A state-of-the-art review of metal oxide nanoflowers for wastewater treatment: Dye removal.

Dye wastewater consists of high solids concentrations, heavy metals, minor contaminants, dissolved chemical oxygen demand, and microorganisms. Nanoflowers are nanoparticles that resemble flowers when viewed at a microscopic level. Inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers have been discovered to be a potential source for overcoming this situation. Their flower-like features give them a higher surface area to volume ratio and porosity structure, which can absorb a significant amount of dye. The metal oxide nanoflower synthesized from different synthesis methods is used to compare which one is cost-effective and capable of generating a large scale of nanoflower. This review has demonstrated outstanding dye removal efficiency by applying inorganic nanoflowers to dye removal. Since both adsorption and photocatalytic reactions enhance the dye degradation process, complete dye degradation could be achieved. Meanwhile, the inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers' exemplary reusability characteristics with negligible performance drop further prove that this approach is highly sustainable and may help to save costs. This review has proven the momentum of obtaining high dye removal efficiency in wastewater treatment to conclude that the metal oxide nanoflower study is worth researching.

Antidepressant use in low- middle- and high-income countries: a World Mental Health Surveys report.

BACKGROUND: The most common treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) is antidepressant medication (ADM). Results are reported on frequency of ADM use, reasons for use, and perceived effectiveness of use in general population surveys across 20 countries. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews with community samples totaling n = 49 919 respondents in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys asked about ADM use anytime in the prior 12 months in conjunction with validated fully structured diagnostic interviews. Treatment questions were administered independently of diagnoses and asked of all respondents. RESULTS: 3.1% of respondents reported ADM use within the past 12 months. In high-income countries (HICs), depression (49.2%) and anxiety (36.4%) were the most common reasons for use. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), depression (38.4%) and sleep problems (31.9%) were the most common reasons for use. Prevalence of use was 2-4 times as high in HICs as LMICs across all examined diagnoses. Newer ADMs were proportionally used more often in HICs than LMICs. Across all conditions, ADMs were reported as very effective by 58.8% of users and somewhat effective by an additional 28.3% of users, with both proportions higher in LMICs than HICs. Neither ADM class nor reason for use was a significant predictor of perceived effectiveness. CONCLUSION: ADMs are in widespread use and for a variety of conditions including but going beyond depression and anxiety. In a general population sample from multiple LMICs and HICs, ADMs were widely perceived to be either very or somewhat effective by the people who use them.

Determinants of effective treatment coverage for posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant morbidity, but efficacious pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are available. Data from the World Mental Health Surveys were used to investigate extent and predictors of treatment coverage for PTSD in high-income countries (HICs) as well as in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Seventeen surveys were conducted across 15 countries (9 HICs, 6 LMICs) by the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys. Of 35,012 respondents, 914 met DSM-IV criteria for 12-month PTSD. Components of treatment coverage analyzed were: (a) any mental health service utilization; (b) adequate pharmacotherapy; (c) adequate psychotherapy; and (d) effective treatment coverage. Regression models investigated predictors of treatment coverage. RESULTS: 12-month PTSD prevalence in trauma exposed individuals was 1.49 (S.E., 0.08). A total of 43.0% (S.E., 2.2) received any mental health services, with fewer receiving adequate pharmacotherapy (13.5%), adequate psychotherapy (17.2%), or effective treatment coverage (14.4%), and with all components of treatment coverage lower in LMICs than HICs. In a multivariable model having insurance (OR = 2.31, 95 CI 1.17, 4.57) and severity of symptoms (OR = .35, 95% CI 0.18, 0.70) were predictive of effective treatment coverage. CONCLUSION: There is a clear need to improve pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy coverage for PTSD, particularly in those with mild symptoms, and especially in LMICs. Universal health care insurance can be expected to increase effective treatment coverage and therefore improve outcomes.

Validation of Chinese version of a global anesthetic recovery questionnaire: A multicenter observational trial on ObsQoR-11.

BACKGROUND: The obstetric quality of recovery (ObsQoR-11) is considered one of the best patient-reported outcome measures of post-cesarean recovery. However, it has been neither validated in Chinese nor evaluated at >24 h after delivery. METHODS: Parturients from three hospitals (n = 279) completed the Chinese ObsQoR-11 at 24 h (T1) and 96 h (T2) after elective cesarean delivery. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation of Chinese ObsQoR-11 with a 100-mm numerical rating scale (NRS) of general health status; discriminant validity of good recovery (NRS ≥ 70-mm); and construct validity by correlation with influential factors to post-cesarean recovery. The reliability and responsiveness were also assessed. RESULTS: The Chinese ObsQoR-11 correlated moderately with the NRS [T1: r = 0.38 (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.48), p < 0.0001; T2: r = 0.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.52), p < 0.0001] and discriminated between good and poor recovery [T1: mean (SD) score: 64 (20) vs 49 (17), p < 0.0001; T2: median (IQR) score: 81 (66-94) vs. 61 (53-72); p = 0.0002]; weakly correlated with gestational age, successful breastfeeding, and operation time. It was reliable (internal consistency: 0.75 (T1) and 0.82 (T2); split-half: 0.77 (T1) and 0.85 (T2); test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient r > 0.6 for each item) and responsive (Cohen effect size: 0.88; standardized response mean: 0.81). CONCLUSION: The Chinese ObsQoR-11may be used for assessing recovery at 24 h and 96 h after cesarean delivery. However, its' cutoff value for good recovery may be lower than that of other versions.

