What are the differences among occupational groups related to their palliative care-specific educational needs and intensity of interprofessional collaboration in long-term care homes?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences across occupational groups related to their end-of-life care-specific educational needs and reported intensity of interprofessional collaboration in long-term care (LTC) homes. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, based on two questionnaires, was administered at four LTC homes in Ontario, Canada using a modified Dilman's approach. The first questionnaire, End of Life Professional Caregiver Survey, included three domains: patients and family-centered communication, cultural and ethical values, effective care delivery. The Intensity of Interprofessional Collaboration Scale included two subscales: care sharing activities, and interprofessional coordination. In total, 697 LTC staff were given surveys, including personal support workers, support staff (housekeeping, kitchen, recreation, laundry, dietician aids, office staff), and registered staff (licensed nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, pharmacists, physicians). RESULTS: A total of 317 participants completed the survey (126 personal support workers, 109 support staff, 82 registered staff) for a response rate of 45%. Significant differences emerged among occupational groups across all scales and subscales. Specifically, support staff rated their comfort of working with dying patients significantly lower than both nurses and PSWs. Support staff also reported significantly lower ratings of care sharing activities and interprofessional coordination compared to both registered staff and personal support workers. CONCLUSIONS: These study findings suggest there are differing educational needs and sense of interprofessional collaboration among LTC staff, specific to discipline group. Both the personal support workers and support staff groups appeared to have higher needs for education; support staff also reported higher needs related to integration on the interdisciplinary team. Efforts to build capacity within support staff related to working with dying residents and their families are needed. Optimal palliative care may require resources to increase the availability of support for all staff involved in the care of patients.

Prevalence and incidence of clinically recognized cases of Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in Rwanda, Africa.

AIMS: To determine prevalence and incidence estimates for clinically recognized cases of Type 1 diabetes from the Life For a Child Program (LFAC) with onset < 26 years in six representative districts, and the capital, of Rwanda. METHODS: Cases were identified from the LFAC registry and visits to district hospitals. Denominators were calculated from district-level population surveys. Period prevalence data were collected from 1 August 2011 to 31 July 2012 and annual incidence rates were calculated, retrospectively, for 2004-2011. Ninety-five per cent confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using a Poisson distribution. RESULTS: The prevalence of known Type 1 diabetes in seven districts in Rwanda for ages < 26 years was 16.4 [95% CI 14.6-18.4]/100 000 and for < 15 years was 4.8 [3.5-6.4]/100 000. Prevalence was higher in females (18.5 [15.8-21.4]/100 000) than males (14.1 [11.8-16.7]/100 000; P = 0.01) and rates increased with age. The annual incidence rate for those < 26 years was stable between 2007 and 2011 with a mean incidence over that time of 2.7 [2.0-3.7]/100 000 ( < 15 years = 1.2 [0.5-2.0]/100 000). Incidence rates were higher in females than males and peaked in males at ages 17 and 22 years and in females at age 18 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our report of known Type 1 diabetes cases shows lower incidence and prevalence rates in Rwanda than previously reported in the USA and most African countries. Incidence of recognized cases has increased over time, but has recently stabilized. However, the likelihood of missed cases due to death before diagnosis and misdiagnosis is high and therefore more definitive studies are needed.

Chronic disease epidemiology, cancer and mobile global approaches to disease prevention.

The focus of this symposium was worldwide prevention of chronic disease through the use of inexpensive Internet pathways, as demonstrated with the Supercourse project, and other initiatives, including promoting mobile phone technology (m-health). This symposium highlighted the need to use the Supercourse to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. It also highlighted several components of the Supercourse library, including the former Soviet Union network, the Latin American network, and some other initiatives.

Children with poor access to healthcare in emergencies: standpoint and practices of pediatricians in France.

Many children with poor access to healthcare are finally admitted in emergency departments. This study describes the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of 161 pediatricians caring for these children. Among the pediatricians, 84 (52.8%) felt under-informed about the performance of the various health insurances, 107 (68.6%) lacked systematic information on the health insurance cover of the children they cared for, and many were unaware of appropriate local resources. Admission to emergency departments can be a way of linking up the healthcare pathway, once provided: systematic assessment of children's access to healthcare, better information and coordination of healthcare professionals' interventions, and several partnerships including social support.

Lack of pediatricians in sociomedical units (PASS) in France.

