Urolithiasis: History, epidemiology, aetiologic factors and management.

Urolithiasis is defined as a disease diagnosed by the presence of one or more stones in the urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man, their discovery and characterisation chronology began with the civilisation's history. This pathology has a multifactorial aetiology, very frequent worldwide with geographic and racial variation, their prevalence is increasing in lockstep with socioeconomic development. In fact, this disorder affects between 2 and 20% of the population, with an approximate recurrence rate of 30% to 50% in 5 years. Furthermore, calciumtype stones, which are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) alone or a mixture of CaOx and calcium phosphate are the most common, accounting for more than 80% of cases. The medical management of urolithiasis is done by medical treatments and/or by surgical intervention for the stones extraction by the techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery. However, various therapies, including thiazide diuretics and alkaline citrate, are used in an attempt to prevent stones recurrence induced by hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, but the scientific evidence for their effectiveness is less convincing. On the other hand, endoscopic and ESWL methods have revolutionised the treatment of urinary lithiasis, but these costly methods, can cause acute kidney injury and decreased renal function, in addition, do not prevent the probability of new stone formation. The deepening of our knowledge on all points relating to this disease is a priority for specialists in order to find adequate solutions for this disease. This review provides an overview of urolithiasis, its history, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment methods.

The study of the inhibitory effect of calcium oxalate monohydrate's crystallization by two medicinal and aromatic plants: Ammi visnaga and Punica granatum.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary lithiasis is a recurrent disease defined by the presence of calculi in the urinary tract. Most urinary calculi have as a major component calcium oxalate which occurs mainly in two crystalline forms: Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite). The target behind, this work is to study the inhibiting effect of the calcium oxalate's crystallization by the extract of the Ammi visnaga and the Punica granatum. METHODS: The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with both the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the extracts of the two plants. This study consists in measurement, with the UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ equal to 620nm corresponding to the formation of the crystals due to the mixing of metastable solutions of calcium and oxalate. The characterization of the crystals is carried out in parallel by both the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and the observation of the crystals with the help of an optical microscope. In this respect, the inhibition percentages were calculated from the turbidity slopes in the presence and absence of the extract. RESULTS: The results obtained were more effective, especially for Punica granatum with percentages of 97.8±0.12 and 83.46±1.34% against nucleation and aggregation, respectively, the order of Ammi visnaga was as follow: 73.25±0.81 and 59.44±3.3%. Thus, all correlation coefficients are greater than 0.95 and all coefficients of variation are less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and treatment of urinary lithiasis and especially in the case of recurrence by plants remains an alternative choice for medical methods. This study justified the efficacy of the plants Ammi visnaga and in particular Punica granatum against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Epidemiological study on urinary stones in the region of Fez and the risk of recurrence]. / Étude épidémiologique sur les calculs urinaires dans la région de Fès et sur le risque de récidive.

OBJECTIVE: In Morocco, few works on morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary calculi have been published, especially for patients in the region of Fez. This work aims to make a retrospective epidemiological study on the nature of urinary calculi with patients from the region of Fez and control the urine of the same patients after a period of three months to report on the risk of recurrence. METHOD AND PATIENTS: Urinary stones were collected mostly in the nephrology service and urology service at the Hassan II Hospital in Fez. These calculations after being dried for 24 hours at room temperature underwent a morphological analysis, followed by infrared spectroscopic analysis Fourier transform. After a period of about three months, morning urine of the same patients was analyzed by crystalluria to control the presence of crystals that reflect a risk of recurrence. RESULTS: In our series of 123 samples, the age of patients ranges from 2-79 years. The prevalence was higher for men with a sex ratio of 1.3. The results of the analysis calculations showed that 61% were formed of calcium oxalate and 15% of uric acid and 25% of stones were carbapatite, struvite, cystine… The study by crystalluria urine revealed the presence of the crystals in 69% of patients' nephrolithiasis. CONCLUSION: The results of our study are conformed to the series of results in other regions of Morocco regarding the predominance of calcium oxalate stones. The presence of crystals in the urine of 69% of patients may indicate other recurrences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Effects of propranolol therapy in Moroccan children with infantile hemangioma.

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common childhood vascular tumors. Propranolol is a ß-adrenergic blocker that has proven effective in the treatment of this tumor. Numerous studies around the world have been published, describing satisfactory responses in pediatric populations with a higher cure rate and fewer adverse effects than when using corticosteroids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of propranolol in Moroccan pediatric patients diagnosed with infantile hemangioma who were treated with oral propranolol. A prospective study was conducted from May 2009 to May 2017 in the department of dermatology of a hospital in Casablanca. All the patients who had infantile hemangioma were included. The study comprised 121 patients with infantile hemangioma: 90 girls and 31 boys. The mean age was 6 months. The majority of hemangiomas were mixed (63%) and located on the face and neck. The treatment was well tolerated by all the patients. The dosage of propranolol was gradually increased from 1mg to 2mg/kg/day. We noted a decrease in coloration after 48hours. The healing period for ulcerated hemangiomas was 20 days. A decrease in size was noted after 1 month, while a decrease in palpebral obstruction occurred after 3 days. Treatment with propranolol in this group of Moroccan pediatric patients proved to be safe and effective at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day, reducing the size and coloration of the hemangioma. Treatment should be stopped at an appropriate time, which is determined primarily by the lesion regression rate after propranolol treatment.