Effectiveness of Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic Vaccination in a Population at High Risk of Mpox: A Spanish Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: With more than 7500 cases reported since April 2022, Spain has experienced the highest incidence of mpox in Europe. From 12 July onward, the modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavaria Nordic (MVA-BN) smallpox vaccine was offered as pre-exposure prophylaxis for those receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-PrEP). Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of 1 dose of MVA-BN vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis against mpox virus (MPXV) infection in persons on HIV-PrEP. METHODS: National retrospective cohort study between 12 July and 12 December 2022. Individuals aged ≥18 years receiving HIV-PrEP as of 12 July with no previous MPXV infection or vaccination were eligible. Each day, we matched individuals receiving a first dose of vaccine and unvaccinated controls of the same age and region. We used a Kaplan-Meier estimator, calculated risk ratios (RR) and vaccine effectiveness (VE = [1 - RR]x100). RESULTS: We included 5660 matched pairs, with a median follow-up of 62 days (interquartile range, 24-97). Mpox cumulative incidence was 5.6 per 1000 (25 cases) in unvaccinated and 3.5 per 1000 (18 cases) in vaccinated. No effect was found during days 0-6 post-vaccination (VE, -38.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], -332.7 to 46.4), but VE was 65% at ≥7 days (95% CI, 22.9 to 88.0) and 79% at ≥14 days (95% CI, 33.3 to 100.0) post-vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: One dose of MVA-BN vaccine offered protection against mpox in most-at-risk population shortly after the vaccination. Further studies need to assess the VE of a second dose and the duration of protection over time.

Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May-June 2020).

Introduction: The state of alarm was declared in Spain due to the COVID-19 epidemic on March 14, 2020, and established population confinement measures. The objective is to describe the process of lifting these mitigation measures. Methods: The Plan for the Transition to a New Normality, approved on April 28, contained four sequential phases with progressive increase in socio-economic activities and population mobility. In parallel, a new strategy for early diagnosis, surveillance and control was implemented. A bilateral decision mechanism was established between the Spanish Government and the autonomous communities (AC), guided by a set of qualitative and quantitative indicators capturing the epidemiological situation and core capacities. The territorial units were established ad-hoc and could be from Basic Health Zones to entire AC. Results: The process run from May 4 to June 21, 2020. AC implemented plans for reinforcement of core capacities. Incidence decreased from a median (50% of territories) of 7.4 per 100,000 in 7 days at the beginning to 2.5 at the end. Median PCR testing increased from 53% to 89% of suspected cases and PCR total capacity from 4.5 to 9.8 per 1000 inhabitants weekly; positivity rate decreased from 3.5% to 1.8%. Median proportion of cases with traced contacts increased from 82% to 100%. Conclusion: Systematic data collection, analysis, and interterritorial dialogue allowed adequate process control. The epidemiological situation improved but, mostly, the process entailed a great reinforcement of core response capacities nation-wide, under common criteria. Maintaining and further reinforcing capacities remained crucial for responding to future waves.

Introducción: El 14 de marzo de 2020 España declaró el estado de alarma por la pandemia por COVID-19 incluyendo medidas de confinamiento. El objetivo es describir el proceso de desescalada de estas medidas. Métodos: Un plan de transición hacia una nueva normalidad, del 28 de abril, incluía 4 fases secuenciales incrementando progresivamente las actividades socioeconómicas y la movilidad. Concomitantemente, se implementó una nueva estrategia de diagnóstico precoz, vigilancia y control. Se estableció un mecanismo de decisión bilateral entre Gobierno central y comunidades autónomas (CCAA), guiado por un panel de indicadores cualitativos y cuantitativos de la situación epidemiológica y las capacidades básicas. Las unidades territoriales evaluadas comprendían desde zonas básicas de salud hasta CCAA. Resultados: El proceso se extendió del 4 de mayo al 21 de junio y se asoció a planes de refuerzo de las capacidades en las CCAA. La incidencia disminuyó de una mediana inicial de 7,4 por 100.000 en 7 días a 2,5 al final del proceso. La mediana de pruebas PCR aumentó del 53% al 89% de los casos sospechosos, y la capacidad total de 4,5 a 9,8 pruebas semanales por 1.000 habitantes; la positividad disminuyó del 3,5% al 1,8%. La mediana de casos con contactos trazados aumentó del 82% al 100%. Conclusión: La recogida y análisis sistemático de información y el diálogo interterritorial logaron un adecuado control del proceso. La situación epidemiológica mejoró, pero sobre todo, se aumentaron las capacidades, en todo el país y con criterios comunes, cuyo mantenimiento y refuerzo fue clave en olas sucesivas.

Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and associated risk factors, after an outbreak in the south-western Madrid region, Spain, 2015.

BackgroundA large outbreak of leishmaniasis with 758 cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis cases occurred in 2009 in Fuenlabrada, in the south-west of the Madrid region of Spain.AimWe aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection after this outbreak, and its associated risk factors.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 804 healthy individuals living in Fuenlabrada who had no history of leishmaniasis, was conducted between January and July 2015. Asymptomatic infections were sought by either a combination of PCR, immunofluorescent antibody titre, and direct agglutination tests, or by whole blood stimulation assay (WBA) with interleukin-2 (IL-2) quantification.ResultsUsing the first approach, prevalence of asymptomatic individuals was 1.1% (9/804), while the second returned a value of 20.7% (143/804). Older age, being male, proximity to the park where the focus of infection was identified, and living in a detached house, were all strongly associated with the prevalence of asymptomatic infection.ConclusionsThe true number of infected individuals may be underestimated if only serological methods are used. The combination of WBA with IL-2 quantification may allow to better determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection, which would be useful in establishing control measures and in quantifying their impact. In our study, the use of WBA with IL-2 quantification also helped establish the risk factors that influence exposure to and infection by Leishmania.

[Decrease in the incidence of chickenpox in the Community of Madrid after universal childhood immunization. Years 2001-2015]. / Descenso de la incidencia de la varicela en la Comunidad de Madrid tras la vacunación infantil universal. Años 2001-2015.

OBJECTIVE: Varicella vaccine was recommended in the Community of Madrid (CM) at 15months of age between November 2006 and December 2013. The objective was to describe the impact of vaccination on the incidence of varicella in the CM during the period 2001-2015. DESIGN: A descriptive study of cases of varicella reported to the Sentinel Physician Network of the CM and the cases recorded in the Minimum Basic Data Set at hospital discharge was carried out. Total incidence of cases and of hospital admissions were calculated, as well as specific incidence by age and sex. RESULTS: The incidence was 94.0% lower between 2012 and 2013 than between 2001 and 2003. Between 2014 and 2015 the incidence was 61.8% higher than between 2012 and 2013. The highest incidence was observed in children aged 0 to 4years except for 2010-2014, which was exceeded by the incidence in children aged 5 to 9. The trend in hospital admissions was also decreasing, with the highest incidence in children aged 0 to 1year, followed by 1-4years. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a significant decrease in the incidence of cases and of hospital admissions by varicella in all age groups after the recommendation to vaccinate at 15months of age, which is compatible with the effectiveness of a dose and its ability to produce immunity group. The withdrawal of this recommendation between 2014 and 2015 has led to an increase in the incidence.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cholecystectomy: Protocol adequacy and related outcomes in a retrospective single-centre analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic prophylaxis is an effective tool to reduce surgical infection rates. However, antibiotic prophylaxis in cholecystectomy is controversial when non-high risk patients are considered. This research aims to evaluate the adherence with antibiotic prophylaxis protocol in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, and its impact in the outcomes of surgical infection. METHODS: This single-center observational and retrospective study analyzed all elective cholecystectomy procedures carried out at the Fundación Alcorcón University Hospital in the period 2007-2014. Data were recovered from hospital records; rates of adherence to the available hospital protocols were evaluated for choice, initiation, duration, administration route and dosages of antibiotics, and the starting and duration of the prophylaxis. RESULTS: The overall adequacy rate to protocol was 72%. The adherence rates in both the administration route and dose were 100%. The most common violations of the protocol included the choice of antibiotic agent (19%), followed by the moment of initiating its administration (8.9%). The overall wound infection rate was lower in case of laparoscopy than in laparotomy cholecystectomy (1.4% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.05; odds rate [OR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-0.6). No relationship between adequacy of antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical infection rate was documented, neither considering overall gallbladder surgeries (crude OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.1-2.0), nor laparoscopy vs. open surgery (MH adjusted OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.2-2.1). CONCLUSIONS: The overall adequacy rate to antibiotic prophylaxis protocol recommended for elective cholecystectomy in our hospital was high (72%). No significant association between the adequacy or antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical infection was found.