In France, units called "Healthcare Access Centers" (Permanences d'Accès aux Soins de Santé; PASS) improve access to the healthcare system for deprived outpatients in hospitals. This study aimed to describe child care in PASS in mainland France in 2019. PASS receive a growing number of children: 23.9% of all newly admitted patients. However, only 6.6% of children receiving care were seen by pediatricians. Social deprivation would receive better attention in pediatric care through the close partnership between PASS and pediatricians or through the direct intervention of the latter in PASS. This improvement also starts with the implementation of wide screening for social vulnerability during the routine medical follow-up of children.

Characterizing sudden death and dead-in-bed syndrome in Type 1 diabetes: analysis from two childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes registries.

AIMS: Type 1 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for sudden unexplained death, generating concern that diabetes processes and/or treatments underlie these deaths. Young (< 50 years) and otherwise healthy patients who are found dead in bed have been classified as experiencing 'dead-in-bed' syndrome. METHODS: We thus identified all unwitnessed deaths in two related registries (the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County) yielding 1319 persons with childhood-onset (age < 18 years) Type 1 diabetes diagnosed between 1965 and 1979. Cause of death was determined by a Mortality Classification Committee (MCC) of at least two physician epidemiologists, based on the death certificate and additional records surrounding the death. RESULTS: Of the 329 participants who had died, the Mortality Classification Committee has so far reviewed and assigned a final cause of death to 255 (78%). Nineteen (8%) of these were sudden unexplained deaths (13 male) and seven met dead-in-bed criteria. The Mortality Classification Committee adjudicated cause of death in the seven dead-in-bed persons as: diabetic coma (n =4), unknown (n=2) and cardiomyopathy (n=1, found on autopsy). The three dead-in-bed individuals who participated in a clinical study had higher HbA(1c) , lower BMI and higher daily insulin dose compared with both those dying from other causes and those surviving. CONCLUSIONS: Sudden unexplained death in Type 1 diabetes seems to be increased 10-fold and associated with male sex, while dead-in-bed individuals have a high HbA(1c) and insulin dose and low BMI. Although sample size is too small for definitive conclusions, these results suggest specific sex and metabolic factors predispose to sudden unexplained death and dead-in-bed death.

Measles among healthcare workers: a potential for nosocomial outbreaks.

We report here 14 cases of measles among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Public Hospitals of Marseilles, France that occurred between April and November 2010. All cases but one were under 30 years of age. Following the identification of these cases, we checked the immune status among 154 HCWs who volunteered to take part in the study and showed that 93% and 88% were immune against measles and mumps respectively. HCWs non-immunised against measles were all under 30 years of age.

Strategic plan: building a international strategy for risk reduction supercourse.

There is an important need to develop a global expert disaster network for Mitigating against disasters such the Chi-Chi Earthquake, the Tsunami, Avian flu. This systems needs to target both man made and natural disasters. We propose the building of a Global Health Disaster Network, with advanced features such as educational capabilities, and expert knowledge reachback. We provide a strategic plan to building a global disaster Network and Mitigation system.

[Multifocal infection due to Mycobacterium intracellulare: first case of interferon gamma receptor partial dominant deficiency in tropical French territory]. / Infection multifocale à Mycobacterium intracellulare: premier cas de déficit partiel dominant du récepteur de l'interféron gamma en milieu tropical français.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are rare in immunocompetent children, and usually present as adenitis. We report a case of a 6-year-old girl with a multifocal chronic osteomyelitis and pulmonary localisation due to Mycobacterium intracellulare associated with an autosomal dominant mutation of interferon gamma receptor 1 gene (INFGR1) leading to a syndrome of mendelian predisposition to mycobacteria infections by partial deficiency of intracellular signalisation of gamma interferon. This child has been cured with anti-mycobacteria drugs and gamma interferon. This report focus on the importance of looking for a susceptibility of the host to infectious diseases, which can lead to a specific treatment. As far as we know, this is the first case described in a tropical area.

Tropheryma whipplei associated with diarrhoea in young children.

