Thrombospondin-induced adhesion of human platelets.

Washed human unactivated platelets attached and spread on thrombospondin (TSP)-coated microtiter plates. Platelet adhesion was promoted by divalent cations Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ as compared to buffer having all divalent cations complexed with EDTA. TSP-dependent adhesion was inhibited by anti-TSP fab fragments, an anti-TSP monoclonal antibody, an RGD-containing peptide, complex-specific anti-glycoprotein (GP)IIb-IIIa monoclonal antibodies (A2A9 or AP-2) and anti-VLA-2 monoclonal antibodies (6F1 and Gi9), but not by rabbit preimmune fab fragments, mouse IgG, an anti-GPIIIa monoclonal antibody, or monoclonal antibodies against either the human vitronectin receptor, glycocalicin, or GPIV. At saturating concentrations, anti-GPIIb-IIIa inhibited adhesion by 40-60%. Glanzman's thrombasthenic platelets, which lack GPIIb-IIIa, adhered to TSP to the same extent as anti-GPIIb-IIIa-treated normal platelets or 40-60% as well as untreated normal platelets. Antibody 6F1 (5-10 micrograms/ml) inhibited platelet adhesion of both normal and thrombasthenic platelets by 84-100%. Both VLA-2 antibodies also inhibited collagen-induced platelet adhesion, but had no effect on fibronectin-induced adhesion of normal platelets. These data indicate that platelets specifically adhere to TSP and that this adhesion is mediated through GPIIb-IIIa and/or VLA-2.

Fluorescence studies of the blood platelet membranes associated with fibrinogen.

To follow microviscosity changes in membranes associated with fibrinogen binding to human platelets, specific fluorescent probes were used and their fluorescence anisotropy was analysed. The degree of fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene, anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and fluorescamine increased significantly when fibrinogen reacted with its membrane receptors. Fluorescence polarization analyses showed that fibrinogen binding to platelet membranes is accompanied by an increase in the membrane lipid rigidity. On the other hand, changes in the fluorescence anisotropy of membrane tryptophans and N-(3-pyrene)maleimide suggest augmented mobility of the membrane proteins. The binding of fibrinogen to the membrane receptors is not accompanied by any change in the fluorescence intensity of ANS attached to the membranes. This may suggest that covering of platelets with fibrinogen molecules does not influence the surface membrane charge.

Binding of fibrinogen molecules to pig platelets and their membranes.

Following addition of ADP, 125I-labelled fibrinogen binds specifically to pig platelets. This binding is completely inhibited by the unlabelled fibrinogen. Quantitative analysis indicates the presence of 12,400-25,000 molecules of fibrinogen which can be bound with an association constant of 5 . 10(8) M-1 to platelets. Fibrinogen receptors were found to be active in the isolated platelet membranes as well. Quantitative analysis of the saturable binding of fibrinogen to the platelet membranes showed that these receptors react with the same affinity with fibrinogen molecules. In contrast to the intact platelets, the platelet membranes can specifically bind fibrinogen in the absence of ADP. We conclude that a specific receptor for fibrinogen is exposed on the surface as a result of cell damage which is the first step of the platelet membrane isolation.

Intramedullary megakaryocytes internalize released platelet factor 4 and store it in alpha granules.

BACKGROUND: Megakaryocytes express and store platelet factor 4 (PF4) in alpha granules. In vivo, PF4 is a clinically relevant, negative regulator of megakaryopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell replication. These findings would suggest a regulated source of free intramedullary PF4. OBJECTIVES: Define the source of free intramedullary PF4 and its intramedullary life cycle. METHODS: We interrogated both murine and human bone marrow-derived cells during megakaryopoiesis in vitro by using confocal microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. With immunohistochemistry, we examined in vivo free PF4 in murine bone marrow before and after radiation injury and in the setting of megakaryocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. RESULTS: Exogenously added human PF4 is internalized by murine megakaryocytes. Human megakaryocytes similarly take up murine PF4 but not the related chemokine, platelet basic protein. Confocal microscopy shows that internalized PF4 colocalizes with endogenous PF4 in alpha granules and is available for release on thrombin stimulation. Immunohistochemistry shows free PF4 in the marrow, but not another alphagranule protein, von Willebrand factor. Free PF4 increases with radiation injury and decreases with megakaryocytopenia. Consistent with the known role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in the negative paracrine effect of PF4 on megakaryopoiesis, PF4 internalization is at least partially low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 dependent. CONCLUSIONS: PF4 has a complex intramedullary life cycle with important implications in megakaryopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell replication not seen with other tested alpha granule proteins.

A natural motif approach to protein design: a synthetic leucine zipper peptide mimics the biological function of the platelet factor 4 protein.

