Neurocognitive effects of stress: a metaparadigm perspective.

Stressful experiences, both physical and psychological, that are overwhelming (i.e., inescapable and unpredictable), can measurably affect subsequent neuronal properties and cognitive functioning of the hippocampus. At the cellular level, stress has been shown to alter hippocampal synaptic plasticity, spike and local field potential activity, dendritic morphology, neurogenesis, and neurodegeneration. At the behavioral level, stress has been found to impair learning and memory for declarative (or explicit) tasks that are based on cognition, such as verbal recall memory in humans and spatial memory in rodents, while facilitating those that are based on emotion, such as differential fear conditioning in humans and contextual fear conditioning in rodents. These vertically related alterations in the hippocampus, procedurally observed after subjects have undergone stress, are generally believed to be mediated by recurrently elevated circulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis effector hormones, glucocorticoids, directly acting on hippocampal neurons densely populated with corticosteroid receptors. The main purposes of this review are to (i) provide a synopsis of the neurocognitive effects of stress in a historical context that led to the contemporary HPA axis dogma of basic and translational stress research, (ii) critically reappraise the necessity and sufficiency of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of stress, and (iii) suggest an alternative metaparadigm approach to monitor and manipulate the progression of stress effects at the neural coding level. Real-time analyses can reveal neural activity markers of stress in the hippocampus that can be used to extrapolate neurocognitive effects across a range of stress paradigms (i.e., resolve scaling and dichotomous memory effects issues) and understand individual differences, thereby providing a novel neurophysiological scaffold for advancing future stress research.

Comparison of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease-related Cognitive Impairment: A Single Clinic-based Study in South Korea.

We examined whether there were differences in the presence of centrum semiovale-enlarged perivascular spaces (CSO-ePVS) and basal ganglia-ePVS (BG-ePVS) among patients with Alzheimer disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI) based on their age of onset. Out of a total of 239 patients with cognitive impairment, 155 with positive amyloid-PET results were included. Among these, 43 had early-onset ADCI (EOADCI) and 112 had late-onset ADCI (LOADCI). Patients with LOADCI exhibited a higher prevalence of hypertension, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and BG-ePVS than those with EOADCI. BG-ePVS showed a significant correlation with age at the onset and the number of lacunes, whereas CSO-ePVS did not exhibit any association. The higher prevalence of BG-ePVS in patients with LOADCI might be attributable to vascular risk factors (hypertension) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). These findings support the hypothesis that BG-ePVS is associated with CSVD and vascular risk factors, whereas CSO-ePVS is associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Independent replication of advanced brain age in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: detection of future cognitive dysfunction.

We previously developed a novel machine-learning-based brain age model that was sensitive to amyloid. We aimed to independently validate it and to demonstrate its utility using independent clinical data. We recruited 650 participants from South Korean memory clinics to undergo magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessments. We employed a pretrained brain age model that used data from an independent set of largely Caucasian individuals (n = 757) who had no or relatively low levels of amyloid as confirmed by positron emission tomography (PET). We investigated the association between brain age residual and cognitive decline. We found that our pretrained brain age model was able to reliably estimate brain age (mean absolute error = 5.68 years, r(650) = 0.47, age range = 49-89 year) in the sample with 71 participants with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 375 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 204 with dementia. Greater brain age was associated with greater amyloid and worse cognitive function [Odds Ratio, (95% Confidence Interval {CI}): 1.28 (1.06-1.55), p = 0.030 for amyloid PET positivity; 2.52 (1.76-3.61), p < 0.001 for dementia]. Baseline brain age residual was predictive of future cognitive worsening even after adjusting for apolipoprotein E e4 and amyloid status [Hazard Ratio, (95% CI): 1.94 (1.33-2.81), p = 0.001 for total 336 follow-up sample; 2.31 (1.44-3.71), p = 0.001 for 284 subsample with baseline Clinical Dementia Rating ≤ 0.5; 2.40 (1.43-4.03), p = 0.001 for 240 subsample with baseline SCD or MCI]. In independent data set, these results replicate our previous findings using this model, which was able to delineate significant differences in brain age according to the diagnostic stages of dementia as well as amyloid deposition status. Brain age models may offer benefits in discriminating and tracking cognitive impairment in older adults.

