regions of the three genes proved to be rather heterogeneous in the diploid species Triticum boeoticum Boiss., T. urartu Thum. ex Gandil., and T. monococcum L., thus representing mixed populations. A genome variant identical to the A genome of polyploid species was observed only in T. urartu. Species-specific molecular markers discriminating the diploid species were not found. Analysis of the inheritance of morphological characters also failed to identify a species-specific character for the three diploid wheat species apart from the hairy leaf blade type, described previously.

[The role of adipokines in the development of obesity].

This review summarizes the most important results of numerous publications in which fat tissue is regarded not only as an accumulator and source of energy but also as a metabolic "machine". Its hormonal mechanisms serve to maintain remote functional links with other organs and systems including CNS. Much attention is given to metabolism of steroid hormones in the fat tissue. Differences in biosynthesis of cytokines and other hormones in visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue are emphasized.

[Obesity and development of metabolic syndrome in androgen-deficient young men].

Results of this study and literature data provide convincing evidence of the association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism. International studies demonstrated beneficial effect of exogenous testosterone on body mass, lipid metabolism, insulin secretion and sensitivity as well as reduction of AP and fat tissue volume, i.e. normalization of major parameters compromised in patients with metabolic syndrome. Also, compensation of decreased endogenous testosterone level by administration of its synthetic analogs may improve reproductive health in men. A significant decrease of testosterone production in young men should be regarded as an additional sign of metabolic syndrome.

Three definitions of metabolic syndrome applied to a sample of young obese men and their relation with plasma testosterone.

This study tested 60 men, aged <40 years, with a BMI 27-35 kg/m(2) to determine whether they had metabolic syndrome. The three definitions used to test this were from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Further, the relationship between a positive definition and plasma testosterone (T) and calculated free T was analysed. Using the above three definitions of metabolic syndrome (MetS), there was a large degree of overlap of identifying obese men as having the syndrome, but there were quantitatively significant differences as well. So, it is relevant in studies to identify which of the present definitions of the syndrome has been used. With aging there is an increasing prevalence of the syndrome and age itself might be a factor in the lower T levels encountered in these men. But low plasma total T and calculated free T were also consistent features of men <40 years with metabolic syndrome, regardless of which definition had been applied. Including low T levels in the definition of metabolic syndrome, may be helpful.

[The angiotensin II inhibition escape phenomenon in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy].

AIM: To study prevalence and clinical implications of paradoxical rise of angiotensin II (AII) level in blood plasma in long-term therapy with ACE inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: General clinical and hormonal (renin, AII, aldosteron, endothelin-1) examinations were conducted in 62 patients (37 males and 25 females) with DM-2 and DN on long-term ACE inhibitors. Escape of AII inhibition was defined as an increase in plasma AII more than 50 pg/ml corresponding to M+1SD in the control group (normotensive persons free of DM matched by age). Diet salt was controlled in all the patients. RESULTS: The patients received ACE inhibitors for 7.8 +/- 2.6 years. Plasma AII level in the control group was 34.5 +/- 16.1 pg/mL. The patients were divided into two groups according to their levels of AII: more than 50 pg/ml (group 1), less than 50 pg/ml (group 2). AII inhibition escape occurred in 24 patients (39%). No significant difference between the groups was registered by age, diabetes history, albuminuria, blood lipids, glycosylated hemoglobin, mean circadian blood pressure, duration of therapy with ACE inhibitors, intake of diuretics and beta-blockers. Patients of group 1 had a significantly higher cardiac interventricular septum thickness (p = 0.02), were more likely to have akinetic segments of the myocardium (p = 0.05), had lower 24-h urinary potassium (p = 0.03), insignificantly higher renal insufficiency. Plasma renin concentration was higher in group 1 (p = 0.004). AII did not correlate with aldosterone levels in both groups. CONCLUSION: A relatively large percentage of type 2 diabetics with DN is due to AII inhibition escape. It may explain the lack of reno- and cardioprotective effect of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade.

[Comparative genetic analysis of diploid naked wheat Triticum sinskajae and the progenitor T. monococcum accession].

The inheritance of several morphological and biochemical traits was studied in diploid (2n = 2x = 14) naked wheat Triticum sinskajae. The electrophoretic pattern of storage proteins (gliadins) of T. sinskajae differed only in two components from the pattern of T. monococcum accession k-20970, in a population of which T. sinskajae had been discovered. Analysis of biochemical polymorphisms revealed a difference between T. monococcum k-20970 and T. sinskajae in a slow 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase region but not in the other eight enzyme systems examined. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nuclear Acc-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) gene revealed a 46-bp deletion from intron 11 in T. monococcum k-20970 but not in T. sinskajae. This difference was not regarded as species-specific in view of the intraspecific polymorphism of the Acc-1 locus in T. monococcum. A monogenic control was demonstrated for the spring growth habit of T. sinskajae, and the monogenic control of the specific T. sinskajae ear shape was verified. The T. sinskajae ear shape is controlled by a recessive gene, while the T. monococcum ear shape is controlled by a dominant gene. The T. sinskajae ear shape, nakedness, soft glume, aristate glume, and the oblique brachium of the outer glume proved to be linked. The set of E. sin-skajae diagnostic characters is determined by a single (possibly, regulatory) gene or a set of closely linked genes. The two other genes specific to T. sinskajae-awnS, determining the awnlessness, and fig, determining the nonfissile inner (flower) glume--are, respectively, 1.35 +/- 0.98 and 3.34 +/- 1.54% of crossing over away from the mom gene, which determines the T. sinskajae ear shape.