[Evolution of the presence of women in decision-making bodies of the Spanish national health system]. / Evolución de la presencia de mujeres en los órganos de decisión del Sistema Nacional de Salud en España.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the presence of women in the organs of the Interterritorial Council of the Spanish National Health System (CISNS). METHOD: Annual reports of the CISNS from 2005 to 2022 were analyzed. Artificial intelligence was used to assign gender, and percentages of women's participation were calculated. Temporal evolution, vertical segregation, and horizontal segregation were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2022, there were 14,308 participations in 85 organs, with 52% women, rising from 42% in 2005 to 61% in 2022. There was a higher participation of women in propositional organs (54%), followed by executive ones (50%), and plenary sessions (40%). The General State Administration had 61% women compared to 48% in autonomous communities. Women's participation varied by topic, being higher (82%) in gender violence and lower (35%) in inspection. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is a slight reduction in the participation gap between women and men, inequalities persist. Women have less presence in higher hierarchical levels (plenary sessions), maintaining vertical segregation. Additionally, women's representation in certain topics remains low, maintaining horizontal segregation. Concrete actions must be taken to continue advancing equality and improving health outcomes in society as a whole.

[Comparación de la vigilancia centinela de infecciones respiratorias agudas frente a la vigilancia universal en La Rioja en la temporada 2021-2022.] / Comparison of sentinel surveillance of acute respiratory infections versus universal surveillance in La Rioja in the 2021-2022 season.

OBJECTIVE: Sentinel surveillance is used to monitor health problems. The COVID detection strategy conducts universal surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can be monitored by sentinel systems, through surveillance of mild acute respiratory infection (IRA) or severe respiratory infection (IRAG). The objective of this study was to compare incidence data obtained through sentinel surveillance against versus universal surveillance in acute respiratory infections. METHODS: A descriptive study of the incidences (cases/100,000 inhabitants) of acute respiratory infection (sudden onset of cough, sore throat, dyspnea or runny nose and clinical judgment of infection) was carried out in the entire population of La Rioja recorded in the primary care medical record, and in a sentinel cohort, by age and sex during the period from weeks 40-2021 to 06-2022. For SARI, the total number of hospitalized cases per 100,000 inhabitants with onset of symptoms in the previous ten days was calculated, as well as the incidence in a systematic selection of all SARI hospitalized one day a week. Weekly incidence rates were calculated in each cohort from week forty of 2021 to week six of 2022 by sex and age group. The characteristics of the population were expressed in their distribution by number and percentage. RESULTS: The data observed for ARI were similar in both systems by sex and age, except for the zero to four-year-old group and the group over seventy-nine years of age, where differences were observed, with the highest ARI figures in the first age group in sentinel surveillance, while in the older group they were superior in universal surveillance. SARIs showed a similar incidence, except in the fifteen/fourty-four age groups, which was higher in universal surveillance than in sentinel surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: There are no significant differences. Sentinel surveillance allows optimization of resources, being the most efficient methods for surveillance of high-incidence diseases.

OBJETIVO: La vigilancia centinela se emplea para monitorizar problemas de salud. En la Estrategia de detección de COVID se lleva a cabo vigilancia universal de infección por SARS-CoV-2, que puede pasar a monitorización mediante sistemas centinela, a través de vigilancia de infección respiratoria aguda leve (IRA) o grave (IRAG). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar datos de incidencia obtenidos mediante vigilancia centinela frente a vigilancia universal en las infecciones respiratorias agudas. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las incidencias (casos por cada 100.000 habitantes) de infección respiratoria aguda (comienzo súbito de tos, dolor de garganta, disnea o rinorrea y juicio clínico de infección) en toda la población de La Rioja, registrados en la historia clínica de Atención Primaria, y en una cohorte centinela, por edad y sexo durante el periodo que incluye la semana 40-2021 hasta la 06-2022. Para IRAG se calcularon los casos hospitalizados totales por cada 100.000 habitantes con inicio de síntomas en los diez días previos, así como la incidencia en una selección sistemática de todos los IRAG hospitalizados un día a la semana. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia semanales en cada cohorte desde la semana cuarenta del año 2021 a la semana seis del año 2022 por sexo y grupo de edad. Las características de la población se expresaron en su distribución por número y porcentaje. RESULTADOS: Los datos observados para IRA fueron similares en ambos sistemas por sexo y edad, salvo para el grupo de cero a cuatro años y el de más de setenta y nueve años, donde se observaron diferencias, siendo las cifras de IRA más elevadas en el primer grupo de edad en la vigilancia centinela, mientras que en el grupo de mayores fueron superiores en la vigilancia universal. Las IRAG mostraron una incidencia similar, excepto en los grupos de edad de quince a cuarenta y cuatro años, que fue mayor en vigilancia universal que en el centinela. CONCLUSIONES: No se observan diferencias importantes. La vigilancia centinela permite optimización de recursos, siendo los métodos más eficientes para vigilancia de enfermedades de alta incidencia.

Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May-June 2020).

INTRODUCTION: The state of alarm was declared in Spain due to the COVID-19 epidemic on March 14, 2020, and established population confinement measures. The objective is to describe the process of lifting these mitigation measures. METHODS: The Plan for the Transition to a New Normality, approved on April 28, contained four sequential phases with progressive increase in socio-economic activities and population mobility. In parallel, a new strategy for early diagnosis, surveillance and control was implemented. A bilateral decision mechanism was established between the Spanish Government and the autonomous communities (AC), guided by a set of qualitative and quantitative indicators capturing the epidemiological situation and core capacities. The territorial units were established ad-hoc and could be from Basic Health Zones to entire AC. RESULTS: The process run from May 4 to June 21, 2020. AC implemented plans for reinforcement of core capacities. Incidence decreased from a median (50% of territories) of 7.4 per 100,000 in 7 days at the beginning to 2.5 at the end. Median PCR testing increased from 53% to 89% of suspected cases and PCR total capacity from 4.5 to 9.8 per 1000 inhabitants weekly; positivity rate decreased from 3.5% to 1.8%. Median proportion of cases with traced contacts increased from 82% to 100%. CONCLUSION: Systematic data collection, analysis, and interterritorial dialogue allowed adequate process control. The epidemiological situation improved but, mostly, the process entailed a great reinforcement of core response capacities nation-wide, under common criteria. Maintaining and further reinforcing capacities remained crucial for responding to future waves.

[Hate violence in the emergency rooms of third level hospitals. First data in Spain]. / Violencia de odio en los servicios de urgencias de hospitales de tercer nivel. Primeros datos en España.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cases of hate violence attended in emergency services. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of a series of cases of aggression treated in the emergency rooms of two hospitals in Madrid, between April 2015 and March 2018. The cases of hate violence are described in terms of their sociodemographic, clinical-epidemiological and incident data and compared with other types of violence within the study. RESULTS: A total of 147 patients were included and 49% reported having been victims of hate violence. Among the victims, 61% were men, the average age was 36 years and 48% had a medium-high level of education. The most frequent motivations were physical appearance, nationality and ethnic origin. The place of aggression was the street in 50%, and in 61% of the cases it was perpetrated by more than one person (83% by men). The most common injury was contusion (71%) and the most frequent location the head and neck (71%). Only 8% required admission. CONCLUSIONS: The surveillance of hate violence would foster more accurate knowledge of the real magnitude and characteristics of this health problem and improve the quality of care for victims.

[Interpersonal violence in Spain through national hospital discharge survey]. / La violencia interpersonal en España a través del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of interpersonal violence in Spain. METHOD: Descriptive study of the cases of patients with secondary diagnosis of aggression registered on a national hospital discharge database, between 1999 and 2011, using the codes from E960 to E969 of the ICD-9. The distribution by sex, age and type of discharge, associated morbidity, mortality and by autonomous community is described. The quality of the record is studied according to its temporal variation. RESULTS: The case profile of aggression in men (85%) is of a patient between 15 and 44 years old, who in 93.7% of cases requires urgent care and whose severity is moderate (95% discharge home). Two point five percent of patients are readmitted and death occurs in1.1%. The profile in women (15%) differs slightly, with an age between 31 and 52 years, 94% require urgent attention, although 96% have moderate severity; 3% are readmitted and 1.7% die. CONCLUSIONS: Although they need to be improved to avoid certain limitations, health information systems are a rich source of data that can be used for research in health and, through their results, for the development of prevention plans and intervention in matters of violence.

[Approach to the causes of discharge and health needs of transgender people through the National Hospital Discharge Survey in Spain during the period 2001 to 2013]. / Aproximación a las causas de ingreso de las personas trans a través del conjunto mínimo básico de datos en España durante el periodo 2001 a 2013.

