Antiretroviral agents effectively block HIV replication after cell-to-cell transfer.

Cell-to-cell transmission of HIV has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to virus escape to the action of antiretrovirals and a mode of HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Here, cocultures of infected HIV-1 cells with primary CD4(+) T cells or lymphoid cells were used to evaluate virus transmission and the effect of known antiretrovirals. Transfer of HIV antigen from infected to uninfected cells was resistant to the reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir, but was blocked by the attachment inhibitor IgGb12. However, quantitative measurement of viral DNA production demonstrated that all anti-HIV agents blocked virus replication with similar potency to cell-free virus infections. Cell-free and cell-associated infections were equally sensitive to inhibition of viral replication when HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in target cells was measured. However, detection of GFP by flow cytometry may incorrectly estimate the efficacy of antiretrovirals in cell-associated virus transmission, due to replication-independent Tat-mediated LTR transactivation as a consequence of cell-to-cell events that did not occur in short-term (48-h) cell-free virus infections. In conclusion, common markers of virus replication may not accurately correlate and measure infectivity or drug efficacy in cell-to-cell virus transmission. When accurately quantified, active drugs blocked proviral DNA and virus replication in cell-to-cell transmission, recapitulating the efficacy of antiretrovirals in cell-free virus infections and in vivo.

[Presence of residues and pollutants in human milk]. / Presencia de residuos y contaminantes en leche humana.

The contamination of human milk by xenobiotics is a common problem worldwide which is affected by the geographical, climate-related, cultural and socioeconomic variations in each individual location. Public health policies have dealt with this situation by means of ongoing monitoring and restrictive legislation in order to reduce the damaging effects on the populations and the environment, objectivatable data however being recorded particularly in the developing countries. Overall and individual aspects of waste and contaminating oganochlorines, organophosphorates, antibiotics, polychlorate biphenyls, dioxins and furans, their content values, toxic effects studies and the maximum limits permitted under international legislation are highlighted.

Synthesis, biological activity, and ADME properties of novel S-DABOs/N-DABOs as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Previous studies aimed at exploring the SAR of C2-functionalized S-DABOs demonstrated that the substituent at this position plays a key role in the inhibition of both wild-type RT and drug-resistant enzymes, particularly the K103N mutant form. The introduction of a cyclopropyl group led us to the discovery of a potent inhibitor with picomolar activity against wild-type RT and nanomolar activity against many key mutant forms such as K103N. Despite its excellent antiviral profile, this compound suffers from a suboptimal ADME profile typical of many S-DABO analogues, but it could, however, represent a promising candidate as an anti-HIV microbicide. In the present work, a new series of S-DABO/N-DABO derivatives were synthesized to obtain additional SAR information on the C2-position and in particular to improve ADME properties while maintaining a good activity profile against HIV-1 RT. In vitro ADME properties (PAMPA permeation, water solubility, and metabolic stability) were also experimentally evaluated for the most interesting compounds to obtain a reliable indication of their plasma levels after oral administration.

Diverse combinatorial design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new HEPT analogues as potential non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcription inhibitors.

New analogues of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activities against HIV-1 in MT-4 cell cultures. Chemical diversity was introduced in 4 of the six positions of the core and the influence of each substituent was studied. This library was built on the basis of a rational diversity analysis with the objective of maximizing diversity and thus, the activity range with a minimum number of synthesized compounds. Among them, 2{1,2,3,1} and 2{1,2,3,4} exhibited the most potent anti-HIV-1 activities (EC(50)=0.015 µg/mL; 0.046 µM, SI >1667) and (EC(50)=0.025 µg/mL; 0.086 µM, SI >1000), respectively, which were about 71-fold and 38-fold more active than the reference compound HEPT (EC(50)=1.01 µg/mL; 3.27 µM, SI >25).

A versatile and practical synthesis toward the development of novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

As a continuation of our previous work, which resulted in the identification of a new hit compound as an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor, three novel series of salicylic acid derivatives were synthesized using three versatile and practical synthetic strategies and were assayed for their capacity to inhibit the catalytic activity of HIV-1 integrase. Biological evaluations revealed that some of the synthesized compounds possess good inhibitory potency in enzymatic assays and are able to inhibit viral replication in MT-4 cells at low micromolar concentrations. Finally, docking studies were conducted to analyze the binding mode of the synthesized compounds within the DNA binding site of integrase in order to refine their structure-activity relationships.

Development and characterisation of a molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by precipitation polymerisation for the determination of phenylurea herbicides.

New materials based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been developed for use as sorbents in solid phase extraction to preconcentrate some urea herbicides. In the preconcentration step, different molecularly imprinted polymers were tested using methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid (TFMAA) as functional monomers, and linuron and isoproturon as templates. The best results were obtained when the polymer was synthesised using MAA with isoproturon as template. Another parameter evaluated was the way in which the polymer was obtained. We observed that the imprinted polymers obtained by precipitation displayed a greater capacity to retain the phenylureas. Studies conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the bulk polymerisation method is far from ideal owing to the random shape and size distribution of the particles obtained, whereas when polymerisation was carried out in precipitation microspheres were obtained. In order to confirm the interaction between the functional monomer and the template, 1H NMR (CD2Cl2) analyses were conducted. The results obtained suggest that the hydrogen and/or nitrogen of the amino group of the template would be involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with the functional monomer. The imprinted polymer obtained by precipitation polymerisation with MAA as functional monomer and isoproturon as template can be applied to preconcentrate phenylureas when the sample is dissolved in toluene. The proposed methodology was employed to evaluate polymer selectivity towards humic acids and towards other herbicides.

Presencia de residuos y contaminantes en leche humana / Waste and pollutants in human milk

La contaminación de la leche humana por xenobióticos es un problema generalizado a nivel mundial, que se ve afectado por las variaciones geográficas, climáticas, culturales y socioeconómicas de cada lugar. Las políticas de salud pública han enfrentado la situación mediante una vigilancia sostenida y legislaciones restrictivas con el objeto de reducir los efectos perjudiciales sobre las poblaciones y el ambiente, sin embargo se registran datos objetivables, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo. En esta revisión se destacan aspectos generales y particulares de los residuos y contaminantes organoclorados, organofosforados, antibióticos, metales pesados, bifenilos policlorados, dioxinas y furanos, valores de sus contenidos, efectos tóxicos estudiados y los límites máximos permitidos por las legislaciones internacionales (AU)