RESUMEN
Nicotine is the principal psychoactive ingredient in cigarette smoke, and has been associated with health problems in humans. However, the pure form of nicotine may prove to be a valuable pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of AD. However, the beneficial effects of nicotine remain a matter of much controversy. In order to clarify this issue, 12-month-old transgenic mice, expressing neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-controlled APPsw, were treated with low, middle, and high doses of nicotine for 6 months. Herein, we have concluded that the nicotine-treated groups evidenced improvements in behavior and increases in the nicotine acetylcholine receptor, nAchRalpha7. These findings provide experimental evidence that nicotine effects an improvement in impaired memory, and that this improvement is associated with an increase in nAchRalpha7. Thus, nicotine may prove a good preventative or therapeutic modality for AD patients.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotina/farmacología , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacología , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Estructura Molecular , Nicotina/química , Nicotina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas Nicotínicos/química , Agonistas Nicotínicos/uso terapéutico , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/genética , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa 7RESUMEN
The removal efficiency of endocrine disrupting compounds from effluents using pilot scale sewage treatment processes, including various treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for the purpose of water reuse, were estimated and compared. The calculated estrogenic activity, expressed in ng-EEQ/l, based on the concentration detected by GC/MS, and relative potencies for each target compound were compared to those measured using the E-screen assay. The removal efficiencies for nonylphenol, was within the range of 55-83% in effluents. High removal efficiencies of approximately >70% based on the detection limits were obtained for bisphenol A, E1, EE2 and genistein with each treatment processes, with the exception of E1 ( approximately 64%) using the MBR process. The measured EEQ values for the effluents from the MBR, NF and RO processes also indicated low estrogenic activities of 0.65, 0.23 and 0.05 ng-EEQ/l, respectively. These were markedly reduced values compared with the value of 1.2 ng-EEQ/l in influent. Consequently, the removals of EDCs in terms of the EEQ value from the biological and chemical determinations were sufficiently achieved by the treatment process applied in this study, especially in the cases of the NF and RO treatments.