OBJECTIVE: The health of transgender people is a little studied topic and hospital records can be an opportunity to make an approach. The aim of this study was to describe the cause for admission and the associated comorbidities of transgender people in Spain between 2001 and 2013. METHODS: Retrospective observational study with population-based administrative records (Minimum Basic Data Set). The discharges generated by the transgender in Spanish public and private hospitals were selected using one of the following ICD-9-CM codes in any diagnostic field: Trans-sexualism (302.5), Disorders of psychosexual identity (302.6) and Gender identity disorder in adolescents or adults (302.85). The causes of admission and comorbidity according were described. The qualitative variables were described in their frequency distribution according to their number(n) and proportion(%) and the quantitative variables according to their mean and standard deviation (SD) or median (MD) and interquartile range (RIQ) according to their distribution. RESULTS: A total of 2,010 highs were recorded corresponding to 1,878 patients. The mean age was 33 years (SD = 10). 51% were male, 46% female and 3% undetermined or unspecified. The discharges were motivated in 59% by the process of body modification, followed by HIV (4%) and personality disorders (3%). The most common comorbidities were those associated with body modification (49%), mental health problems (40%) and infectious diseases (15%). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to address the health of transgender people in a comprehensive way that takes into account their specific health needs, including bodily modification, mental health, HIV and other infections, through strategies that include improve research, tailor health information systems and develop guidelines and training of healthcare providers in this transgender health.

OBJETIVO: La salud de las personas transexuales es un tema poco estudiado y los registros hospitalarios pueden suponer una oportunidad para hacer una aproximación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el motivo de ingreso hospitalario y las comorbilidades asociadas de las personas transexuales en España entre los años 2001 y 2013. METODOS: Estudio observacional con registros administrativos de base poblacional (Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos). Se seleccionaron las altas generadas de los hospitales españoles con alguno de los siguientes códigos CIE-9-MC en cualquier campo diagnóstico: Transexualismo (302.5), Trastorno de identidad sexual en niños (302.6) y Trastornos de identidad sexual en adolescentes o adultos (302.85). Se describieron las causas de ingreso y las comorbilidadades. Las variables cualitativas se describieron en su distribución de frecuencias según su número (n) y proporción (%) y las variables cuantitativas según su media y desviación estándar (DE) o mediana (MD) y rango intercuartíl (RIC) según su distribución. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 2.010 altas correspondientes a 1.878 pacientes. La edad media fue de 33 años (DE = 10). El 51% eran varones, el 46% mujeres y el 3% indeterminado. Los motivos de ingreso más frecuentes fueron los relacionados con proceso de transición (59%), seguido de VIH (4%) y trastornos de la personalidad (3%). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes estuvieron relacionadas con el proceso de transición (49%), los problemas de salud mental (40%) y las enfermedades infecciosas (15%). CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario abordar la salud de las personas trans teniendo en cuenta sus necesidades específicas de salud, entre las que se encuentran la modificación corporal, la salud mental, el VIH y otras infecciones mediante estrategias que incluyan la investigación, la adecuación de los sistemas de información sanitaria, la elaboración de guías de atención y la formación de personal de salud.

[Congenital heart disease mortality in Spain during a 10 year period (2003-2012)]. / Mortalidad de las cardiopatías congénitas en España durante 10 años (2003-2012).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart disease is a major cause of infant mortality in developed countries. In Spain, there are no publications at national level on mortality due to congenital heart disease. The aim of this study is to analyse mortality in infants with congenital heart disease, lethality of different types of congenital heart disease, and their variation over a ten-year period. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed to evaluate mortality rate of children under one year old with congenital heart disease, using the minimum basic data set, from 2003 to 2012. Mortality rate and relative risk of mortality were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: There were 2,970 (4.58%) infant deaths in a population of 64,831 patients with congenital heart disease, with 73.8% of deaths occurring during first week of life. Infant mortality rate in patients with congenital heart disease was 6.23 per 10,000 live births, and remained constant during the ten-year period of the study, representing 18% of total infant mortality rate in Spain. The congenital heart diseases with highest mortality rates were hypoplastic left heart syndrome (41.4%), interruption of aortic arch (20%), and total anomalous pulmonary drainage (16.8%). Atrial septal defect (1%) and pulmonary stenosis (1.1%) showed the lowest mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital heart disease was a major cause of infant mortality with no variations during the study period. The proportion of infants who died in our study was similar to other similar countries. In spite of current medical advances, some forms of congenital heart disease show very high mortality rates.