Neuropsychological, neuroimaging and autopsy findings of butane encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Butane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon used in various commercial products. While numerous reports of sudden cardiac-related deaths from butane inhalation have been described, butane-associated acute encephalopathy has rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old man presented with cognitive dysfunction after butane gas inhalation. Neuropsychological test results showed impairments in verbal and visual memory, and frontal executive function. Diffusion weighted MRI revealed symmetric high-signal changes in the bilateral hippocampus and globus pallidus. FDG-PET demonstrated decreased glucose metabolism in the bilateral precuneus and occipital areas and the left temporal region. At the 8-month follow-up, he showed still significant deficits in memory and frontal functions. Diffuse cortical atrophy with white matter hyperintensities and extensive glucose hypometabolism were detected on follow-up MRI and FDG-PET, respectively. Brain autopsy demonstrated necrosis and cavitary lesions in the globus pallidus. CONCLUSIONS: Only a few cases of butane encephalopathy have been reported to date. Brain lesions associated with butane encephalopathy include lesions in the bilateral thalamus, insula, putamen, and cerebellum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on bilateral hippocampal and globus pallidal involvement in acute butane encephalopathy. The pathophysiology of central nervous system complications induced by butane intoxication is not yet fully understood. However, the direct toxic effects of butane or anoxic injury secondary to cardiac arrest or respiratory depression have been suggested as possible mechanisms of edematous changes in the brain after butane intoxication.

Influence of Sociodemographic Factors, Health Conditions, and Activity on Participation in People With Spinal Cord Injury in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the causal relationship between sociodemographic factors, health conditions, and activities that influence the participation of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) using International Spinal Cord Injury (InSCI) Survey data and to investigate the moderation effects of environmental restrictions and health care system concerns. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community survey and structural equation model. SETTING: SCI databases of the Korea National Rehabilitation Center and Korea Spinal Cord Injury Association. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults (N=890) with SCI. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The InSCI questionnaire domains included sociodemographic factors, health conditions, activity, participation, environmental restrictions, and health system concerns. Sociodemographic factors included age, education, and income. Health conditions included bowel dysfunction, respiratory problems, and pain, among others. Activity included "daily routine" and "using hands," among others. Participation included "interacting with people" and "intimate relationships," among others. Environmental restrictions included "public places" and "negative attitudes," among others. Health care system concerns included "nursing care" and "experience of being treated," among others. RESULTS: The hypothesis that health conditions would have a significant effect on activity was supported because 51% of the total variance in activity factors was explained by health condition factors. The hypothesis that activity would have a significant effect on participation was also supported because 63.4% of total variance in participation factors was explained by activity factors. The moderation effect tests supported the hypotheses that health conditions, activity, and participation would differ depending on the extent of environmental restrictions as well as the extent of health system concerns. CONCLUSIONS: When formulating policies and recommendations to promote the participation of people with SCI living in the South Korean community, the influence of environmental restrictions and health systems as well as the causal influence of health conditions and activity should be considered.

Predicting cognitive stage transition using p-tau181, Centiloid, and other measures.

BACKGROUND: A combination of plasma phospho-tau (p-tau), amyloid beta (Aß)-positron emission tomography (PET), brain magnetic resonance imaging, cognitive function tests, and other biomarkers might predict future cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of combining these biomarkers in predicting future cognitive stage transitions within 3 years. METHODS: Among the participants in the Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE-V) study, 49 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 113 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants with Aß-PET and brain imaging data were analyzed. RESULTS: Older age, increased plasma p-tau181, Aß-PET positivity, and decreased semantic fluency were independently associated with cognitive stage transitions. Combining age, p-tau181, the Centiloid scale, semantic fluency, and hippocampal volume produced high predictive value in predicting future cognitive stage transition (area under the curve = 0.879). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma p-tau181 and Centiloid scale alone or in combination with other biomarkers, might predict future cognitive stage transition in non-dementia patients. HIGHLIGHTS: -Plasma p-tau181 and Centiloid scale might predict future cognitive stage transition. -Combining them or adding other biomarkers increased the predictive value. -Factors that independently associated with cognitive stage transition were demonstrated.

