Wavelength selection of multispectral imaging for oil palm fresh fruit ripeness classification.

Multispectral imaging has been recently proposed for high-speed sorting and grading machine vision of fruits. It is a prospective method applied in yet traditional sorting and grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The ripeness of oil palm FFBs determines the quality of crude palm oil (CPO). Implementation of multispectral imaging for the task needs wavelength selection from hyperspectral datasets. This study aimed to obtain the optimum wavelengths and use them for oil palm FFB classification based on three ripeness levels. We have selected eight optimum wavelengths using principal component analysis (PCA) regression which represented the ripeness levels.

Novel Amides Derivative with Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle var. nigra Leaves from Indonesia.

Piper betle var. nigra is a tropical plant closely related to the common piper. P. betle has also been dubbed a promising source of natural antioxidants in herbal health products, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines K562 and HL-60, and antileishmanial. The aim of this study to observation Antimicrobial activity and isolation of chemical compound. The antimicrobial activity of P. betle extract was performed by well diffusion method against two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis) and opportunistic pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). The inoculum (bacterial and yeast suspension) was prepared from a 24-h culture on NB for bacterial suspension and on TSB for yeast suspension. Extraction and isolation using various method of chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic means. Our study showed antimicrobial activity from crude ethanol extract of leaves P. betle L. var. nigra against two oral pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast with concentration 0.5% and 1%. The first report of two new amides derivatives, piperenamide A (1) and piperenamide B (2) in P. betle L. var. nigra.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the rapid and selective determination of clofazimine in blood plasma samples.

Clofazimine (CLF) is a riminophenazine derivative and a new therapeutic option with high efficacy for patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB). The blood levels of CLF are low and suboptimal, so therapeutic drug monitoring is required. Prior to this study, there were no molecular imprinting-based solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents that could be used to determine the blood CLF levels. Hence, we prepared a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIPs) to capture CLF. We employed computational selection of a functional monomer and crosslinker and confirmed these selections based on the association constant (K a) and a Job plot. We synthesised MMIPs with two surface modifiers and characterized the polymers. Our computational analysis based on the bond energy revealed that methyl methacrylate (MMA) was the most suitable functional monomer at a CLF-to-MMA molar ratio of 1:4. Based on the bond energy, the most suitable crosslinker was trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) at a CLF-to-TRIM molar ratio of 1:1. We determined the K a of MMA and TRIM in different solvents. Isopropanol produced the highest K a. The Job plot showed that a template-to-MMA-to-TRIM molar ratio of 1:4:20 was optimal to synthesize imprinted polymer in isopropanol. We prepared MMIPs using two different modifiers, namely aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES) and oleic acid (OA), using the ratio determined from the Job plot. Physical characteristic tests carried out using FT-IR, SEM-EDS, PSA, BET and VSM, showed that the synthesis was success with a spherical and uniform agglomeration of particles, also a flat surface with many holes with a particle size of MMIP-APTES and MMIP-OA respectively 0.14 µm and 0.28 µm, showed a surface area for MMIP-APTES is 2874.51 m2/g and MMIP-OA 2913.07 m2/g, exhibiting superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization value of MMIP-APTES 21.1 emu/g-1 and MMIP-OA 49.9 emu/g-1. Adsorption capacity result showed that MMIP-OA fits well with the Langmuir model, while MMIP-APTES fits better with the Freundlich. Application of MMIP-SPE (Magnetic Molecular Imprinted Polymer-Solid Phase Extraction) APTES resulted 92.3 ± 6.1 % and MMIP-SPE-OA 51.5 ± 8.1 % for recovering CLF in blood. The result of selectivity test also showed that MMIP-SPE-APTES is better than MMIP-SPE-OA and selectively recover CLF from human blood plasma existed together with other TB-Drugs. The study result shows that MMIPs with APTES modification can be used for CLF determination in human blood plasma.

NMR-based metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb ethanol extract.

The metabolite profile of the ethanol extract from Eleutherine bulbosa was assessed using the 1D NMR approach amalgamated with 2D NMR. E. bulbosa, an indigenous plant found in Indonesia, possesses considerable promise as a raw material for medicinal products. We examined the antioxidant capacity of the E. bulbosa extract using DPPH and ABTS methods. The antioxidant evaluation demonstrated that the ethanol extract exhibits strong antioxidant properties. Furthermore, we have successfully identified thirteen metabolites in the ethanol extract without separation. These metabolites include eleutherol A, eleutherol B, eleutherol C, eleuthione B, eleuthione C, hongconin, karwinaphthol, isoeleuthoside C, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoeleutherin, cyanidin-3-o-ß-glucopyranoside, and kadsuric acid. Metabolite Cyanidin-3-o-ß-glucopyranoside (4.89 mM ± 0.02) was the highest metabolite contained in this extract. This result showed that NMR methods could detect and measure metabolites in the E. bulbosa ethanol extract without requiring separation.

The realization of interpersonal meanings in cosmetic Maybelline New York in 2018 advertisements.