The design of smaller functional mimics of large proteins has long been an important challenge. In this study we use the natural leucine zipper as a structural template to design a 31-residue peptide analog that mimics the function of the larger platelet factor 4 (PF4) protein. The heparin binding activity of PF4 has been introduced into an unrelated leucine zipper sequence only by virtue of incorporating four lysines of PF4. Circular dichroism and binding experiments have shown that the designed leucine zipper peptide adopts a stable helical conformation and shows significant PF4-like heparin binding activity. These results strongly suggest that the lysine residues play an important role in the binding of PF4 to heparin. The de novo generation of the PF4 function in a designed leucine zipper peptide demonstrates that the leucine zipper motif is a useful scaffold for the design of functional peptides and proteins.

The intrinsic fluorescence of human fibrinogen and its fragments D and E.

The tryptophan fluorescence of fibrinogen and its final degradation products--fragment D and E--were compared. Fibrinogen and its derivatives exhibit identical emission and excitation spectra. Their fluorescence intensity is influenced to a different extent by pH titration and temperature. Our studies showed that tryptophan residues of core fragments D and E are much more exposed to quenching effects of acrylamide and ions than intact fibrinogen, which may be caused by conformational changes occurring over the domains during plasmin digestion of fibrinogen molecule.

Alboaggregins A and B. Structure and interaction with human platelets.

Viper venoms contain a variety of platelet binding proteins including those which bind to platelet GPIb/GPIX. Most of these proteins inhibit von Willebrand factor mediated platelet agglutination. Here we report the primary structures of unique members of this family, alboaggregins A and B, isolated from Trimeresurus albolabris, which have the ability to stimulate platelet agglutination and aggregation. Four chains of alboaggregin A and two chains of alboaggregin B share a high degree of homology and all cysteines in both alboaggregins are conserved. Both alboaggregins caused similar agglutination of fixed platelets. Alboaggregin A induced platelet aggregation and release reaction with EC50 = 10 and 30 nM, respectively, which is 20-fold lower than those for alboaggregin B. These observations suggest that the dimeric structure of alboaggregin B is sufficient to mediate its binding to GPIb and induce agglutination of platelets whereas aggregation and release reaction are significantly enhanced by tetrameric structure of alboaggregin A.

Interaction of leukocytes with platelet microparticles derived from outdated platelet concentrates.

Platelet microparticles (PMP) were isolated from outdated platelets by a combination of differential centrifugation and gel filtration, and the concentration of PMP was expressed in the equivalent of GPIIb/IIIa complex measured by captured ELISA. PMP bound to isolated neutrophils and macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, but they did not bind to lymphocytes. Incubation of PMP with neutrophils did not activate these cells as measured by up-regulation of Mac-1, release of human granulocyte elastase, and calcium mobilization. Incubation of PMP with macrophages did not enhance IL-8 production and the oxygen burst but slightly and significantly increased production of MCP-1. After 10 min incubation of PMP with macrophages, an increase of GPIIb/IIIa antigen was observed suggesting that PMP may be endocytosed by macrophages. In conclusion, PMP bind to leukocytes, but, in contrast to activated platelets, do not play a significant role in leukocyte activation.

Interaction of echicetin with a high affinity thrombin binding site on platelet glycoprotein GPIb.

Echicetin, a protein isolated from Echis carinatus snake venom, inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion induced by low concentrations of thrombin ( < 0.2 U/ml), by binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb). The inhibition was not observed when the platelets were stimulated with higher concentrations of thrombin ( > 0.2 U/ml). Echicetin competed with thrombin for binding to the high affinity site on GPIb. Thrombin also inhibited 50% of the binding of 125I-echicetin to the platelets.

Reversal of heparin anticoagulation by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine sulfate in baboons during cardiopulmonary bypass.

The ability of recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine to neutralize heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass was compared in anesthestized baboons. Clotting titration curves of heparinized baboon blood demonstrate an anticoagulant effect of protamine that is not seen with recombinant platelet factor 4. Neither drug caused meaningful changes in central pressures or cardiac output within 30 minutes after injection. After 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass, recombinant platelet factor 4 normalized thrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times within minutes of injection, but protamine did not. Neither drug altered bleeding times. Recombinant platelet factor 4 caused a species-specific leukopenia in baboons and significantly increased activated complement protein 3 (C3a) more than protamine. However, the increase in plasma C3a was small and neither drug caused a significant increase in plasma neutrophil elastase-alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor complex. We conclude that recombinant platelet factor 4 is effective and safe in baboons, does not have an anticoagulant effect with excess concentration, and reverses in vivo heparin more rapidly than protamine. The data support progression to a clinical trial.

Iloprost and echistatin protect platelets during simulated extracorporeal circulation.