Cilostazol Versus Aspirin on White Matter Changes in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral small vessel disease is characterized by progressive cerebral white matter changes (WMCs). This study aimed to compare the effects of cilostazol and aspirin on changes in WMC volume in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, participants with moderate or severe WMCs and at least one lacunar infarction detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging were randomly assigned to the cilostazol and aspirin groups in a 1:1 ratio. Cilostazol slow release (200 mg) or aspirin (100 mg) capsules were administered once daily for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in WMC volume on magnetic resonance images from baseline to 2 years. Secondary imaging outcomes include changes in the number of lacunes or cerebral microbleeds, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity on diffusion tensor images, and brain atrophy. Secondary clinical outcomes include all ischemic strokes, all ischemic vascular events, and changes in cognition, motor function, mood, urinary symptoms, and disability. RESULTS: Between July 2013 and August 2016, 256 participants were randomly assigned to the cilostazol (n=127) and aspirin (n=129) groups. Over 2 years, the percentage of WMC volume to total WM volume and the percentage of WMC volume to intracranial volume increased in both groups, but neither analysis showed significant differences between the groups. The peak height of the mean diffusivity histogram in normal-appearing WMs was significantly reduced in the aspirin group compared with the cilostazol group. Cilostazol significantly reduced the risk of ischemic vascular event compared with aspirin (0.5 versus 4.5 cases per 100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.02-0.89]). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the effects of cilostazol and aspirin on WMC progression in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01932203.

Kaempferol antagonizes adipogenesis by repressing histone H3K4 methylation at PPARγ target genes.

We previously demonstrated that kaempferol, a flavonoid present in various herbs, inhibits adipogenesis by repressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity. Here, we focused on elucidation of the underlying mechanism using genome-wide tools. First, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed downregulation of genes involved in adipogenesis in response to kaempferol. Subsequent ChIP assays revealed that kaempferol regulates the expression of adipogenic (Adipoq, Fabp4, Lpl) genes by modulating enrichment of active H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone codes on target promoters. Second, we performed ChIP sequencing analysis of active H3K4me3, and co-analysis with RNA-seq identified PPARγ responsive sites in genes downregulated by kaempferol, in terms of expression and H3K4me3 deposition. Third, direct kaempferol binding to PPARγ, for which the KD value was 44.54 µM, was determined by microscale thermophoresis. Further RT-qPCR and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that kaempferol antagonizes rosiglitazone-induced PPARγ activation and impairs the rosiglitazone-dependent interaction between PPARγ and its coactivator CBP. Overall, our data suggest that kaempferol, as a PPARγ antagonist, mediates epigenetic repression of lipid accumulation by regulating histone methylation, and could serve as a candidate epigenetic drug to treat obesity-related diseases.

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia with a pathogenic variant p.Asp40Gly in the ANXA11 gene.

We report a patient with right-predominant semantic variant primary progressive aphsia linked with p.Asp40Gly variant of ANXA11, which is the first description of frontotemporal dementia without clinical and electrophysiological evidences of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with a known pathogenic variant of ANXA11.

Atypical Young-onset Dementia in Cerebral Thromboangiitis Obliterans: A Case Report.

Young-onset dementia (YOD, age at onset below 45 y) has a broad differential diagnosis. We describe a 41-year-old man with atypical manifestations of YOD syndrome in cerebral thromoboangiitis obliterans (CTAO). Extensive antemortem workup including clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging, and genetic testing did not elucidate a diagnosis. Postmortem neuropathologic examination revealed cortical sickle-shaped granular atrophy, resulting from numerous remote infarcts and cortical microinfarcts that mainly affected the bilateral frontal and parietal lobe, confirming CTAO. Although CTAO is a rare cause of vascular dementia, it should be considered as one of the differentials in patients with YOD with a history of heavy smoking and presence of symmetric damages of watershed-territory on neuroimaging.