Tropheryma whipplei was detected in preliminary studies in faeces of young children with diarrhoea and also in faeces of asymptomatic persons, not only in Europe but also in Africa. In this study, the link between this bacterium and the presence of acute diarrhoea was evaluated in a large group of children. From December 2009 to January 2013, rectal swabs collected from 3796 children in the emergency departments of university hospitals in Marseille, France, were analysed: 555 children (245 female and 310 male, from 6 days to 6 years old) with acute diarrhoea defined as at least three loose stools per day for <1 week and 3241 children (1444 female and 1797 male, from 22 days to 6 years old) without diarrhoea. Specific quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the presence of T. whipplei and of two enteric pathogens Clostridium difficile and Giardia duodenalis. Tropheryma whipplei was significantly more common in children with diarrhoea (22/555, 4%) than without (56/3241, 1.7%; p 0.001). Neither C. difficile nor G. duodenalis showed this association. For C. difficile, 39 of 531 (7.3%) children with diarrhoea were positive versus 184 of 3119 (5.9%) of children without diarrhoea (p 0.25). For G. duodenalis, 2 of 529 (0.37%) children with diarrhoea were positive versus 5 of 3119 (0.16%) children without diarrhoea (p 0.26). Tropheryma whipplei was found more commonly in autumn. Tropheryma whipplei is significantly associated with diarrhoea in children, suggesting that the bacterium may be a cause of acute diarrhoea.

Apparent epidemic of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Midwestern Poland.

There is no information concerning the risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in eastern Europe. An IDDM registry has been developed in Midwest Poland for 1970-1984. The risk of developing IDDM in Polish children was determined through utilization of the registry. The incidence of IDDM in Polish children was very low compared with other Caucasian populations. There was a major increase in risk beginning in 1982; the incidence almost doubled from 3.5/100,000 in 1970-1981 to 6.6/100,000 in 1982-1984. The pattern of IDDM in the high-risk period was different from that in the low-risk period, with an altered seasonal pattern and unusual increased incidence in younger children. The rapid increase in incidence as well as altered epidemiologic patterns during this period suggest that major alterations of environmental factors were responsible for the change in risk.

The Pittsburgh study of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Risk for diabetes among relatives of IDDM.

AN analysis has been made of the family histories of a survey of 1280 cases of IDDM entering Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between December 31, 1964 and January 1, 1981, discharged on insulin and initial age of onset under 17 yr. Family histories revealed an increased occurrence of IDDM among relatives in the affected families. The risk to siblings was estimated by age-corrected proband exclusion (3.3%) by age 20 and by the Li-Mantel segregation ratio estimator (6.0%). The comparison of these risk measures is discussed. The occurrence of IDDM among the parents is 2.6% and of NIDDM among the parents is 2.4%. A comparison of risk to relatives (parents, sibs, uncles, half-sibs) observed in the Pittsburgh Study to those of six other studies reveal essentially equivalent rates. There is no increased risk to siblings of a diabetic who had an early age of onset. There is an increased risk to siblings of a diabetic (10.5%) in families where at least one parent has insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and also an increased risk to siblings of a diabetic (8.8%) when at least one parent has non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). The average age of onset for second cases in a family is significantly older than age of onset in single case families.

The Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) morbidity and mortality study. Mortality results.

A follow-up study of 1966 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who were diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP) between 1950 and 1981 has been completed. The mean age of the population at follow-up was 21.2 yr with a mean duration of IDDM of 12.9 yr. Nine percent of the patients were deceased, a sevenfold excess in mortality compared with the U.S. population. The relative increase in mortality was greater for females than males and greater for blacks than whites. Before age 20, the primary excess in mortality was at onset of IDDM, or within 6 mo after onset, and was due to acute diabetic complications. After age 20, the annual mortality risk was approximately 2%, which was more than 20 times greater than for the U.S. population. Renal disease was responsible for the majority of these deaths. There was a reduced risk of dying for diabetic patients who were diagnosed between 1966 and 1971 compared with patients diagnosed during earlier years.

The Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) registry. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (1965-1976).

An insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus Registry has been developed in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, through hospital record review and surveillance of pediatric practices. The yearly incidence ranged from 10/100,000 for nonwhite males to 16/100,000 for white males. There were no temporal trends in incidence for 1965-1976 nor major sex differences. Nonwhites had a slightly lower incidence, primarily in the younger age groups.

Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II.

The prevalence of and interrelationships among all four major complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their risk factors are being examined in a large epidemiologic study of IDDM subjects diagnosed in childhood. This article focuses on the baseline prevalence of complications in the 657 subjects diagnosed between 1950 and 1980 and currently aged 8-48 yr, with a mean duration of 20 yr. In addition to background retinopathy being virtually universal after 20 yr of diabetes, proliferative retinopathy affects 70% of IDDM subjects after 30 yr duration. As with overt nephropathy, prevalence of proliferative retinopathy is marginally higher in females than in males at short durations; the previously reported male excess is limited to the subjects with IDDM of longer duration (greater than or equal to 25 yr). Somewhat different patterns of microalbuminuria are also seen by sex. Males show a threefold increase in prevalence from 10 to 25 yr duration, whereas females show a more constant prevalence across these durations. A further rise in microalbuminuria is seen in males but not females at greater than or equal to 30 yr duration, giving a combined prevalence of microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy at greater than or equal to 30 yr duration of 84% (males) and 59% (females). Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy shows a constant rise with duration and is only marginally higher in men. Prevalence of cardiovascular (coronary and cerebral) disease shows no sex difference, whereas peripheral vascular disease is particularly common in women after 30 yr duration (greater than 30%) compared with men (11%) when determined by ankle/arm blood pressure ratio less than 0.8 at rest or after exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

HLA heterogeneity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis. The Pittsburgh IDDM study.

