Results from a single arm, single stage phase II trial of trametinib and GSK2141795 in persistent or recurrent cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Improved treatment for advanced cervical cancer is needed; currently, treatment options include combined chemotherapy and bevacizumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy for PD-L1 positive disease. PIK3CA and KRAS mutations have been reported in cervical cancers; this study therefore tested dual inhibition of PI3K and RAS signaling by combining the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the AKT inhibitor GSK2141795 in recurrent cervical cancer. METHODS: This was an investigator-initiated phase II study combining trametinib and GSK2141795 in patients with recurrent cervical cancer. Primary endpoint was best tumor response; secondary endpoints included progression free survival, overall survival, and safety assessment. Translational objectives included characterization of molecular alterations in PI3K and RAS signaling pathway genes. RESULTS: Planned accrual was 35 patients; 14 patients were enrolled and received at least one dose of study drug before the study was terminated due to discontinuation of GSK2141795 development. There were no confirmed responses; 1 patient had an unconfirmed PR, 8 had stable disease, 3 had progression as best response, and 2 were unevaluable. Toxicities were mostly grade 1 and 2, although 57% of patients experienced grade 3/4 adverse events and 50% patients required a dose reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of trametinib and GSK2141795 was feasible but required dose holds and modifications for adverse events; however, anti-cancer activity was minimal, even in patients with PI3K or RAS pathway alterations. Although the study was terminated early after GSK2141795 development was halted, the findings in these 14 patients do not support further development of this combination in cervical cancer.

Time of metastatic disease presentation and volume of disease are prognostic for metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC).

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no universally accepted prognostic classification for patients (pts) with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that pts with low volume (LV), per CHAARTED trial definition, mHSPC, and those who relapse after prior local therapy (PLT) have longer overall survival (OS) compared to high volume (HV) and de-novo (DN), respectively. Using a hospital-based registry, we aimed to assess whether a classification based on time of metastatic disease (PLT vs DN) and disease volume (LV vs HV) are prognostic for mHSPC pts treated with ADT. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with mHSPC treated with ADT between 1990 and 2013 was selected from the prospectively collected Dana-Farber Cancer Institute database and categorized as DN or PLT and HV or LV, at time of ADT start. Primary and secondary endpoints were OS and time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), respectively, which were measured from date of ADT start using Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models using known prognostic factors was used. RESULTS: The analytical cohort consisted of 436 patients. The median OS and time to CRPC for PLT/LV were 92.4 (95%CI: 80.4-127.2) and 25.6 (95%CI: 21-35.7) months and 43.2 (95%CI: 37.2-56.4) and 12.2 (95%CI: 9.8-14.8) months for DN/HV, respectively, whereas intermediate values were observed for PLT/HV and DN/LV. A robust gradient for both outcomes was observed (Trend test P < 0.0001) in the four groups. In a multivariable analysis, DN presentation, HV, and cancer-related pain were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: In our hospital-based registry, time of metastatic presentation and disease volume were prognostic for mHSPC pts treated with ADT. This simple prognostic classification system can aid patient counseling and future trial design.

A dose finding clinical trial of cabozantinib (XL184) administered in combination with abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cabozantinib can enhance the effect of abiraterone in preclinical prostate cancer models. This study aimed to define the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and preliminary efficacy of abiraterone + cabozantinib in mCRPC. METHODS: Patients with progressive mCRPC with 0-2 prior chemotherapy regimens but no prior CYP17A1 or MET inhibitor received abiraterone acetate at 1000 mg daily with prednisone 5 mg BID in combination with cabozantinib at 20, 40, or 60 mg daily in a dose-escalation 3 + 3 open-label phase 1 design (Part A). After tolerable doses were defined, cohorts were expanded to better define toxicity and efficacy (Part B). RESULTS: There were no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in the first 4 weeks at any of the three dose levels in Part A. Two of the three patients at the 60 mg dose level required dose reductions beyond cycle 2 due to fatigue. In Part B, nine more patients were accrued to each of the 20 and 40 mg doses. Of the 12 patients treated at the 40 mg dose, only one DLT (grade 3 Lipase elevation) was observed in cycle 1. The median time to radiographic progression was 12.88 months (95% CI:5.42- not estimated [NE]) in the 20 mg cohort and 22.01 months (95% CI:15.44-NE) in the 40 mg cohort. Median overall survival was 23.29 months (95% CI:19.06-NE) in the 20 mg cohort and 39.08 months (95% CI:17.38-NE) in the 40 mg cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Based on tolerability and preliminary efficacy, 40 mg cabozantinib plus 1000 mg abiraterone daily is the RP2D.