[Incidence and evolution of congenital heart disease in Spain from 2003 until 2012]. / Incidencia y evolución de las cardiopatías congénitas en España durante 10 años (2003-2012).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart disease (CHD) represents the most common congenital malformation. The objective of this study was to analyse the incidence of CHD in Spain, and it is the first nationwide study so far. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in order to evaluate the incidence of CHD in Spain. The administrative database (minimum basic data set) from 2003 to 2012 was analysed in children less than one year old admitted to hospital with codes of CHD (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, clinical modification). Cumulative incidence, Incidence relative risk, and standardised incidence ratio were calculated to study geographic variations. RESULTS: There were 64,831 infants with CHD among the 4,766,325 births analysed during the period studied, with an incidence of 13.6‰. The incidence excluding atrial septal defect was 7.29 ‰.The most frequent CHD were atrial septal defect (6.31‰), ventricular septal defect (3.48‰), patent ductus arteriosus (2.71‰), coarctation of the aorta (0.55‰), pulmonary stenosis (0.50‰), transposition of the great arteries (0.49‰), atrioventricular septal defect (0.45‰), and tetralogy of Fallot (0.41‰). Castilla and Leon, together with Extremadura, showed the highest risks for severe and very severe CHD, while Madrid and Cantabria showed the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: An increase of mild CHD was observed during the period analysed. This could have been influenced by improvements in diagnostic techniques, extended use of echocardiography, and the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, clinical modification coding system, and to a decrease in very severe CHD, which is less influenced by external factors. Significant geographical differences were found in the incidence of severe and very severe CHD.

Trends of invasive pneumococcal disease and its serotypes in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. / Evolución de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora y sus serotipos en la Comunidad de Madrid.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of morbidity. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent it. The aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study of IPD cases notified to the Epidemiological Surveillance Network of the Autonomous Community of Madrid between 2008 and 2015. The IPD case was defined as the disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, with isolation and DNA or antigen detection, in samples from normally sterile sites. The isolated strains were sent to the Regional Public Health Laboratory for identification of the serotype. Serotypes were classified according to their inclusion in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7), in the 13-valent vaccine, but not in the 7-valent vaccine (PCV13-additional) and not included in the 13-valent vaccine (non-PCV). The Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) were calculated comparing the 2011-2012 and 2013-2015 periods with the 2008-2010 period. RESULTS: 4,307 cases were reported. 86.6% were serotyped. The IRR of IPD was 0.67 and 0.67 for all serotypes; 0.43 and 0.45 for PCV7 serotypes; 0.46 and 0.25 for PCV13-additional serotypes, and 1.01 and 1.32 for non-PCV13 serotypes in the 2011-2012 and 2013-2015 periods. The incidence of serotypes 8, 9N, 10A, 23B, 24F and serogroup 33 increased significantly in the 2013-2015 period. Serotypes 15B and 24F accounted for 24% of non-PCV13 cases in children under 5years, serotypes 8 and 9N for 51% in the population aged 5 to 59years and serotypes 8 and 22F for 25% in the population aged over 59years. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of serotypes not included in conjugate vaccines has increased, especially in children under 5years, but the total incidence of IPD has decreased. It is important to continue with the epidemiological and microbiological surveillance programmes to assess the effect of vaccination on the incidence of IPD.

Comparación de la vigilancia centinela de infecciones respiratorias agudas frente a la vigilancia universal en La Rioja en la temporada 2021-2022 / Comparison of sentinel surveillance of acute respiratory infections versus universal surveillance in La Rioja in the 2021-2022 season