Although some previous studies have suggested that insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a heterogeneous condition with variant forms being associated with HLA-DR types, the evidence, thus far, is conflicting. To address this issue, we have examined the presenting characteristics of a consecutive admission series of 200 newly diagnosed cases of IDDM from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Because HLA-DR frequencies vary by race, data are presented only for the 172 white cases with complete HLA-DR typing. HLA-DR3 was found more frequently among male cases and DR4 among female cases (P less than 0.005). Generally, patients with DR4 presented with a severer clinical picture, being more likely to have impaired consciousness and significant dehydration. In addition, patients with DR4 were more likely to be acidotic, ketotic, and to more frequently report a recent viral infection. This latter finding was supported by a greater frequency of antibodies to Coxsackie-B viruses in the DR4 cases at presentation. These results therefore suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity in IDDM, at least in presenting characteristics, according to HLA-DR type.

A randomized walking trial in postmenopausal women: effects on physical activity and health 10 years later.

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine if permanent lifestyle changes may result from physical activity interventions and whether health may be affected by these changes. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a 10-year follow-up of physical activity and self-reported health status in participants of a randomized clinical trial of walking intervention. METHODS: Of the original 229 volunteer postmenopausal women who participated in the original clinical trial, 196 (N = 96 intervention and 100 controls) completed the 10-year follow-up telephone interview. The interview protocol included questions on self-reported walking for exercise and purposes other than exercise, the Paffenbarger sport and exercise index, functional status, and various chronic diseases and conditions. RESULTS: The median values for both usual walking for exercise and total walking were significantly higher for walkers compared with controls (for both, P = .01), with median differences of 706 and 420 kcal/wk, respectively. After excluding women who reported heart disease during the original trial, 2 women in the walking group (2%) and 11 women in the control group (12%) reported physician-diagnosed heart disease over the last 10 years (P = .07). There were also fewer hospitalizations, surgeries, and falls among women in the walking group, although these differences were not statistically significant (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by self-report, this study may be the first to demonstrate long-term exercise compliance to a randomized control trial in older women and to suggest that health benefits may have ensued as a result of these increased activity levels.

Animal welfare: the role and perspectives of the meat and livestock sector.

Those in the livestock industry involved in rearing animals and in producing milk, meat and eggs, must respond to two demands: one expressed by consumers, and the other by the public. Regarding consumers, demand for food produced by the livestock industry has shown steady growth for a century. Over the last few decades, this growth has been sustained by the developing countries, and is based mainly on pig and poultry production, which provides cheaper products. Regarding the public, society is showing greater concern about the conditions in which livestock is reared, transported and slaughtered. The public demands not only that ill treatment of animals be fought against and penalised, but also that any unnecessary suffering should be avoided and even that animals should be guaranteed a certain degree of 'comfort'. Animal health, the most important aspect of their welfare, has vastly improved, as has the care of sick or injured animals. At the same time, the latest amenities used in livestock rearing, transport and slaughter are helping to eliminate situations involving extreme stress and suffering. Finally, the motivation of industry players and the safety of those who work with livestock must be taken into consideration. Training of personnel and the implementation of guides to good practice or of quality control do as much to improve animal welfare as do overzealous regulations.

Counting diabetes in the next millennium. Application of capture-recapture technology.

Monitoring diabetes is critical for our understanding of the etiology and natural history of disease and for public health actions. However, traditional methods for monitoring are either too expensive (e.g., IDDM registries, NIDDM-OGTT prevalence surveys) or too inaccurate (routinely collected data or passive surveillance) for broad accurate, national programs for monitoring the incidence and prevalence of disease. We suggest that one technology called capture-recapture would considerably increase our ability to "count" diabetes, both nationally and globally. Implementation of this approach could lead to accurate inter- and intracountry data on rates of disease. Moreover, such tracking of diabetes could serve as the model for the monitoring of all disease in the 21st century and beyond.