Temporary, reversible inhibition of platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass is an attractive strategy to protect platelets and normalize postoperative bleeding times. Iloprost, an analogue of prostacyclin, and the disintegrins reversibly inhibit platelets by different mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that reduced doses of iloprost and either echistatin, a natural disintegrin, or RO43-5054, a peptidomimetic, in combination provide better platelet protection than any drug alone during simulated extracorporeal circulation. Thirty-five recirculation studies using fresh, heparinized human blood in an extracorporeal perfusion circuit that contained a 0.45-m2 spiral coil membrane oxygenator were performed. Iloprost, but neither echistatin nor RO43-5054, increased platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Combinations of iloprost and either fibrinogen receptor antagonist at reduced doses submaximally increased platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Platelet adhesion and release of beta-thromboglobulin antigen was completely inhibited by combinations of the two classes of drugs, but only partially inhibited by each drug alone. Combinations of drugs also completely inhibited platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate; these platelets retained full sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate after 90 minutes of recirculation when drugs were removed by gel filtration. We conclude that combinations of iloprost and a fibrinogen receptor antagonist at doses that are unlikely to produce clinical side effects completely inhibit platelet activation and preserve platelet function during in vitro extracorporeal circulation.

Interaction of beta 3 integrin-derived peptides 214-218 and 217-231 with alpha IIb beta 3 complex and with fibrinogen A alpha-chain.

beta 3 integrin-derived peptides 214-218 and 217-231 have been shown previously to inhibit platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to platelets and to purified receptor. In this paper we study the activity of both peptides in inhibition of binding of biotinylated fibrinogen to activated platelets and to immobilized alpha IIb beta 3 receptor. We found that the mechanism of this inhibition by both peptides is different 125I-labeled 214-218 peptide binds to alpha IIb beta 3 but in contrast, 125I-labeled 217-231 peptide binds to the A alpha-chain of native and gamma' fibrinogen, as judged by the cross-linking study. In solid phase assay both purified alpha IIb beta 3 and 217-231 peptide bound extensively to native and recombinant fibrinogen, and to fibrinogen with either D574E or D97E mutations in the A alpha-chain. Binding of purified alpha IIb beta 3 to gamma' fibrinogen was markedly impaired whereas binding of 217-231 was only slightly impaired in comparison with native fibrinogen. Binding of 217-231 to fibrinogen fragment X was also reduced suggesting that sequences other than RGDS and RGDF may represent binding sites for this peptide. We hypothesize that the close vicinity of fibrinogen binding site (217-231) and of the site participating in conformational changes of the alpha IIb beta 3 receptor (214-218) may facilitate fibrinogen interaction with its receptor.

Interaction of thrombospondin with platelet glycoproteins GPIa-IIa and GPIIb-IIIa.

The interaction of human thrombospondin (TSP) with GPIa-IIa and GPIIb-IIIa was studied. The binding for both proteins became time-independent after 60 min. A 7-fold excess concentration of unlabelled GPIa-IIa added either initially, or after time-dependent binding, resulted in a 50% inhibition of GPIa-IIa bound to TSP. GPIa-IIa and GPIIb-IIIa specifically bound TSP since: (a) the binding of GPIIb-IIIa to TSP was dependent on the presence of 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM CaCl2, whereas binding of GPIa-IIa was ion-independent. (b) The binding was saturable, with dissociation constants of 0.69 +/- 0.17 microM and 3.77 +/- 1.02 microM for GPIa-IIa and GPIIb-IIIa respectively. (c) GPIIb-IIIa and GPIa-IIa did not significantly bind to BSA. (d) GPIIb-IIIa bound fibrinogen ion-specifically, whereas little or no binding of GPIa-IIa was detectable. (e) Both GPIIb-IIIa and GPIa-IIa bound collagen in an ion-independent manner. (f) GPIIb-IIIa did not compete with GPIa-IIa for binding to TSP. (g) Binding of GPIa-IIa to TSP was inhibited with anti-(GPIa-IIa) (6F1), whereas mouse IgG and anti-(GPIIb-IIIa) (AP-2) had no effect. (h) The interaction of GPIa-IIa with TSP is 5.5-fold more favourable than that of GPIIb-IIIa suggesting that GPIa-IIa may be a preferred binding protein for TSP-mediated platelet adhesion.

Microenvironment changes of human blood platelet membranes associated with fibrinogen binding.