Background: Interpersonal meaning is the interaction between the speaker and the listener and the writer and the reader. This study aims to determine the structure of mood and how the structure of mood is found. The purposes of this study are (1) to be more sensitive to the mood structure shown in Maybelline New York cosmetic advertisement. (2) to investigate the reason of why interrogative sentences are more difficult to find than declarative sentences. Through this research, we can see the types of mood structures, and how these mood structures are used. Methods: The type of research approach used is descriptive qualitative. Research in this case describes systematically, factually and accurately facts and causal relationships of the phenomena studied. The sources of data in this study are eight cosmetic Maybelline New York products, namely the Maybelline gel pencil, L'oreal colour riche nail, Maybelline mascara and eyeliner, Maybelline creamy lipmatte and Maybelline eyeshadow, Maybelline eyeliner, Maybelline lipstick, and Maybelline clear smooth all in one. Results: In analyzing the data, the researcher of the 2014 Halliday theory revised by Mathiesse found that there are three types of manifested mood, four types of realized speech function, and mood-based realization of speech function. The moods manifested were declarative (48.64%), interrogative (5.40%) and imperative (45.94%). Speech functions that are realized are statements (48.64%), questions (5.40%), offers (18.91%) and command (24.32%). Conclusions: It can be concluded that declarative sentences are mostly found in Maybelline New York products. Researchers suggest that readers be more careful in using mood structures in cosmetic advertisements so that there are no misunderstandings.

Efficacy and Safety of Manual Small-Incision Cataract Surgery With Trabeculectomy Versus Phacotrabeculectomy in Patients With Glaucoma and Cataract: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The coexistence of two globally leading causes of blindness, glaucoma and cataracts, is common. Combining trabeculectomy with cataract surgery is a common practice while determining the preferred surgical management for patients is a complex consideration. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of two surgical procedures, manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) combined with trabeculectomy and phacotrabeculectomy. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library published up to March 2023. Articles not indexed in those databases were also searched. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were also retrieved to compare the outcomes estimating efficacy and safety. Biases in selected studies were assessed. A total of seven studies consisting of 352 eyes for MSICS with trabeculectomy and 348 eyes for phacotrabeculectomy were included. Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was comparable between the two techniques (MD: -0.45; 95% CI: -1.07 to 0.16; p = 0.15). Postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) <6/12 (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.53; p = 0.52), complete success (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.67; p = 0.78), and postoperative complications (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 0.75 to 2.15, p = 0.38) did not differ significantly. This meta-analysis indicated comparable efficacy and safety profile between MSICS with trabeculectomy and phacotrabeculectomy. Further high-quality studies are required to confirm these findings.

Factors Affecting the Analytical Performance of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers.

During the last few years, separation techniques using molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) have been developed, making certain improvements using magnetic properties. Compared to MIP, Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) have high selectivity in sample pre-treatment and allow for fast and easy isolation of the target analyte. Its magnetic properties and good extraction performance depend on the MMIP synthesis step, which consists of 4 steps, namely magnetite manufacture, magnetic coating using modified components, polymerization and template desorption. This review discusses the factors that will affect the performance of MMIP as a selective sorbent at each stage. MMIP, using Fe3O4 as a magnetite core, showed strong superparamagnetism; it was prepared using the co-precipitation method using FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·H2O to obtain high magnetic properties, using NH4OH solution added for higher crystallinity. In magnetite synthesis, the use of a higher temperature and reaction time will result in a larger nanoparticle size and high magnetization saturation, while a higher pH value will result in a smaller particle size. In the modification step, the use of high amounts of oleic acid results in smaller nanoparticles; furthermore, determining the correct molar ratio between FeCl3 and the shielding agent will also result in smaller particles. The next factor is that the proper ratio of functional monomer, cross-linker and solvent will improve printing efficiency. Thus, it will produce MMIP with high selectivity in sample pre-treatment.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition of phytocompounds from Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes: In silico molecular docking study and ADME-Tox prediction approach.

The present study examines the potential activity prediction based on free binding energy (ΔG) and interaction confirmation of phytocompounds from Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes with macromolecule protein receptor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) using in silico molecular docking studies and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties (ADME-Tox) prediction approaches. The active subsites of the DPP-IV receptor macromolecule protein Protein Data Bank (ID: 1 × 70) were docked using Autodock v4.2.6 (100 docking runs). A grid box of 52 × 28 × 26 Å points spaced by 0.37 Å was centered on the active site of x = 40.926 Å; y = 50.522 Å; z = 35.031 Å. For ADME-Tox prediction, Swiss ADME online-based application programs were used. The results show that 12 pythocompounds from A. champeden have the potential as DPP-IV inhibitors based on ΔG value and interaction conformation. There are five pythocompounds with lower ΔG values and inhibition constants than the native ligand and seven pythocompounds with ΔG values and inhibition constants close to the native ligand. The 12 compounds form an interaction conformation at the active subsites of the DPP-IV receptor. At the same time, the results of the ADME-Tox prediction analysis showed that the 12 compounds had different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties.

Mitragyna Species as Pharmacological Agents: From Abuse to Promising Pharmaceutical Products.

Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name "kratom", and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.

Autism profiles of males with fragile X syndrome.

Autism, which is common in individuals with fragile X syndrome, is often difficult to diagnose. We compared the diagnostic classifications of two measures for autism diagnosis, the ADOS and the ADI-R, in addition to the DSM-IV-TR in 63 males with this syndrome. Overall, 30% of the subjects met criteria for autistic disorder and 30% met criteria for PDD-NOS. The classifications on the ADOS and DSM-IV-TR were most similar, whereas the ADI-R classified subjects as autistic much more frequently. We further investigated the relationship of both FMRP and FMRI mRNA to symptoms of autism in this cohort and found no significant relationship between the measures of autism and molecular features, including FMRP, FMRI mRNA, and CGG repeat number.