In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of cold atmospheric microwave plasma against Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing canine skin and ear infections.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunist pathogen that causes purulent inflammation in the skin and in the ears of dogs. Among the various virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, biofilms have been reported to result in antibiotic resistance, leading to therapeutic limitations. Cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) is known to have a high antimicrobial effect, which causes physical cell wall rupture and DNA damage. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of CAMP against planktonic bacteria and the biofilm of P. aeruginosa. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The antibacterial effect of CAMP against P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 and clinical isolates (n = 30) was evaluated using the colony count method. We also assessed the effect of CAMP on biofilm of P. aeruginosa ATCC strain by the colony count method, water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS: The complete eradication of P. aeruginosa (ATCC strain and clinical isolates) was achieved within 120 s at 50 W, and clinical isolates required 60 s shorter than the ATCC strain for complete eradication at 50 W. We also confirmed the time-dependent bactericidal effect of CAMP at 50 W against ATCC strain biofilm. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: CAMP was effective against both planktonic bacteria and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. However, further studies on in vivo efficacy and safety in canine skin and ears are necessary to fully validate its clinical application.

Salience Network Atrophy Links Neuron Type-Specific Pathobiology to Loss of Empathy in Frontotemporal Dementia.

Each neurodegenerative syndrome reflects a stereotyped pattern of cellular, regional, and large-scale brain network degeneration. In behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), a disorder of social-emotional function, von Economo neurons (VENs), and fork cells are among the initial neuronal targets. These large layer 5 projection neurons are concentrated in the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular (FI) cortices, regions that anchor the salience network, a large-scale system linked to social-emotional function. Here, we studied patients with bvFTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or both, given that these syndromes share common pathobiological and genetic factors. Our goal was to determine how neuron type-specific TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) pathobiology relates to atrophy in specific brain structures and to loss of emotional empathy, a cardinal feature of bvFTD. We combined questionnaire-based empathy assessments, in vivo structural MR imaging, and quantitative histopathological data from 16 patients across the bvFTD/ALS spectrum. We show that TDP-43 pathobiology within right FI VENs and fork cells is associated with salience network atrophy spanning insular, medial frontal, and thalamic regions. Gray matter degeneration within these structures mediated loss of emotional empathy, suggesting a chain of influence linking the cellular, regional/network, and behavioral levels in producing signature bvFTD clinical features.

Retracted: Histone H2B ubquitination regulates retinoic acid signaling through the cooperation of ASXL1 and BAP1.

Despite the importance of retinoic acid (RA) signaling and histone monoubiquitination in determining cell fate, the underlying mechanism linking the two processes is poorly explored. We describe that additional sex comb-like 1 (ASXL1) represses RA receptor activity by cooperating with BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1), which contains the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) domain. Both the UCH- and ASXL1-binding domains of BAP1 were required for cooperation. In contrast to Drosophila BAP1, mammalian BAP1 cleaved ubiquitin from histone H2B. As supported by BAP1 mutants, ASXL1 was critical for BAP1 recruitment to chromatin and its activation therein. ASXL1 requirement was supported using Asxl1 null mice embryonic fibroblasts. Both ASXL1 and BAP1 were downregulated during RA-induced P19 cell differentiation with concomitant increase of ubiquitinated H2B, leading to activation of Hox genes. Our data demonstrate the critical role of ASXL1 cooperation with BAP1 in cell differentiation through the regulation of RA signaling associated with H2B ubiquitination.

Analysis of Fall Incident Rate among Hospitalized Korean Children Using Big Data.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of fall incidents and fall rate among hospitalized children in South Korea. DESIGN AND METHODS: A secondary analysis was carried out using patient safety reports for those aged 0-19 years from Korean Patient Safety Reporting & Learning System (KOPS) and the National Health Insurance Corporation from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018. RESULTS: A total of 723 safety accidents were reported to KOPS in 2018, of which 461 (63.8%) were medication errors and 117 (16.2%) were fall incidents. The fall rate of hospitalized children was 0.10 per 1000 patient days. By gender, boys were more affected (62.4%), and by age, 80 (68.4%) were aged 1-9 years. About 16% of children who sustained falls incurred temporary or long-term damage. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate the national-level fall rate of hospitalized children as well as various features of safety accidents including pediatric falls that occurred in Korean children's hospitals. Younger children, and particularly boys, were likely to experience more falls than older children and girls, respectively. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses and other healthcare providers should recognize the important features of fall incidents among hospitalized children to ensure better quality of care and patient safety.

Differences in the modulation of functional connectivity by self-talk tasks between people with low and high life satisfaction.

Self-respect is a practical way to promote life satisfaction through gratifying basic psychological needs, whereas self-criticism is associated with life dissatisfaction. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of two positive and negative self-talks on the functional connectome with respect to life satisfaction and its relationships with basic psychological needs. Forty-eight individuals with low life satisfaction (LLS, n â€‹= â€‹24) and with high life satisfaction (HLS, n â€‹= â€‹24) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging at a baseline state and during and after self-respect or self-criticism tasks. Functional connectivity analysis was conducted to identify the modulatory effects of the tasks on the self-referential, default mode, and reward-motivation networks. We found that self-respect changed only the connection between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and frontoparietal network, whereas self-criticism changed almost all of the connections examined. The group x condition interaction effect of self-respect was identified only in connection between the PCC and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, while that of self-criticism was observed in various connections based on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. In respect to basic psychological needs, functional connectivity after self-criticism was significant in predicting the needs of autonomy and relatedness only in the LLS group, whereas functional connectivity after self-respect could predict the needs of autonomy and competence only in the HLS group. Overall, self-criticism produces more noticeable negative changes in the brain than the positive changes of self-respect. Individuals with low life satisfaction may be more vulnerable to be negatively affected not only by self-criticism but also self-respect than individuals with high life satisfaction. The satisfaction of basic psychological needs can play a mediating role in the effects of self-talk tasks differently concerning life satisfaction.

MRI T2 and T2* relaxometry to visualize neuromelanin in the dorsal substantia nigra pars compacta.

Visualizing gradual changes in neuromelanin distribution within the substantia nigra is an important metric used to monitor the progression of Parkinsonism. This study aimed to identify the origin of the mismatch region between magnetic resonance transverse relaxation times (T2 and T2*) in the substantia nigra and investigate its feasibility and implications for in vivo detection of neuromelanin as a clinical biomarker. The relationships between neuromelanin distribution assessed by histological staining and the area of T2 and T2* mismatch determined by high- and low-resolution magnetic resonance relaxometry at 7T were directly compared in two normal and one depigmented substantia nigra collected at postmortem. In vivo feasibility of assessing T2 and T2* mismatch, clinically, was investigated using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. In the normal postmortem substantia nigra tissue, the T2 and T2* mismatch region exhibiting a linear pattern was strongly colocalized with neuromelanin distribution along the dorsal substantia nigra pars compacta, but a negligible amount of dorsal mismatch was observed in the depigmented brain. The regions of T2 and T2* mismatch from MRI, neuromelanin pigments from histology, and elevated iron signals from mass spectrometry were spatially overlapped for a normal postmortem brain. In preliminary in vivo studies, a similar, linear T2 and T2* mismatch region was observed in the dorsal area of the substantia nigra in eight normal subjects; this mismatch was significantly obscured in eight Parkinson's disease patients. The length of the dorsal linear mismatch line based on the T2*-T2 mask was significantly shorter in the Parkinson's disease patients compared to normal controls; this result was corroborated by reduced striatal uptake of [18F] FP-CIT dopamine transporters assessed by positron emission tomography scans. In conclusion, the measurement of T2 and T2* mismatch could serve as a complementary imaging biomarker to visualize the dorsal region of the substantia nigra pars compacta, which contains large amounts of neuromelanin.

Evidence of corticofugal tau spreading in patients with frontotemporal dementia.