Mutational analysis of triple-negative breast cancers within the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) Trial 22-00.

PURPOSE: We investigated the occurrence and the prognostic and predictive relationship of a selected number of somatic mutations in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients having known clinical outcomes treated within the IBCSG Trial 22-00. METHODS: A matched case-control sampling selected patients enrolled in the IBCSG Trial 22-00 who had TNBC tumors, based on local assessment. Cases had invasive breast cancer recurrence (at local, regional, or distant site) according to the protocol definition. Matched controls had not recurred. Mutational analysis was performed with OncoCarta panel v1.0 using Mass Array System. The panel includes 19 genes belonging to different functional pathways as PI3K pathway, receptor tyrosine kinase, and cell cycle-metabolic group. Conditional logistic regression assessed the association of mutation status with breast cancer recurrence. RESULTS: Mutation assessment was successful for 135 patients (49 cases, 86 controls). A total of 37 (27.4%) of the 135 patients had at least one mutation in the selected genes. PIK3CA was the most common mutated gene (18/135; 13.3%), followed by BRAF, KIT and PDGFRA (each 4/135, 3.0%) and AKT1 (3/135; 2.2%). TNBC patients with at least one mutation had increased odds of recurrence compared with those with wild-type tumors (odds ratio (OR) 2.28; 95% CI 0.88-5.92), though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). We found no evidence that these mutations were predictive for the value of maintenance metronomic chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in the tested oncogenes were not associated with breast cancer recurrence in this TNBC subset of patients. The question of whether any of these mutated genes (e.g., PIK3CA) may represent a useful therapeutic target in TNBC may be answered by ongoing clinical trials and/or larger dataset analysis.

Impact of CYP19A1 and ESR1 variants on early-onset side effects during combined endocrine therapy in the TEXT trial.

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and cytochrome P450 19A1 (CYP19A1) genes have been associated with breast cancer risk, endocrine therapy response and side effects, mainly in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. This analysis aimed to assess the association of selected germline CYP19A1 and ESR1 SNPs with early-onset hot flashes, sweating and musculoskeletal symptoms in premenopausal patients enrolled in the Tamoxifen and Exemestane Trial (TEXT). METHODS: Blood was collected from consenting premenopausal women with hormone-responsive early breast cancer, randomly assigned to 5-years of tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression (OFS) or exemestane plus OFS. DNA was extracted with QIAamp kits and genotyped for two CYP19A1 (rs4646 and rs10046) and three ESR1 (rs2077647, rs2234693 and rs9340799) SNPs by a real-time pyrosequencing technique. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded at baseline and 3-monthly during the first year. Associations of the genotype variants with grade ≥2 early-onset targeted AEs of hot flashes/sweating or musculoskeletal events were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were 2660 premenopausal patients with breast cancer in the intention-to-treat population of TEXT, and 1967 (74 %) are included in this translational study. The CYP19A1 rs10046 variant T/T, represented in 23 % of women, was associated with a reduced incidence of grade ≥2 hot flashes/sweating (univariate odds ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95 % CI 0.63-0.97; P = 0.03), more strongly in patients assigned exemestane + OFS (TT vs CT/CC: OR = 0.65, 95 % CI = 0.48-0.89) than assigned tamoxifen + OFS (OR = 0.94, 95 % CI = 0.69-1.27, interaction P = 0.03). No association with any of the CYP19A1/ESR1 genotypes and musculoskeletal AEs was found. CONCLUSION: The CYP19A1 rs10046 variant T/T favors lower incidence of hot flashes/sweating under exemestane + OFS treatment, suggesting endocrine-mediated effects. Based on findings from others, this SNP may potentially enhance treatment adherence and treatment efficacy. We plan to evaluate the clinical impact of this polymorphism during time, pending sufficient median follow up. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00066703, registered August 6, 2003.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a powerful prognostic marker in patients with triple-negative breast cancer enrolled in the IBCSG phase III randomized clinical trial 22-00.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cohort of the phase III IBCSG trial 22-00, comparing low-dose oral 'metronomic' cyclophosphamide-methotrexate maintenance chemotherapy (CM-maintenance) to no-CM-maintenance in early breast cancer. TILs were evaluated in full-face hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections of tumor samples confirmed centrally as TNBC (< 1 % of ER and PgR immunoreactivity and absence of HER2 overexpression or amplification). Mononuclear cells were evaluated in the stromal area within the borders of the invasive tumor. The primary endpoint was breast cancer-free interval (BCFI). Cox proportional hazards regression model assessed the association of BCFI and secondary endpoints with TILs score. In the 647 tumor samples, the median percentage of TILs was 18 % (IQR = 8-40 %), with 18 % having TILs ≥ 50 % (lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer, LPBC). At a median follow-up of 6.9 years, TILs were associated with better prognosis. For every 10 % increase of TILs, BCFI risk reduction was 13 % (HR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.79-0.95,P = 0.003). DFS, DRFI, and OS risk reductions were 11 % (P = 0.005), 16 % (P = 0.003), and 17 % (P < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value of TILs. No significant TILs-by-treatment interaction was observed (P = 0.39) for associations of TILs with BCFI, although patients with LPBC receiving CM-maintenance had a greater breast cancer risk reduction (HR 0.64,95 % CI 0.23-1.78) than those with non-LPBC (TILs < 50 %) (HR 0.96, 95 % CI 0.67-1.40). TILs score is a potent prognostic factor in patients with TNBC. Low-dose chemotherapy confers a greater (not statistically significant) clinical benefit in patients with LPBC.

