RESUMEN
The surveillance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) H58 typhoid is highly important, especially in endemic areas. MDR strain detection is needed by using a simple PCR technique that only uses a pair of primers. This is conducted considering the detection of Salmonella Typhi strains that have been carried out so far are only using antimicrobial sensitivity tests to determine microbial resistance phenotypically and to determine genotypically using complex molecular techniques. We aimed to analyse the existence of Salmonella Typhi MDR H58 in patients with typhoid fever in Makassar, Indonesia. A total of 367 blood samples of typhoid fever patients were collected from April 2018 until April 2019. The blood sample was cultured, then confirmed via simple PCR. All of the confirmed samples were tested for susceptibility against antibiotics and molecularly analysed for MDR H58 existence using a simple PCR technique. We found 7% (27/367) of the samples to be positive by both blood culture and PCR. All 27 isolates were found to be sensitive to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The lowest drug sensitivities were to amoxicillin, at one (3.7%) of 27 isolates, and ampicillin, at 13 (48.1%) of 27 isolates. Salmonella Typhi H58 PCR results showed that one (3.7%) of 27 isolates carried a positive fragment of 993 bp that led to the H58 strain, since the deletion flanks this fragment. The isolate was also found to be resistant to amoxicillin and fluoroquinolone according to a sensitivity test. Further molecular analysis needs to be conducted to examine the single isolate that carried the 933 bp fragment.
RESUMEN
The Medical Faculty of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) aims to produce good Muslim doctors (GMD) who are able to practise medicine that is integrated with Islamic values. Islamic courses and Medical Ethics are integrated into the curriculum in its effort to provide adequate Islamic knowledge and nurturing professionalism as a process of personal and professional development (PPD) within the framework of Islamic teaching. The objective of the study was to evaluate the perception of graduates and students of characteristics of a GMD. Method: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the participants. The respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement or disagreement on the statements that represent the characteristics of a GMD. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS version 18.0. The mean, median and inter quartile ranges of the characteristics were determined and differences between the groups were analysed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Results showed significant difference between gender for the item “Conscious of professional ethics” (p=0.021). Significant differences were seen in the median scores between the graduates and the final year students in four out of six items for personal characteristic. Conclusion: Islamic input in the medical curriculum and the teaching of professionalism has an impact on graduate perception of characteristics of a GMD. Further improvement in the teaching of professionalism among undergraduates is necessary in order to promote greater impact on the understanding and internalization of characteristics of a GMD. The Islamic input in the medical curriculum can thus be regarded as the blueprint for PPD of medical undergraduates to become a GMD.