Alterations in the membrane organization caused by fibrinogen binding to human blood platelets and their isolated membranes were analyzed by fluorescence and electron spin resonance measurements. The degree of fluorescent anisotropy of DPH, ANS and fluorescamine increased significantly when fibrinogen reacted with its membrane receptors. Both fluorescence and ESR analyses showed that fibrinogen binding to platelet membranes is accompanied by an increase of the membrane lipid rigidity. This effect seems to be indirect in nature and is mediated by altered membrane protein interactions. As it has been shown that an increased membrane lipid rigidity leads to a greater exposure of membrane proteins, including fibrinogen receptors, this might facilitate a formation of molecular linkages between neighboring platelets. On the other hand, changes of fluorescence anisotropy of membrane tryptophans and N-(3-pyrene) maleimide suggest the augmented mobility of the membrane proteins. Evidence is presented which indicated that the binding of fibrinogen to the membrane receptors is not accompanied by any changes in the fluorescence intensity of ANS attached to the membranes. It may suggest that the covering of platelets with fibrinogen does not influence the surface membrane charge. In contrast to fibrinogen, calcium ions caused an increase of the fluorescence intensity resulting from the more efficient binding of ANS to the platelet membranes.

ADP-induced platelet shape change and mobilization of cytoplasmic ionized calcium are mediated by distinct binding sites on platelets: 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine is a weak platelet agonist.

Platelet stimulation with ADP results in several responses, including shape change, increase in cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration [Ca2+]i, an inhibition of adenylate cyclase. 5'-p-Fluorosulphonyl benzoyladenosine (FSBA), which covalently labels an ADP binding site on platelets, blocks platelet shape change but not the inhibition of cyclic AMP levels by ADP, whereas p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (pCMBS), a nonpenetrating thiol reagent, has the opposite effects. We examined the effect of FSBA and pCMBS on ADP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i using platelets loaded with fluorescent Ca2+ indicators quin2 and fura-2. FSBA (50 to 200 mumol/L) induced a dose-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i, indicating that it is a weak platelet agonist. Under conditions of covalent labeling of the ADP binding sites, FSBA (50 to 100 mumol/L) did not inhibit the ADP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i or its inhibition of adenylate cyclase, whereas pCMBS (up to 1 mmol/L) abolished both these responses but not shape change. These findings suggest that ADP-induced Ca2+ mobilization and inhibition of adenylate cyclase are mediated by platelet binding sites distinct from those mediating shape change.

beta-Amyloid protein induces platelet aggregation and supports platelet adhesion.

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is found in many cells including neurons, endothelial cells and blood platelets. Beta-amyloid protein (beta AP) is derived from APP and is deposited in brain and in cerebral microvasculature of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. In this study we demonstrate that beta AP interacts with human blood platelets. We found that human beta AP peptide (1-40) fibrils aggregate platelets and support their adhesion, and these interactions are mediated through platelet membrane integrin receptors.

High concentrations of exogenous arachidonate inhibit calcium mobilization in platelets by stimulation of adenylate cyclase.

1. Exposure of platelets to exogenous arachidonic acid results in aggregation and secretion, which are inhibited at high arachidonate concentrations. The mechanisms for this have not been elucidated fully. In our studies in platelet suspensions, peak aggregation and secretion occurred at 2-5 microM-sodium arachidonate, with complete inhibition around 25 microM. 2. In platelets loaded with quin2 or fura-2, the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, rose in the presence of 1 mM-CaCl2 from 60-80 nM to 300-500 nM at 2-5 microM-arachidonate, followed by inhibition to basal values at 25-50 microM. Thromboxane production was not inhibited at 25 microM-arachidonate. Cyclic AMP increased in the presence of theophylline, from 3.5 pmol/10(8) platelets in unexposed platelets to 8 pmol/10(8) platelets at 50 microM-arachidonate; all platelet responses were inhibited with doubling of cyclic AMP contents. 3. The adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine attenuated the inhibitory effect of arachidonate, suggesting that it is mediated by increased platelet cyclic AMP and that it is unlikely to be due to irreversible damage to platelets. 4. Aspirin or the combined lipoxygenase/cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor BW 755C did not prevent the inhibition by arachidonate of either [Ca2+]i signals or aggregation induced by U46619. 5. Thus high arachidonate concentrations inhibit Ca2+ mobilization in platelets, and this is mediated by stimulation of adenylate cyclase. High arachidonate concentrations influence platelet responses by modulating intracellular concentrations of two key messenger molecules, cyclic AMP and Ca2+.

Plasma lipoproteins mediate platelet adhesion.

Platelet adhesion to VLDL, LDL, HDL, and to a mixture of purified apolipoproteins was examined. Platelets adhered to all the classes of lipoproteins tested. VLDL and the apolipoprotein mixture promoted the greatest degree of adhesion. Platelet adhesion was inhibited by addition of EDTA, RGD-containing peptides and anti-GPIIb-IIIa, monoclonal antibodies. Platelets from patients with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia which lack the GPIIb-IIIa receptor adhered to VLDL less than half as well as did normal platelets. These results demonstrate that the major circulating lipoproteins can mediate in vitro platelet adhesion and that this adhesion occurs via platelet integrin receptors. We postulate that lipoprotein mediated platelet adhesion may play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis.