Recommended Guidelines for Screening for Underlying Malignancy in Extramammary Paget's Disease Based on Anatomic Subtype.

INTRODUCTION: Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) may be associated with an underlying internal adenocarcinoma, referred to as secondary EMPD. Differences in this association by EMPD anatomic subtype and implications for screening are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: Define the rates of secondary EMPD and types of associated adenocarcinomas by EMPD anatomic subtype and propose a screening algorithm for underlying adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Systematic literature review of EMPD (January 1990- November 2022). One hundred twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed the recommendation statements on adenocarcinoma screening. RESULTS: Perianal EMPD was associated with a high rate of underlying adenocarcinoma (25%, primarily colorectal) compared with penoscrotal and vulvar EMPD (6% each, primarily of genitourinary origin). Thorough screening in perianal EMPD includes a colonoscopy, urine cytology, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Cost-conscious screening tests in low-risk penoscrotal disease include urine cytology, heme-occult test, and prostate-specific antigen test (especially if under 70 years of age). For low-risk vulvar EMPD, urine cytology and mammography are recommended. EMPD with high-risk features may warrant more sensitive organ-specific testing. LIMITATIONS: Selection bias; retrospective data without systematic follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for underlying adenocarcinoma in EMPD should be guided by anatomic location.

Identifying critical quality metrics in Mohs Surgery: A national expert consensus process.

BACKGROUND: Amid a movement toward value-based healthcare, increasing emphasis has been placed on outcomes and cost of medical services. To define and demonstrate the quality of services provided by Mohs surgeons, it is important to identify and understand the key aspects of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) that contribute to excellence in patient care. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to develop and identify a comprehensive list of metrics in an initial effort to define excellence in MMS. METHODS: Mohs surgeons participated in a modified Delphi process to reach a consensus on a list of metrics. Patients were administered surveys to gather patient perspectives. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the original 66 metrics met final inclusion criteria. Broad support for the initiative was obtained through physician feedback. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study include attrition bias across survey rounds and participation at the consensus meeting. Furthermore, the list of metrics is based on expert consensus instead of quality evidence-based outcomes. CONCLUSION: With the goal of identifying metrics that demonstrate excellence in performance of MMS, this initial effort has shown that Mohs surgeons and patients have unique perspectives and can be engaged in a data-driven approach to help define excellence in the field of MMS.

Histopathologic Characterization of Incidental Lesions Encountered During Mohs Micrographic Surgery With MART-1 Immunohistochemistry.

BACKGROUND: As the use of melanoma antigen recognized by T cells (MART-1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Mohs surgery increases for the treatment of melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma, surgeons should be aware of MART-1 staining patterns of incidental lesions often encountered on frozen sections. Lack of this knowledge can lead to unnecessary additional surgery, increased health care costs, and loss of valuable laboratory staff time and resources. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the histopathologic features of incidental lesions encountered during Mohs surgery for melanoma. To review key diagnostic and differentiating features on hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and MART-1 IHC of these lesions. METHODS: A comprehensive review of frozen-section histopathology slides from Mohs cases with MART-1 IHC at our institution was conducted from 2021 to 2023. RESULTS: Incidental benign and malignant lesions were identified and characterized on H&E frozen sections and MART-1 IHC. Although such entities can share MART-1 staining characteristics with melanoma in situ or melanoma, distinguishing characteristics on H&E and lack of histopathologic criteria for melanoma on MART-1 IHC can be used to distinguish these incidental lesions from melanoma. CONCLUSION: Staining of frozen sections for Mohs micrographic surgery with H&E and MART-1 IHC together can differentiate common incidental benign and malignant cutaneous lesions from melanoma.

Comparison of clinicopathologic features, survival, and demographics in sebaceous carcinoma patients with and without Muir-Torre syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Visceral malignancies in patients with Lynch syndrome behave less aggressively than in those without Lynch syndrome. The behavior of sebaceous carcinoma (SC) in Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS), a variant of Lynch syndrome, is incompletely investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate features and survival of SC patients with and without MTS. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 17 database from 2000 to 2019 of patients with SC. Patients were classified as MTS or non-MTS cases based on a threshold score of 2 on the Mayo MTS risk score. RESULTS: We identified 105 (2.8%) MTS cases and 3677 (97.2%) non-MTS cases. On univariate analysis, MTS patients were younger, had a higher proportion of tumors outside the head/neck, and had fewer high-grade tumors. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, MTS patients trended toward having better SC-specific survival. On multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for other covariates, MTS status was an independent predictor of worse overall survival. However, there was no association between MTS status and SC-specific survival. LIMITATIONS: Given relatively high disease-specific survival in SC, our study may have been underpowered to detect a difference on Kaplan-Meier analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests SC does not behave more aggressively in patients with MTS.

Sebaceous carcinoma epidemiology, associated malignancies and Lynch/Muir-Torre syndrome screening in England from 2008 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Sebaceous carcinomas (SC) may be associated with the cancer predisposition syndrome Muir-Torre/Lynch syndrome (MTS/LS), identifiable by SC mismatch repair (MMR) screening; however, there is limited data on MMR status of SC. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of SC, copresentation of other cancers, and population level frequency of MMR screening in SC. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study of SC patients in the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service in England. RESULTS: This study included 1077 SC cases (739 extraocular, 338 periocular). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) were higher in men compared with women, 2.74 (95% CI, 2.52-9.69) per 1,000,000 person-years for men versus 1.47 person-years (95% CI, 1.4-1.62) for women. Of the patients, 19% (210/1077) developed at least one MTS/LS-associated malignancy. MMR immunohistochemical screening was performed in only 20% (220/1077) of SC tumors; of these, 32% (70/219) of tumors were MMR deficient. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of MMR screening into clinical practice guidelines for the management of SC will increase the opportunity for MTS/LS diagnoses, with implications for cancer surveillance, chemoprevention with aspirin, and immunotherapy treatment targeted to MTS/LS cancers.

Clinical Outcomes in Sebaceous Carcinoma: A Retrospective Two-Center Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a rare, potentially recurrent, and life-threatening cutaneous malignancy that can be associated with Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS), a DNA mismatch repair-driven genodermatosis. Earlier studies examining factors associated with recurrence have focused on periocular tumors only. OBJECTIVE: Examine outcomes of SC and identify factors associated with recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from 2 tertiary care centers. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases from 63 patients were identified, including 7 cases of MTS and 13 arising in the context of immunosuppression. Fifty-five cases (82.1%) were treated with complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment (CCPDMA) methods. Five recurrences developed during the postoperative period. On univariate analysis, periocular location (odds ratio [OR] 7.6, p = .0410), and lesion size ≥2 cm (OR 9.6, p = .005) were associated with recurrence, whereas CCPDMA (OR 0.052, p = .0006) was inversely associated with recurrence. On multivariate analysis, only lesion size ≥2 cm (OR 9.6, p = .0233) and CCPDMA approaches (OR 0.052, p = .007) were significant. CONCLUSION: Non-complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment methods and large lesion size were independent risk factors predicting recurrence, whereas anatomic subtype and MTS status were not. These findings can assist in identifying SC cases that may benefit from more aggressive treatment and closer surveillance.

Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ: Impact of anatomic location, tumor diameter, and incubation time on effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported as a treatment for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCis), but only limited data are available on the effectiveness of PDT with aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT). OBJECTIVE: To review the outcomes of SCCis treated with ALA-PDT and examine factors associated with response. METHODS: A retrospective review identified 58 patients with 68 primary SCCis lesions treated with ALA-PDT and blue light illumination. Patient demographics, lesion features, treatment details, clinical response, and subsequent recurrence were extracted from medical record reviews. RESULTS: On completion of PDT the initial complete response rate was 77.9% and was not associated with the number of PDT treatments. On multivariate analysis factors associated with response were location on the face, tumor diameter <2 cm, and longer ALA incubation time. Lesions treated with a maximum incubation time of <3 hours had a 53.3% response compared with 84.9% for longer incubation. Subsequent recurrence of SCCis was noted in 7 of 53 cases (13.2%) at a median time of 11.7 months. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective study performed at a single institution without systematic follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: ALA-PDT may be an effective treatment for selected cases of SCCis. Effectiveness is impacted by anatomic location, tumor diameter, and ALA incubation time.

