Growth Patterns of 11-29-Month-Old Children Consuming Young Child Formula: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled Study.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of young child formula (YCF) consumption on children's growth, particularly under suboptimal conditions, has scarcely been studied. In the current study, weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and BMI-for-age (BAZ) z-score development was evaluated in children from five different countries (n = 668) who participated in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: The children (1-3 years old) were randomized to one of two intervention YCFs (with presence or absence of prebiotics and n-3 LCPUFAs) during 52 weeks of intervention. Additional stratified analyses evaluated the growth patterns of underweight, overweight, or stunted children. RESULTS: No apparent differences in anthropometric measurements were observed between the intervention groups. In both YCF intervention groups, mean WAZ, LAZ and BAZ development was indicative of adequate growth during the intervention period. Stratified analyses showed stable WAZ and BAZ development among children with a healthy weight or overweight at baseline. Among underweight and stunted children, normalization in mean weight (∼1 SD) and length (∼0.8 SD) gain, respectively, was observed. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that consumption of YCF, either or not containing prebiotics and n-3 LCPUFAs, is associated with adequate growth among young children. This association may depend on the child's baseline nutritional status. Future studies to assess the potential role of YCF in supporting adequate weight/length gain among children at risk for undernutrition are warranted.

Relative efficacy of AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine in children: results of a controlled, randomized efficacy trial.

BACKGROUND: The vaccine efficacy (VE) of 1 or 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine relative to that of 2 doses of nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine in children 6 months to <10 years of age in a multinational study conducted during 2010-2011. METHODS: A total of 6145 children were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1:1 to receive 2 injections 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine at dose 1 and saline placebo at dose 2, 2 doses 21 days apart of A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-AS03 vaccine (the Ad2 group), or 2 doses 21 days apart of nonadjuvanted A/California/7/2009(H1N1) vaccine (the NAd2 group). Active surveillance for influenza-like illnesses continued from days 14 to 385. Nose and throat samples obtained during influenza-like illnesses were tested for A/California/7/2009(H1N1), using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety were assessed. RESULTS: There were 23 cases of confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection for the primary relative VE analysis. The VE in the Ad2 group relative to that in the NAd2 group was 76.8% (95% confidence interval, 18.5%-93.4%). The benefit of the AS03 adjuvant was demonstrated in terms of the greater immunogenicity observed in the Ad2 group, compared with the NAd2 group. CONCLUSION: The 4-8-fold antigen-sparing adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine demonstrated superior and clinically important prevention of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, with no observed increase in medically attended or serious adverse events. These data support the use of adjuvanted influenza vaccines during influenza pandemics. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01051661.

Effects of growing-up milk supplemented with prebiotics and LCPUFAs on infections in young children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growing-up milk (GUM) with added short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) (9:1) (Immunofortis) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the occurrence of infections in healthy children attending day care centres. METHODS: In a randomised double-blind controlled, parallel, multicountry intervention study, 767 healthy children, ages 11 to 29 months, received GUM with scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the active group, n = 388), GUM without scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the control group, n = 379), or cow's milk (n = 37) for 52 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of episodes of upper respiratory tract infections or gastrointestinal infections based on a combination of subject's illness symptoms reported by the parents during the intervention period. RESULTS: Children in the active group compared with the control group had a decreased risk of developing at least 1 infection (299/388 [77%] vs 313/379 [83%], respectively, relative risk 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.00; logistic regression P = 0.03). There was a trend toward a reduction (P = 0.07) in the total number of infections in the active group, which was significant when confirmed by one of the investigators (268/388 [69%] vs 293/379 [77%], respectively, relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97; P = 0.004, post hoc). More infectious episodes were observed in the cow's milk group, when compared with both GUM groups (34/37 [92%] vs 612/767 [80%], respectively, relative risk 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.28). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in children to show a reduced risk of infection following consumption of GUM supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS/n-3 LCPUFAs. The borderline statistical significance justifies a new study to confirm this finding.