The association between breast arterial calcification and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in an Australian population-based breast cancer case-control study.

PURPOSE: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Breast arterial calcification (BAC) on mammograms is not associated with breast cancer risk. However, there is increasing evidence supporting its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examines the association between BAC and ASCVD and their risk factors within an Australian population-based breast cancer study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the controls who participated in the breast cancer environment and employment study (BCEES) were linked with the Western Australian Department of Health Hospital Morbidity database and Mortality Registry to obtain ASCVD outcomes and related risk factor data. Mammograms from participants with no prior history of ASCVD were assessed for BAC by a radiologist. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between BAC and later occurrence of an ASCVD event. Logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with BAC. RESULTS: A total of 1020 women with a mean age of 60 (sd = 7.0 years) were included and BAC found in 184 (18.0%). Eighty (7.8%) of the 1020 participants developed ASCVD, with an average time to event of 6.2 years (sd = 4.6) from baseline. In univariate analysis, participants with BAC were more likely to have an ASCVD event (HR = 1.96 95% CI 1.29-2.99). However, after adjusting for other risk factors, this association attenuated (HR = 1.37 95% CI 0.88-2.14). Increasing age (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.19) and parity (pLRT < 0.001) were associated with BAC. CONCLUSION: BAC is associated with increased ASCVD risk, but this is not independent of cardiovascular risk factors.

Transdiagnostic development of internalizing psychopathology throughout the life course up to age 45: a World Mental Health Surveys report.

BACKGROUND: Depressive and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid, which has been theorized to be due to an underlying internalizing vulnerability. We aimed to identify groups of participants with differing vulnerabilities by examining the course of internalizing psychopathology up to age 45. METHODS: We used data from 24158 participants (aged 45+) in 23 population-based cross-sectional World Mental Health Surveys. Internalizing disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). We applied latent class growth analysis (LCGA) and investigated the characteristics of identified classes using logistic or linear regression. RESULTS: The best-fitting LCGA solution identified eight classes: a healthy class (81.9%), three childhood-onset classes with mild (3.7%), moderate (2.0%), or severe (1.1%) internalizing comorbidity, two puberty-onset classes with mild (4.0%) or moderate (1.4%) comorbidity, and two adult-onset classes with mild comorbidity (2.7% and 3.2%). The childhood-onset severe class had particularly unfavorable sociodemographic outcomes compared to the healthy class, with increased risks of being never or previously married (OR = 2.2 and 2.0, p < 0.001), not being employed (OR = 3.5, p < 0.001), and having a low/low-average income (OR = 2.2, p < 0.001). Moderate or severe (v. mild) comorbidity was associated with 12-month internalizing disorders (OR = 1.9 and 4.8, p < 0.001), disability (B = 1.1-2.3, p < 0.001), and suicidal ideation (OR = 4.2, p < 0.001 for severe comorbidity only). Adult (v. childhood) onset was associated with lower rates of 12-month internalizing disorders (OR = 0.2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified eight transdiagnostic trajectories of internalizing psychopathology. Unfavorable outcomes were concentrated in the 1% of participants with childhood onset and severe comorbidity. Early identification of this group may offer opportunities for preventive interventions.

Incidence of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction in Malaysia.

AIMS: Allopurinol is known to cause severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCAR) in Malaysia. However, the incidence of allopurinol-induced SCAR is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the incidence of allopurinol-induced SCAR in Malaysia over 5 years from 2015 to 2019. METHODS: This retrospective analysis was done in collaboration with the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA). All allopurinol-induced adverse drug reaction cases reported to NPRA from 2015 to 2019 were extracted. Allopurinol-induced SCAR cases were identified and the incidence over the 5 years was calculated. RESULTS: Incidence of allopurinol-induced SCAR averaged at 2.5 cases per 1000 new users over the 5-year period, with a reducing trend from 3.2 per 1000 new users in 2015 to 2.25 per 1000 in 2019; despite the increasing number of adverse drug reaction cases being reported over the years. Stevens-Johnson syndrome was the commonest form of allopurinol-induced SCAR reported, at 143 cases (46.8% of total SCAR reported). Among Malaysia's 3 main ethnicities, the Chinese had the highest percentages of allopurinol-induced SCAR when compared to the Bumiputera and Indians (3.18 × 10-4 %). CONCLUSION: The estimated incidence of allopurinol-induced SCAR in Malaysia from 2015 to 2019 was 2.5 cases per 1000 new users. This figure is consistent with the incidence reported in other Asian countries, namely Taiwan and Thailand.