Sebaceous carcinoma: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Sebaceous carcinoma usually occurs in adults older than 60 years, on the eyelid, head and neck, and trunk. In this Review, we present clinical care recommendations for sebaceous carcinoma, which were developed as a result of an expert panel evaluation of the findings of a systematic review. Key conclusions were drawn and recommendations made for diagnosis, first-line treatment, radiotherapy, and post-treatment care. For diagnosis, we concluded that deep biopsy is often required; furthermore, differential diagnoses that mimic the condition can be excluded with special histological stains. For treatment, the recommended first-line therapy is surgical removal, followed by margin assessment of the peripheral and deep tissue edges; conjunctival mapping biopsies can facilitate surgical planning. Radiotherapy can be considered for cases with nerve or lymph node involvement, and as the primary treatment in patients who are ineligible for surgery. Post-treatment clinical examination should occur every 6 months for at least 3 years. No specific systemic therapies for advanced disease can be recommended, but targeted therapies and immunotherapies are being developed.

Quantifying in vivo murine antigen-specific T cell responses without requirement for prior knowledge of antigen identity.

Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely applied anti-cancer immunotherapy for patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). By using apoptotic malignant cells as a source of patient-specific tumor antigen, it enables clinically relevant and curative anti-CTCL immunity, with potential efficacy in other tumors. Currentmethods to track patient-specific responses are tedious, and new methods are needed to assess putative global immunity. We developed a clinically practical method to assess antigen-specific T cell activation that does not rely on knowledge of the particular antigen, thereby eliminating the requirement for patient-specific reagents. In the OT-I transgenic murine system, we quantified calcium flux to reveal early T cell engagement by antigen presenting cells constitutively displaying a model antigenic peptide, ovalbumin (OVA)-derived SIINFEKL. We detected calcium flux in OVA-specific T cells, triggered by specific T cell receptor engagement by SIINFEKL peptide-loaded DC. This approach led to sensitive detection of antigen-specific calcium flux (ACF) down to a peptide-loading concentration of ∼10-3uM and at a frequency of ∼0.1% OT-I cells among wild-type (WT), non-responding cells. Antigen-specific T cells were detected in spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood after adoptive transfer into control recipient mice. Methods like this for assessing therapeutic response are lacking in patients currently on immune-based therapies, such as ECP, where assessment of clinical response is made by delayed measurement of the size of the malignant clone. These findings suggest an early, practical way to measure therapeutically-induced anti-tumor responses in ECP-treated patients that have been immunized against their malignant cells.

Melanoma: Clinical Presentations.

The malignant cell in melanoma is the melanocyte. Because melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanoma is most commonly seen on the skin. However, melanoma can also arise on mucosal surfaces such as the oral cavity, the upper gastrointestinal mucosa, the genital mucosa, as well as the uveal tract of the eye and leptomeninges. Melanomas tend to be pigmented but can also present as pink or red lesions. They can mimic benign or other malignant skin lesions. This chapter presents the spectrum of typical and less typical presentations of melanoma, as well as patterns of spread. It is divided into (1) cutaneous lesions; (2) patterns of regional spread, (3) non-cutaneous lesions; and (4) distant metastases.

The Treatment of Melanoma Brain Metastases.

Melanoma is the malignancy with the highest rate of dissemination to the central nervous system once it metastasizes. Until recently, the prognosis of patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) was poor. In recent years, however, the prognosis has improved due to high-resolution imaging that facilitates early detection of small asymptomatic brain metastases and early intervention with local modalities such as stereotactic radiosurgery. More recently, a number of systemic therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for metastatic melanoma, resulting in improved survival for many MBM patients. Registration trials for these newer therapies excluded patients with untreated brain metastases, and a number of studies specifically tailored to this population of patients have been conducted or are underway. Herein, we review contemporary locoregional and systemic therapies and describe the unique challenges posed by treatment of brain metastases, such as radionecrosis, cerebral edema, and pseudoprogression. Since the number of systemic and combined modality clinical trials has increased, we expect that the treatment landscape for patients with melanoma brain metastasis will change dramatically. In addition to ongoing clinical trials, which show great promise, we conclude that our understanding of intracranial metastasis remains quite limited. In addition to inter-disciplinary, multi-modality studies, bench-side work to better understand the process of cerebrotropism is needed to fuel more drug development and further improve outcomes.