Burden of acute, persistent and chronic diarrhea, Thailand, 2010.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diarrhea in Thai children under five years of age increased over the last decade while mortality dramatically decreased. To evaluate the effectiveness of MCH services under Universal Coverage Schemes, health outcomes should be performed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the burden and pattern of childhood diarrheal diseases in Thai children under five. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The information on Intestinal Infectious Diseases ICD10: A00-A09 was divided into two groups: 1. Infectious diarrhea: A04, A05, A08, A09 and 2. Dysentery: A02, A03. The authors investigated the number of OPD visits, IPD, mortality, length of hospital stay and co-morbidity of severe cases. RESULTS: The burden of diarrhea was: 3.7 million (1:1) episodes, 756,552 OPD visits (1:5), 124, 403 IPD admissions (1:30), 202 (1:18,460) persistent diarrhea and 48 (1:77, 685) deaths. Diarrheal incidence had two peaks: cool season and early rainy season. Admissions lasted a collective 309,398 days. Diarrhea was persistent in 202 episodes (1.6 per 1,000 admissions) and the associated factors included: age, sepsis, anemia, chronic diseases, malnutrition and HIV. The risks for diarrhea-related mortality included: infant, septicemia and dehydration. CONCLUSION: The incidence of diarrhea was higher than expected albeit mortality was low. The mortality rate was associated with age under one year persistent diarrhea, septicemia, chronic and underlying diseases.

Thai infant health situation: essential medical information for family centered care.

BACKGROUND: The family-centered care requires reliable information on morbidity, mortality and related health problems to educate the responsible families. OBJECTIVE: To explore diseases and deaths of infants aged 29 days-12 months under the 2010 Universal Health Insurance in Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD: As per Sutra et al in 'Health situation analysis of Thai population 2010. The data included in the analysis were numbers and percents of primary diagnosis of each visit in the outpatient department (OPD), admitted cases and infant death. Other health related issues were also retrieved from the existing sources of health information at country level. RESULTS: The infants aged 29 days-12 month had 9,721, 266 OPD visits including factors influencing health (69.6%), respiratory infections (16.3%), Intestinal infection (2.4%) and other diseases (11.7%). The admitted cases commonly had respiratory infections (47.5%), intestinal infections (23.4%), other infections (4.8%) and congenital malformation (2.8%). The three most common causes of hospital deaths were perinatal conditions (25.2%), congenital malformation (21.4%) and respiratory infection (18.5%). There were also neonatal problems of low birth weight and iodine deficiency. CONCLUSION: The infectious diseases and perinatal health problems were the main issues for family education in the family centered care to reduce the burden of diseases and infant death.

Adolescent pregnancy: Thailand's national agenda.

BACKGROUND: Unintended pregnancy during adolescence can have profound effects on adolescents, their parents and family, the child and the country's developing population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the adolescent pregnancy situation in Thailand in order to provide data and suggestions for refining the nation's medical curricula and enhancing health services for adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: National data from Thailand's 3 major health care systems, regarding; adolescent pregnancy complications, deliveries, outcomes and deaths in the 2010 fiscal year were analyzed and compared to women 20-34 years of age. RESULTS: There were 80,523 adolescent pregnancies, comprising 25.9% of all pregnancies. The pregnancy rate for 15-19 year-olds was 33.4 per 1,000 and abortion was the outcome in 14.4%, (18.0% of all abortions). The adolescent birth rate was 28.7 in women 15-19 years of age-on average, there were 188.8 adolescent deliveries per day. Adolescents gave birth to 37.2% of all preterm infants: the preterm birth rate was significantly greater than in women in the optimum reproductive age. Most deliveries were spontaneous vertex deliveries with lower complications and mortality rates than for women in the optimum reproductive age. CONCLUSION: Unintended pregnancy can have profound effects on adolescent parents, their parents and families, the child and the country's developing population. It should, therefore, be considered a major public health problem that warrants immediate intervention at the national level.

Primary vaccination with a new heptavalent DTPw-HBV/Hib-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and C combined vaccine is well tolerated.

OBJECTIVE: Safety and reactogenicity of a new heptavalent DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC (diphtheria, tetanus, whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B virus/Haemophilus influenzae type b-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and C) vaccine was compared with a widely used pentavalent DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine. METHODS: Three phase III randomized studies comparable in design and methodology, in which healthy infants received DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC (N=1334) or DTPw-HBV/Hib (N=446) at 2, 4, and 6 months, were pooled for analysis. Solicited symptoms were recorded for 4 days, and unsolicited adverse events for 31 days after each dose. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded throughout the studies. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of subjects with fever >39.5 degrees C or >40.0 degrees C (p<0.005). Compared to group DTPw-HBV/Hib, a significantly higher percentage of subjects in group DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC reported fever >39 degrees C (21.2% vs. 14.8%, p=0.004). Fever subsided quickly, did not lead to differences in attendance to medical services and did not increase from dose to dose. Sixty-seven SAEs were reported, 56/1334 (4.2%) in group DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC and 11/446 (2.5%) in the DTPw-HBV/Hib group. CONCLUSION: Overall, the heptavalent and pentavalent vaccines had similar safety profiles. The difference observed in percentage of subjects with fever >39 degrees C did not lead to differences in medically attended visits for fever.