Common neurodegenerative diseases feature progressive accumulation of disease-specific protein aggregates in selectively vulnerable brain regions. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that misfolded disease proteins exhibit prion-like properties, including the ability to seed corruptive templating and self-propagation along axons. Direct evidence for transneuronal spread in patients, however, remains limited. To test predictions made by the transneuronal spread hypothesis in human tissues, we asked whether tau deposition within axons of the corticospinal and corticopontine pathways can be predicted based on clinical syndromes and cortical atrophy patterns seen in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Sixteen patients with Pick's disease, 21 with corticobasal degeneration, and 3 with FTLD-MAPT were included, spanning a range of clinical syndromes across the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. Cortical involvement was measured using a neurodegeneration score, a tau score, and a composite score based on semiquantitative ratings and complemented by an MRI-based cortical atrophy W-map based on antemortem imaging. Midbrain cerebral peduncle and pontine base descending fibers were divided into three subregions, representing prefrontopontine, corticospinal, and parieto-temporo-occipital fiber pathways. Tau area fraction was calculated in each subregion and related to clinical syndrome and cortical measures. Within each clinical syndrome, there were predicted relationships between cortical atrophy patterns and axonal tau deposition in midbrain cerebral peduncle and pontine base. Between syndromes, contrasting and predictable patterns of brainstem axonal tau deposition emerged, with, for example, greater tau in prefrontopontine fibers in behavioral variant FTD and in corticospinal fibers in corticobasal syndrome. Finally, semiquantitative and quantitative cortical degeneration scores predicted brainstem axonal tau deposition based on anatomical principles. Taken together, these findings provide important human evidence in support of axonal tau spreading in patients with specific forms of tau-related neurodegeneration.

Microfluidic skin chip with vasculature for recapitulating the immune response of the skin tissue.

There is a considerable need for cell-based in vitro skin models for studying dermatological diseases and testing cosmetic products, but current in vitro skin models lack physiological relevance compared to human skin tissue. For example, many dermatological disorders involve complex immune responses, but current skin models are not capable of recapitulating the phenomena. Previously, we reported development of a microfluidic skin chip with a vessel structure and vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we cocultured dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with vascular endothelial cells, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. We verified the formation of a vascular endothelium in the presence of the dermis and epidermis layers by examining the expression of tissue-specific markers. As the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the migration of leukocytes to inflammation sites, we incorporated leukocytes in the circulating media and attempted to mimic the migration of neutrophils in response to external stimuli. Increased secretion of cytokines and migration of neutrophils was observed when the skin chip was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, showing that the microfluidic skin chip may be useful for studying the immune response of the human tissue.

Comparison of Amyloid in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Brain Imaging, and Autopsy in a Case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aß1-42) and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) are the 2 main Alzheimer disease amyloid biomarkers that have been validated in neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease cases. Although many studies have shown concordance of amyloid positivity or negativity between CSF Aß1-42 and amyloid PET, several studies also reported discrepancies between these 2 Aß biomarkers. We conducted a comparison of CSF Aß1-42 level, amyloid PET, and autopsy findings in a case with progressive supranuclear palsy in which biomarker acquisition and postmortem pathologic examination were conducted almost at the same time. Our case with antemortem CSF Aß1-42 (+)/amyloid PET (-) who was pathologically confirmed with Aß pathology in the cerebral cortex may indicate CSF Aß1-42 is more sensitive for assessing in vivo Aß than amyloid PET.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Neoagarooligosaccharide via Activation of Nrf2 and Enhanced Antioxidant Efficacy.

Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOS) are generated by ß-agarases, which cleave the ß-1,4 linkage in agarose. Previously, we reported that NAOS inhibited fat accumulation in the liver and decreased serum cholesterol levels. However, the hepatoprotective effect of NAOS on acute liver injury has not yet been investigated. Thus, we examined whether NAOS could activate nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) and upregulates its target gene, and has hepatoprotective effect in vivo. In hepatocytes, phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of Nrf2 are increased by treatment with NAOS, in a manner dependent on p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Consistently, NAOS augmented ARE reporter gene activity and the antioxidant protein levels, resulting in increased intracellular glutathione levels. NAOS antagonized tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, NAOS inhibited acetaminophen (APAP)-induced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and significantly decreased hepatocyte degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, ROS production and glutathione depletion by APAP were reversed by NAOS. APAP-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways were also inhibited in NAOS-treated mice. Upregulalted hepatic expression of genes related to inflammation by APAP were consistently diminished by NAOS. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NAOS exhibited a hepatoprotective effect against APAP-mediated acute liver damage through its antioxidant capacity.