Risk of prostate cancer-specific death in men with baseline metabolic aberrations treated with androgen deprivation therapy for biochemical recurrence.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations of host metabolic factors and metabolic syndrome on prostate cancer-specific death (PCSD) and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for biochemically recurrent disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The analysis included 273 patients with prostate cancer treated with ADT for rising prostate-specific antigen level after surgery or radiotherapy. Patients were assessed for the presence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity before commencing ADT, and Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to assess the presence of the composite diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. A competing risks regression model was used to assess associations of time to PCSD with the metabolic conditions, while a multivariable Cox regression model was used to assess associations of OS with metabolic syndrome and metabolic conditions. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 157 patients (58%) died, of whom 58 (21%) died from prostate cancer. At the start of ADT the median (range) patient age was 74 (46-92) years and the median PSA level was 3.0 ng/mL. Metabolic syndrome was observed in 31% of patients; hypertension (68%) and dyslipidaemia (47%) were the most common metabolic conditions. No association of PCSD and metabolic syndrome status was observed. Patients with hypertension tended to have a higher cumulative incidence of PCSD than those without hypertension (sub-distribution hazard ratio [HR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89, 2.84; P = 0.11) although the difference was not statistically significant. Patients with metabolic syndrome had an increased risk of death from all causes (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.07, 2.29; P = 0.02) when compared with patients without metabolic syndrome, as did patients with hypertension (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.18, 2.49; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: No association of PCSD and metabolic syndrome was observed in this cohort of men receiving ADT for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk of death from all causes and a similar effect was also observed for patients with prostate cancer with hypertension alone.

Docetaxel, bevacizumab, and androgen deprivation therapy for biochemical disease recurrence after definitive local therapy for prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with biochemical disease recurrence (BCR) after definitive treatment for prostate cancer comprise a heterogeneous population for whom standard therapy options are lacking. The purpose of the current trial was to evaluate the feasibility, toxicity, and efficacy of early multimodality systemic therapy in men with BCR. METHODS: Eligible patients had an increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, a PSA doubling time ≤10 months, and no evidence of metastases after radical prostatectomy (RP) and/or radiotherapy (RT) for localized disease. Treatment consisted of docetaxel at a dose of 75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for 4 cycles, bevacizumab at a dose of 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks for 8 cycles, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for 18 months. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who were free from PSA progression 1 year after the completion of therapy. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were included in the analysis. At 1 year after the completion of ADT, 45% of patients (13 of 29 patients) and 29% of patients (5 of 17 patients) with a testosterone level ≥100 ng/dL and ≥240 ng/dL, respectively, had a PSA <0.2 ng/mL. The median follow-up was 27.5 months (interquartile range, 21.8-38.1 months). Eight patients (20%) were free from PSA progression, 19 patients (46%) did not reinitiate ADT, and 34 patients (83%) were free from metastasis. Sixteen patients (39%) experienced grade 3 and 5 patients (12%) experienced grade 4 toxicities (toxicity was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 3.0]). CONCLUSIONS: Multimodality systemic therapy with docetaxel, bevacizumab, and ADT is feasible and produces PSA responses in men with BCR. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine the percentage of patients with a durable PSA response who are able to avoid having to reinitiate prostate cancer therapy.

ESR1 and ESR2 polymorphisms in the BIG 1-98 trial comparing adjuvant letrozole versus tamoxifen or their sequence for early breast cancer.

Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and ESR2 gene polymorphisms have been associated with endocrine-mediated physiological mechanisms, and inconsistently with breast cancer risk and outcomes, bone mineral density changes, and hot flushes/night sweats. DNA was isolated and genotyped for six ESR1 and two ESR2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from tumor specimens from 3691 postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer enrolled in the BIG 1-98 trial to receive tamoxifen and/or letrozole for 5 years. Associations with recurrence and adverse events (AEs) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. 3401 samples were successfully genotyped for five SNPs. ESR1 rs9340799(XbaI) (T>C) variants CC or TC were associated with reduced breast cancer risk (HR = 0.82,95% CI = 0.67-1.0), and ESR1 rs2077647 (T>C) variants CC or TC was associated with reduced distant recurrence risk (HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53-0.90), both regardless of the treatments. No differential treatment effects (letrozole vs. tamoxifen) were observed for the association of outcome with any of the SNPs. Letrozole-treated patients with rs2077647 (T>C) variants CC and TC had a reduced risk of bone AE (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58-0.98, P interaction = 0.08), whereas patients with rs4986938 (G>A) genotype variants AA and AG had an increased risk of bone AE (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.01-1.84, P interaction = 0.07). We observed that (1) rare ESR1 homozygous polymorphisms were associated with lower recurrence, and (2) ESR1 and ESR2 SNPs were associated with bone AEs in letrozole-treated patients. Genes that are involved in estrogen signaling and synthesis have the potential to affect both breast cancer recurrence and side effects, suggesting that individual treatment strategies can incorporate not only oncogenic drivers but also SNPs related to estrogen activity.

CYP19A1 polymorphisms and clinical outcomes in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in the BIG 1-98 trial.

To determine whether CYP19A1 polymorphisms are associated with abnormal activity of aromatase and with musculoskeletal and bone side effects of aromatase inhibitors. DNA was isolated from tumor specimens of 4861 postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer enrolled in the BIG 1-98 trial to receive tamoxifen and/or letrozole for 5 years. Tumors were genotyped for six CYP19A1 polymorphisms using PCR-based methods. Associations with breast cancer-free interval (BCFI), distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI), musculoskeletal and bone adverse events (AEs) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two-sided. No association between the CYP19A1 genotypes and BCFI or DRFI was observed overall. A reduced risk of a breast cancer event for tamoxifen-treated patients with rs700518 variants was observed (BCFI CC/TC vs. TT: HR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.34-0.82, interaction P = 0.08), but not observed for letrozole-treated patients. There was an increased risk of musculoskeletal AEs for patients with rs700518 variants CC/TC versus TT (HR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.03-1.45, P = 0.02), regardless of treatment. Tamoxifen-treated patients with rs4646 variants had a reduced risk of bone AEs (AA/CA vs. CC: HR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.59-0.98), whereas an increase of minor allele (C) of rs10046 was associated with an increased risk of bone AEs (HR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.07-1.52). rs936308 variants were associated with a reduced risk of bone AEs in letrozole-treated patients (GG/GC vs. CC: HR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.54-0.99), different from in tamoxifen-treated patients (GG/GC vs. CC: HR 1.32, 95 % CI 0.92-1.90, interaction P = 0.01). CYP19A1 rs700518 variants showed associations with BCFI, DRFI, in tamoxifen treated patients and musculoskeletal AEs regardless of treatment. SNPs rs4646, rs10046, and rs936308 were associated with bone AEs.

Patients with Biopsy Gleason 9 and 10 Prostate Cancer Have Significantly Worse Outcomes Compared to Patients with Gleason 8 Disease.