18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography Activity Predicts the Development of New Coronary Artery Calcifications.

OBJECTIVE: The coronary calcium score (CCS) predicts cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with diabetes, and rate of progression of CCS is an additional and incremental marker of risk. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET) detects early and active calcifications within the vasculature. We aimed to ascertain the relationship between 18F-NaF PET activity and CCS progression in patients with diabetes. Approach and Results: We identified individuals between 50 and 80 years with diabetes and no history of clinical coronary artery disease. Those with a CCS ≥10 were invited to undergo 18F-NaF PET scanning and then repeat CCS >2 years later. 18F-NaF PET and CCS analysis were performed on a per-coronary and a per-patient level. We compared the proportion of CCS progressors in 18F-NaF PET-positive versus 18F-NaF PET-negative coronary arteries. Forty-one participants with 163 coronary arteries underwent follow-up CCS 2.8±0.5 years later. 18F-NaF PET-positive coronary arteries (n=52) were more likely to be CCS progressors, compared with negative coronary arteries (n=111; 86.5% versus 52.3%, P<0.001). Adjusting for baseline CCS, 18F-NaF PET-positive disease was an independent predictor of subsequent CCS progression (odds ratio, 2.92 [95% CI, 1.32-6.45], P=0.008). All subjects (100%, 15/15) with ≥2 18F-NaF-positive coronary arteries progressed in CCS. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with diabetes, 18F-NaF PET positivity at baseline, independently predicted the progression of calcifications within the coronary arteries 2.8 years later. These findings suggest 18F-NaF PET may be a promising technique for earlier identification of patients at higher risk of cardiovascular events.

The effect of Vitamin-K1 and Colchicine on Vascular Calcification Activity in subjects with Diabetes Mellitus (ViKCoVaC): A double-blind 2x2 factorial randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is currently no treatment for attenuating progression of arterial calcification. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET) locates regions of calcification activity. We tested whether vitamin-K1 or colchicine affected arterial calcification activity. METHODS: 154 patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary calcification, as detected using computed tomography (CT), were randomized to one of four treatment groups (placebo/placebo, vitamin-K1 [10 mg/day]/placebo, colchicine [0.5 mg/day]/placebo, vitamin-K1 [10 mg/day]/ colchicine [0.5 mg/day]) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled 2x2 factorial trial of three months duration. Change in coronary calcification activity was estimated as a change in coronary maximum tissue-to-background ratio (TBRmax) on 18F-NaF PET. RESULTS: 149 subjects completed follow-up (vitamin-K1: placebo = 73:76 and colchicine: placebo = 73:76). Neither vitamin-K1 nor colchicine had a statistically significant effect on the coronary TBRmax compared with placebo (mean difference for treatment groups 0·00 ± 0·16 and 0·01 ± 0·17, respectively, p > 0.05). There were no serious adverse effects reported with colchicine or vitamin-K1. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes, neither vitamin-K1 nor colchicine significantly decreases coronary calcification activity, as estimated by 18F-NaF PET, over a period of 3 months. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12616000024448.

Increased risks for mental disorders among LGB individuals: cross-national evidence from the World Mental Health Surveys.

PURPOSE: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, and LB women specifically, have an increased risk for psychiatric morbidity, theorized to result from stigma-based discrimination. To date, no study has investigated the mental health disparities between LGB and heterosexual AQ1individuals in a large cross-national population-based comparison. The current study addresses this gap by examining differences between LGB and heterosexual participants in 13 cross-national surveys, and by exploring whether these disparities were associated with country-level LGBT acceptance. Since lower social support has been suggested as a mediator of sexual orientation-based differences in psychiatric morbidity, our secondary aim was to examine whether mental health disparities were partially explained by general social support from family and friends. METHODS: Twelve-month prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, eating, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders was assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview in a general population sample across 13 countries as part of the World Mental Health Surveys. Participants were 46,889 adults (19,887 males; 807 LGB-identified). RESULTS: Male and female LGB participants were more likely to report any 12-month disorder (OR 2.2, p < 0.001 and OR 2.7, p < 0.001, respectively) and most individual disorders than heterosexual participants. We found no evidence for an association between country-level LGBT acceptance and rates of psychiatric morbidity between LGB and heterosexualAQ2 participants. However, among LB women, the increased risk for mental disorders was partially explained by lower general openness with family, although most of the increased risk remained unexplained. CONCLUSION: These results provide cross-national evidence for an association between sexual minority status and psychiatric morbidity, and highlight that for women, but not men, this association was partially mediated by perceived openness with family. Future research into individual-level and cross-national sexual minority stressors is needed.