Fundamentos: La vigilancia centinela se emplea para monitorizar problemas de salud. En laEstrategia de detección de COVID se lleva a cabo vigilancia universal de infección por SARS-CoV-2, que puede pasar a monitorización mediante sistemas centinela, a través de vigilancia de infección respiratoria aguda leve (IRA) o grave (IRAG). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar datos de incidencia obtenidos mediante vigilancia centinela frente a vigilancia universal en las infecciones respiratorias agudas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las incidencias (casos por cada 100.000 habitantes) de infección respiratoria aguda (comienzo súbito de tos, dolor de garganta, disnea o rinorrea y juicio clínico de infección) en toda la población de La Rioja, registrados en la historia clínica de Atención Primaria, y en una cohorte centinela, por edad y sexo durante el periodo que incluye la semana 40-2021 hasta la 06-2022. Para IRAG se calcularon los casos hospitalizados totales por cada 100.000 habitantes con inicio de síntomas en los diez días previos, así como la incidencia en una selección sistemática de todos los IRAG hospitalizados un día a la semana. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia semanales en cada cohorte desde la semana cuarenta del año 2021 a la semana seis del año 2022 por sexo y grupo de edad. Las características de la población se expresaron en su distribución por número y porcentaje. Resultados: Los datos observados para IRA fueron similares en ambos sistemas por sexo y edad, salvo para el grupo de cero a cuatro años y el de más de setenta y nueve años, donde se observaron diferencias, siendo las cifras de IRA más elevadas en el primer grupo de edad en la vigilancia centinela, mientras que en el grupo de mayores fueron superiores en la vigilancia universal. Las IRAG mostraron una incidencia similar, excepto en los grupos de edad de quince a cuarenta y cuatro años, que fue mayor en vigilancia universal que en el centinela.(AU)

Background: Sentinel surveillance is used to monitor health problems. The COVID detection strategy conducts universal surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can be monitored by sentinel systems, through surveillance of mild acute respiratory infection (IRA) or severe respiratory infection (IRAG). The objective of this study was to compare incidence data obtained through sentinel surveillance against versus universal surveillance in acute respiratory infections. Methods: A descriptive study of the incidences (cases/100,000 inhabitants) of acute respiratory infection (sudden onset of cough, sore throat, dyspnea or runny nose and clinical judgment of infection) was carried out in the entire population of La Rioja recorded in the primary care medical record, and in a sentinel cohort, by age and sex during the period from weeks 40-2021 to 06-2022. For SARI, the total number of hospitalized cases per 100,000 inhabitants with onset of symptoms in the previous ten days was calculated, as well as the incidence in a systematic selection of all SARI hospitalized one day a week. Weekly incidence rates were calculated in each cohort from week forty of 2021 to week six of 2022 by sex and age group. The characteristics of the population were expressed in their distribution by number and percentage.Results: The data observed for ARI were similar in both systems by sex and age, except for the zero to four-year-old group and the group over seventy-nine years of age, where differences were observed, with the highest ARI figures in the first age group in sentinel surveillance, while in the older group they were superior in universal surveillance. SARIs showed a similar incidence, except in the fifteen/fourty-four age groups, which was higher in universal surveillance than in sentinel surveillance.(AU)

Impact of hospitalization in an acute geriatric unit on polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescriptions: A retrospective study.

AIM: Polypharmacy is a highly prevalent geriatric syndrome, and hospitalizations can worsen it. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of hospitalization on polypharmacy and indicators of quality of prescribing, and their possible association with health outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study of 200 patients discharged from an acute geriatric unit was carried out. Indicators of quality of prescription were registered at admission and discharge: polypharmacy defined as ≥5 medications, hyperpolypharmacy (≥10), potentially inappropriate prescribing by Beers and Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria, potentially prescribing omissions by Screening Tool to Alert doctors to the Right Treatment (START) criteria, drug interactions and anticholinergic burden measured with the Anticholinergic Risk Scale. Mortality, emergency room visits and hospital admissions occurring during 6 months after discharge were also registered. RESULTS: The total number of drugs increased at discharge (9.1 vs 10.1, P < 0.001), without increasing chronic medications (8.5 vs 8.3, P = 0.699). No significant variations were observed in the prevalence of polypharmacy (86.5% vs 82.2%), potentially inappropriate prescribing (68.5% vs 71.5%), potential prescribing omissions (58% vs 58%) or drug interactions (82.5% vs 83.5%). Patients with anticholinergic drugs tended to increase, not reaching statistical significance (39.5% vs 44.5%; P = 0.064). Polypharmacy was associated with emergency room visits (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.07-6.40; P = 0.034), and hyperpolypharmacy with hospitalizations (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.25-4.93; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: After hospitalization in an acute geriatric unit, the prevalence of polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate prescribing, potential prescribing omissions, interactions or anticholinergic drugs is still very high. Polypharmacy is a risk factor for hospitalization and emergency room visits. Measuring indicators of quality of prescription might be useful to design interventions to optimize pharmacotherapy and improve health outcomes in elderly acute patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2354-2361.

Coronavirus COVID-19 / No disponible

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Colaboración entre las revistas de salud pública en España / Collaboration between public health journals in Spain

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