PURPOSE: We examined differences in outcome in patients with biopsy Gleason score 8 vs 9-10 who received definitive local therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using an institutional database we identified a cohort of 847 patients with biopsy Gleason 8-10 disease who received definitive local therapy with radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy between January 2001 and December 2011. Multivariable Cox modeling was used to assess the association of Gleason score 8 vs 9-10 with time to biochemical recurrence, metastasis and overall survival, and evaluate treatment by Gleason score interaction. Median followup in the cohort was 5.3 years. RESULTS: Baseline patient characteristics were similar for biopsy Gleason 8 vs 9-10. Gleason 9-10 disease was associated with higher prostate specific antigen at diagnosis. As local treatment such patients were also more likely to have received radiation therapy (58% vs 46%, p = 0.001) and neoadjuvant/adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (64% vs 49%, p <0.001). Those with higher grade disease were at increased risk for metastasis (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11-1.79). There was a trend toward an increased risk of death in Gleason 9-10 vs 8 cases (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.98-1.66). The increased risk of death for Gleason 9-10 was mainly observed in patients treated with radical prostatectomy with or without additional radiation therapy (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.15-2.65). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with localized biopsy Gleason 9-10 disease treated with definitive local therapy had worse outcomes than those diagnosed with biopsy Gleason 8 disease. Clinical trials are urgently needed that incorporate newer approaches to Gleason 9-10 cancer.

Elevated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in men with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with shorter time to castration resistance and overall survival.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and adipokines have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. METHOD: Data from 122 men with serum samples drawn within 3 months of starting ADT for metastatic prostate cancer was accessed retrospectively. IGF-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-1, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured by multiplex electrochemiluminescence assays. A multivariable Cox model assessed the association of time to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and overall survival by the protein levels, adjusted for clinical variables, age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at start of ADT, race, ECOG status, extent of metastases and were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Median follow-up and overall survival were 44 and 42.2 months, respectively. ECOG performance status (≥ 1 vs. 0) was negatively associated with overall survival [H = 2.8 (1.1-7.0), P = 0.03], and PSA nadir <0.2 was predictive of longer time to CRPC [HR = 0.3 (0.2-0.5), P < 0.0001]. The median time to CRPC by low, middle, and top IGFBP-1 tertile distribution was 20.7, 18.1, and 12.4 months, respectively, with HR for middle versus low tertile levels 3.1 (1.7-5), P = 0.0003, and for top versus low tertile levels was 2.4 (1.3-4.2), P = 0.003. The median overall survival by low, middle and top tertile IGFBP-1 level was 48.5, 46.4, and 32.8 months, respectively, with HR for top versus low tertile 2.5 (1.2-5.1), P = 0.01. There was no association with IGF-1, adiponectin and leptin. CONCLUSION: Elevated IGFBP-1 appears to be associated with shorter time to CRPC and lower overall survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer.

Elevated IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in men with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) are associated with shorter time to castration-resistance and overall survival.

BACKGROUND: Chemokines and cytokines have been implicated in progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS: Retrospective data were accessed from 122 men with serum samples drawn at a median of 0.5 months after starting ADT for metastatic prostate cancer. MCP-1, IL-1-ß, IL-2, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were measured by multiplex electrochemiluminescence assays. A multivariable Cox model assessed the association of time to CRPC and overall survival by the protein levels and adjusted for clinical variables (age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at start of ADT, race, ECOG status, and extent of metastases). Associations were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Median follow-up and overall survival were 44 and 42.2 months, respectively. ECOG performance status (≥1 vs. 0) was negatively associated with overall survival [HR = 2.8 (1.1-7.0), P = 0.03], and PSA nadir < 0.2 was predictive of longer time to development of CRPC [HR = 0.3 (0.2-0.5), P < 0.0001]. The HR for time to CRPC by protein above the median was 1.4 (95% CI: 0.9, 2.2, P = 0.13) for IL-8; 1.3 (95% CI: 0.8, 2, P = 0.18) for TNF-α; 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.6, P = 0.95) for MCP-1. The HR for median overall survival for protein levels above the median was: 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.5, P = 0.04) for IL-8; 2.0 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.5, P = 0.02) for TNF-α; 1.7 (95% CI: 1.7, 3.0, P = 0.08) for MCP-1. There was no association with IL-1-ß, IL-2, or IL-6. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of inflammation-associated cytokines correlate with poorer prostate cancer outcomes and may guide strategies to improve prostate cancer therapy.

