Transmission of sub-terahertz signals over a fiber-FSO-5†G NR hybrid system with an aggregate net bit rate of 227.912 Gb/s.

Transmission of sub-terahertz (sub-THz) signals over a fiber-free-space optical (FSO)-fifth-generation (5 G) new radio (NR) hybrid system is successfully realized. It is a promising system that utilizes multiple media of optical fiber, optical wireless, and 5 G NR wireless to achieve a 227.912-Gb/s record-high aggregate net bit rate. The system concurrently transmits a 59.813-Gb/s net bit rate in the 150-GHz sub-THz frequency, 74.766-Gb/s in the 250-GHz sub-THz frequency, and 93.333-Gb/s in the 325-GHz sub-THz frequency through the fiber-FSO-wireless convergence, including 25-km single-mode fiber, 100-m FSO, and 30-m/25-m/20-m sub-THz-wave transmissions. This system achieves sufficiently low bit error rates (< hard-decision forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 at 16 and 20 Gbaud symbol rates; < soft-decision FEC threshold of 2 × 10-2 at 28 Gbaud symbol rate) and clear and distinct constellation diagrams, meeting the demands of 5 G NR communications in the sub-THz band. The development of fiber-FSO-5 G NR hybrid system represents a substantial development in the field of advanced communications. It has the ability to enhance the way we communicate in the future.

Two-way 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC converged systems with R/G/B 3-wavelength and SLM-based beam-tracking scheme.

A two-way fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) free-space optical (FSO)-hollow-core fibre (HCF)-underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) converged systems with a red/green/blue (R/G/B) 3-wavelengths and spatial light modulator (SLM)-based beam-tracking scheme is practically built. It is the first to practically build a two-way FSO-HCF-UWOC converged system with high-speed and long-distance optical wireless-wired-underwater wireless communication characteristics. It shows a 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC convergence from drone or buildings to undersea, using R/G/B 3-wavelengths and an SLM as a demonstration. The R/G/B 3-wavelengths are used to enhance the downstream and upstream aggregate transmission rates. An SLM with electrical comparator is used to adjust the laser beam and mitigate laser beam misalignment caused by drone movement or ocean flow. Over a hybrid of 1-km FSO, 10-m HCF, and 10.44-m ocean water-air-ocean water medium, downstream/upstream 5G-millimeter-wave (MMW) 9.1-Gb/s/24-GHz signals are transmitted with satisfactorily low bit error rates and error vector magnitudes, as well as distinct constellations. This demonstrated that the 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC converged system exhibits promising potential as it advances the scenario implemented by the 5G-MMW signals over FSO, HCF, and UWOC convergence, paving the way for high-speed and long-distance communications across diverse media.