Cystic fibrosis in three northeast Thai infants is CF really a rare disease in the Thai population?

The authors report on three infants with cystic fibrosis (CF), with different genotypes, presenting with different clinical manifestations, but having similar abnormal serum electrolytes (i.e. hyponatremia, severe hypochloremia and metabolic alkalosis). Despite the diagnostic investigations, the child who presents with severe electrolyte imbalance especially persistent hypochloremia and a family history of early infant death with respiratory or gastrointestinal problems should point to a diagnosis of CF Early identification and treatment remain critical to effective management. The diagnostic tool used, especially the sweat test, is needed for diagnostic investigations in Thailand.

Flexibility in the administration schedule of varicella vaccination in healthy adolescents and young adults.

A clinical trial to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of two doses of varicella vaccine (live attenuated Oka-strain, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), when either given 8 or 4 weeks apart in healthy seronegative adolescents and young adults, was conducted in Khon Kaen and Bangkok, Thailand. Contrary to seroconversion rates generally reported for this age group, in our study all subjects were already seropositive after the first vaccine dose. After the first vaccine dose, geometric mean titers (GMTs) for anti-varicella antibodies were 78.4 (median 64) for the adolescent group and 136.5 (median 128) for the young adult group. Six weeks after administration of the second dose, anti-varicella GMTs reached 331.7 (median 256) and 636.9 (median 512) for the adolescent and young adult groups, respectively, with a 4.2-4.7-fold increase from pre-vaccination titers. The difference in GMTs between post-dose I and dose II was statistically significant for each group. The reactogenicity after the first and second doses of vaccination was low: no varicella rash was seen, in either the shorter or longer schedule. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals varicella vaccine (Varilix) offered a high flexibility, administration possible at either 4 or 8 weeks interval, whilst eliciting good immunogenicity and good tolerability.

Sixteen years of global experience with the first refrigerator-stable varicella vaccine (Varilrix).

Without vaccination, chickenpox (varicella) will affect almost every person in the world during their lifetime. The burden of disease due to varicella is often unrecognized. Varilrix is a varicella vaccine derived from the Oka strain of varicella virus. The vaccine, as a frozen formulation, was licensed for use in 1984 and was the first commercially available varicella vaccine. It subsequently became the first refrigerator-stable varicella vaccine; its development commenced in 1991 and it has been licensed for use since 1994. Varilrix is indicated for use in high-risk groups, potentially immunocompromised individuals, and healthy subjects in many countries. This article reviews data from extensive worldwide experience with the refrigerator-stable version of the vaccine, including information derived from its use in over 10,000 individuals participating in clinical trials investigating its immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness, and safety, as well as postmarketing data including its use in universal mass vaccination programs. Sixteen years of clinical and postmarketing experience with the same formulation represents the longest and most extensive experience with a refrigerator-stable varicella vaccine worldwide. Varilrix, in conjunction with the trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine Priorix, has also been the basis for clinical development of the tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (Priorix-Tetra).

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of reduced antigen content diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dTpa) administered as a booster to 4-6 year-old children primed with four doses of whole-cell pertussis vaccine.

A trial to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a reduced antigen content diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (dTpa) vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw) vaccine was conducted in Thailand. Three hundred and thirty children aged 4-6 years, primed with four doses of DTPw, received a single injection of either dTpa or DTPw. There was a significantly lower incidence of local and general reactions following dTpa than DTPw (P<0.001). One month after vaccination, 99.4 and 100% of all subjects had protective anti-diphtheria and -tetanus titers, respectively. The vaccine response rate to pertussis antigens was similar in both groups, with 96.9% versus 92.5% for anti-pertussis toxin (PT), 96.9% versus 97.5% for anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and 95.1% versus 90.8% for anti-pertactin (PRN) in the dTpa and DTPw groups, respectively. For anti-BPT, the vaccine response in the dTpa group was 29.6% versus 94.4% for DTPw. In conclusion, the dTpa vaccine was as immunogenic and significantly better tolerated than DTPw. The new dTpa vaccine could improve coverage for routine booster vaccination in children and provide a good replacement for DTP vaccines at 4-6 years of age.