Craniocaudal retroperitoneal node length as a risk factor for relapse from clinical stage I testicular germ cell tumor.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether retroperitoneal craniocaudal nodal length or nodal volume predicts relapse risk in stage I testicular cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 826 testicular cancer patients. Of these 826 patients, 118 had stage I disease and either less than 2 years of surveillance or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection with no adjuvant chemotherapy. These patients formed our analytic cohort, and 3D nodal volumes and craniocaudal nodal length were measured. Association between relapse risk and craniocaudal nodal length and nodal volume was evaluated using univariable or multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for known prognostic factors. RESULTS: Sixty-six (56%) of 118 patients had nonseminomatous germ cell tumor and 52 (44%) had seminomatous germ cell tumor. Craniocaudal nodal length proved to be an independent risk factor in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors using a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for other potential known risk factors of embryonal predominance and lymphovascular invasion. For every 3-mm increase in craniocaudal nodal length, the risk of relapse increased by 52% (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.03-2.25). For patients with seminomas, only primary tumor size was an independent risk factor for relapse (1.34, 1.02-1.75). CONCLUSION: In nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, craniocaudal nodal length was shown to be associated with increased risk of relapse independently of other known risk factors. If validated in an independent cohort, craniocaudal nodal length could provide important additional information to inform management decisions in these patients.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of recurrence of renal-cell carcinoma: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Germline genetic polymorphisms might affect the risk of recurrence in patients with localised renal-cell carcinoma. We investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms and recurrence of renal-cell carcinoma. METHODS: We analysed germline DNA samples extracted from patients with localised renal-cell carcinoma treated at the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (Boston, MA, USA). We selected a discovery cohort from a prospective database at the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center and selected a validation cohort from department records at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA, USA). We validated the findings from the discovery cohort in the validation cohort. We genotyped 70 genes involved in the pathogenesis of renal-cell carcinoma (including the VHL/HIF/VEGF and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, and genes involved in immune regulation and metabolism) for single nucleotide polymorphisms. We assessed the association between genotype and recurrence-free survival, adjusted for baseline characteristics, with the Cox proportional hazards model, the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test. We used a false discovery rate q value to adjust for multiple comparisons. FINDINGS: We included 554 patients (403 in the discovery cohort and 151 in the validation cohort). We successfully genotyped 290 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the discovery cohort, but excluded five because they did not have a variant group for comparison. The polymorphism rs11762213, which causes a synonymous aminoacid change in MET (144G→A, located in exon 2), was associated with recurrence-free survival. Patients with one or two copies of the minor (risk) allele had an increased risk of recurrence or death (hazard ratio [HR] 1·86, 95% CI 1·17-2·95; p=0·0084) in multivariate analysis. Median recurrence-free survival for carriers of the risk allele was 19 months (95% CI 9-not reached) versus 50 months (95% CI 37-75) for patients without the risk allele. In the validation cohort the HR was 2·45 (95% CI 1·01-5·95; p=0·048). INTERPRETATION: Patients with localised renal-cell carcinoma and the MET polymorphism rs11762213 might have an increased risk of recurrence after nephrectomy. If these results are further validated in a similar population, they could be incorporated into future prognostic instruments, potentially aiding the design of adjuvant clinical trials of MET inhibitors and management of renal-cell carcinoma. FUNDING: Conquer Cancer Foundation and American Society of Clinical Oncology (Career Development Award); The Trust Family Research Fund for Kidney Cancer; US National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute Kidney Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence.

A Patient Portal Intervention to Promote Adolescent and Young Adult Self-Management Skills.

OBJECTIVE: Failure to transfer care to adult medicine is associated with gaps in health care access and poor health outcomes among young adults. We examined whether a patient portal educational intervention is acceptable and can improve adolescent and young adult (AYA) self-management skills toward transition readiness to adult care. METHODS: We conducted a single site feasibility study using a mixed research method consisting of 1) a patient portal one-on-one educational intervention with pre- and postsurveys adapted from the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire to assess participant self-management skills and portal user activity; 2) portal user experience was assessed through semistructured interviews until thematic saturation was reached. Study participants were 13 to 25 years old and received care at an academic-affiliated community pediatric clinic. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participant characteristics, paired t tests, or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess outcomes of survey response changes pre- versus postintervention. RESULTS: Sixty percent of enrolled participants (N = 78) completed the surveys. Following the educational intervention, we observed an increase in participants self-reporting knowing how to access their protected health information P < .0001, (95%, confidence interval [CI], 1-2) and in the proportion of participants self-reporting to strongly agree to know their medication P = .025 (95%, CI 0-1). We also observed an increase in portal user access at 3 weeks; the median number of logins was 2 per participant (range 1-36, P < .0001). The Portal user experience was strongly positive. CONCLUSION: Our patient portal educational intervention suggests that AYAs welcome a patient portal to access protected health information and is associated with an increase in the proportion of participants self-reporting to strongly agree with knowing their medication. While these results are encouraging, this is a quasiexperimental study designed on the frame of feasibility. Our study was not adequately powered, limiting our findings' significance. Future interventions would benefit from a larger sample size with a comparison group to ascertain the effect of a patient portal on self-management skills in a diverse AYA population and inform best practices.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Childhood Lead Testing and Blood Lead Levels.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood lead testing and blood lead levels. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of lead tests and results was performed across 3 urban medical centers during the pre-COVID-19 (March 10, 2019-March 9, 2020) and COVID-19 (March 10, 2020-March 10, 2022) periods. Interrupted time series analysis with quasi-Poisson regression was used to evaluate changes in lead testing between study periods. The relationship between sociodemographic features with detectable (≧2 µg/dL) and elevated (≧3.5 µg/dL) blood lead levels (BLLs) was assessed with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among a total of 16,364 lead tests across 10,362 patients, weekly testing rates significantly decreased during COVID-19 (relative risk (RR) 0.64, 95% (confidence interval) CI 0.53-0.78). Census tracts with the greatest proportion of pre-1950s housing had a stronger association with detectable BLLs during the COVID-19 period (pre-COVID-19 adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.73, 95% CI 1.35-2.20; aOR 2.58, 95% CI 2.13-3.12; interaction P value .014). When limited to 1 year following COVID-19 (March 10, 2020-March 10, 2021), the association between both elevated BLLs (pre-COVID-19: aOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.87-2.53; COVID-19: aOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.98-6.25; interaction P value .032) and detectable BLLs with pre-1950s housing were greater during the COVID-19 period (pre-COVID-19: aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.35-2.20; COVID-19: aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.95-3.34; interaction P value .034). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant reduction in lead surveillance and magnified the effect of known risk factors for lead exposure. Concerted clinical, public health, and community advocacy are needed to address care gaps and excess cases of lead poisoning.

Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Safety of Doravirine and Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets in Adolescents Living With HIV: Week 24 Results From IMPAACT 2014.

BACKGROUND: We studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of 100-mg doravirine and doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination (100/300/300 mg DOR FDC) treatment in adolescents with HIV-1. METHODS: Adolescents ages 12 to younger than 18 years were enrolled in 2 sequential cohorts. Cohort 1 evaluated intensive PK and short-term safety of 100-mg single-dose doravirine in adolescents ≥35 kg. Cohort 2 participants either initiated treatment with DOR FDC (antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve) or switched to DOR FDC from a previous ARV regimen (virologically suppressed). The first 10 Cohort 2 participants had intensive PK evaluations, and safety, sparse PK, and HIV RNA were assessed through week 24. RESULTS: Fifty-five adolescents, median age 15.0 years and baseline weight 51.5 kg, were enrolled. Nine participants completed Cohort 1 PK assessments (8 of the 9 participants weighed ≥45 kg) and 45 initiated study drug in Cohort 2. The doravirine geometric mean (GM) AUC 0-∞ was 34.8 µM∙hour, and the GM C 24 was 514 nM after a single dose, with a predicted steady-state GM C 24,ss,pred of 690 nM. Cohort 2 enrolled adolescents weighing ≥45 kg. Plasma concentrations of doravirine, tenofovir, and lamivudine achieved by Cohort 2 participants were similar to those reported in adults. No drug-related serious or grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred. Forty-two of 45 participants (93.3%; 95% CI: [81.7, 98.6]) achieved or maintained HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Doravirine and DOR FDC achieved target PK in adolescents with HIV-1. DOR FDC was well-tolerated and maintained excellent virologic efficacy through 24 weeks, offering a favorable option for adolescents.

Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in infants and children with HIV-1 (IMPAACT P1093): results of an open-label, phase 1-2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Safe and potent antiretroviral medications in child-friendly formulations are needed to treat young children living with HIV-1. We aimed to select dosing for a dispersible tablet formulation of dolutegravir that achieved pharmacokinetic exposures similar to those in adults, and was safe and well tolerated in young children. METHODS: International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trial (IMPAACT) P1093 is a phase 1-2 ongoing multicentre, open-label, non-comparative study of dolutegravir. A 5 mg dispersible tablet formulation of dolutegravir was studied in children aged 4 weeks to less than 6 years old, weighing at least 3 kg, with HIV RNA of greater than 1000 copies per mL and no previous treatment with integrase strand transfer inhibitor recruited from IMPAACT clinical research sites in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Doses were selected on the basis of intensive pharmacokinetic evaluation on days 5-10, with safety and tolerability assessed up to 48 weeks. The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in combination with optimised background therapy and to establish the dose of dolutegravir that achieves the targeted 24-h trough concentration and 24-h area under the curve for infants, children, and adolescents with HIV-1, to establish the safety and tolerability of dolutegravir at 24 and 48 weeks, and to select a dose that achieves similar exposure to the dolutegravir 50 mg once daily dose in adults. This analysis included participants treated with the proposed dose of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in two stages for each of three age cohorts. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01302847) and is ongoing. FINDINGS: We recruited 181 participants from April 20, 2011, to Feb 19, 2020; of these, 96 received dolutegravir dispersible tablets. This analysis included 73 (35, 48% female) participants who received the final proposed dose with median (range) age of 1 year (0·1 to 6·0), weight (minimum-maximum) of 8·5 kg (3·7 to 18·5), plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration of 4·2 log10 copies per mL (2·1 to 7·0), and CD4% of 24·0% (0·3 to 49·0); 64 (87·7%) were treatment-experienced. The selected dose within each age cohort (≥2 years to <6 years, ≥6 months to <2 years of age and ≥4 weeks to <6 months) achieved geometric mean trough (ng/mL) of 688, 1179, and 1446, and 24 h area-under-the-curve (h·mg/L) of 53, 74, and 65, respectively. No grade 3 or worse adverse events were attributed to dolutegravir. INTERPRETATION: In this study, the proposed once daily dosing of dolutegravir dispersible tablets provided drug exposures similar to those for adults, and was safe and well tolerated. These data support the use of dolutegravir dispersible tablets as first-line or second-line treatment for infants and children aged less than 6 years living with HIV-1. FUNDING: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute of Mental Health, and ViiV Healthcare-GlaxoSmithKline.

Bone targeted therapy and skeletal related events in the era of enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate for castration resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases.

BACKGROUND: In an era of multiple life-prolonging therapies for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the optimal timing of initiation and duration of antiresorptive bone targeted therapy (BTT) to prevent skeletal related events (SREs) is unknown. METHODS: To assess practice patterns of BTT use and its associations with clinical outcomes in a high-volume center in the modern era of metastatic CRPC management, a retrospective cohort of patients treated for mCRPC with BM between 2007 and 2017 was identified from a single institutions clinical research database. Study endpoints included time from the diagnosis of CRPC to the onset of SRE or OS. Cox proportional hazards model assessed association of BTT use with time to first SRE and OS. RESULTS: In total, 249 patients were identified; median follow-up was 7.7 (95%CI: 5.7-10.2) years. On multivariable analysis, patients with 4 or more BM at diagnosis of mCRPC who received BTT with abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide as first line therapy had a 42% reduced risk of developing an SRE (HR 0.58; 95%CI: 0.36-0.95) compared to those who never received BTT or received it in second line. No such effect was observed in patients with 1-3 BM. No OS difference was noted in patients who received BTT, whether with first line therapy or without. This study is limited by retrospective nature at a single institution. CONCLUSIONS: Our hospital registry data indicate a potential benefit in terms of SRE prevention for early use of antiresorptive BTT in combination with life prolonging CRPC therapies for patients with CRPC and at least 4 BM.