A Study of Adjacent Intersection Correlation Based on Temporal Graph Attention Network.

Traffic state classification and relevance calculation at intersections are both difficult problems in traffic control. In this paper, we propose an intersection relevance model based on a temporal graph attention network, which can solve the above two problems at the same time. First, the intersection features and interaction time of the intersections are regarded as input quantities together with the initial labels of the traffic data. Then, they are inputted into the temporal graph attention (TGAT) model to obtain the classification accuracy of the target intersections in four states-free, stable, slow moving, and congested-and the obtained neighbouring intersection weights are used as the correlation between the intersections. Finally, it is validated by VISSIM simulation experiments. In terms of classification accuracy, the TGAT model has a higher classification accuracy than the three traditional classification models and can cope well with the uneven distribution of the number of samples. The information gain algorithm from the information entropy theory was used to derive the average delay as the most influential factor on intersection status. The correlation from the TGAT model positively correlates with traffic flow, making it interpretable. Using this correlation to control the division of subareas improves the road network's operational efficiency more than the traditional correlation model does. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the TGAT model's correlation.

A Repair Method for Missing Traffic Data Based on FCM, Optimized by the Twice Grid Optimization and Sparrow Search Algorithms.

Complete traffic sensor data is a significant prerequisite for analyzing the changing rules of traffic flow and formulating traffic control strategies. Nevertheless, the missing traffic data are common in practice. In this study, an improved Fuzzy C-Means algorithm is proposed to repair missing traffic data, and three different repair modes are established according to the correlation of time, space, and attribute value of traffic flow. First, a Twice Grid Optimization (TGO) algorithm is proposed to provide a reliable initial clustering center for the FCM algorithm. Then the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) is used to optimize the fuzzy weighting index m and classification number k of the FCM algorithm. Finally, an experimental test of the traffic sensor data in Shunyi District, Beijing, is employed to verify the effectiveness of the TGO-SSA-FCM. Experimental results showed that the improved algorithm had a better performance than some traditional algorithms, and different data repair modes should be selected under different miss rate conditions.

Weak measurements of the waist of an arbitrarily polarized beam via in-plane spin splitting.

As an important parameter to determine the transmission characteristics of a Gaussian beam, the beam waist holds a huge impact in laser technology and imaging systems. Although it is necessary to clearly measure the specific value of the beam waist, the traditional measurement steps are complex and easily introduce error in the measurement process. In this work, we propose an effective method using the in-plane spin splitting (IPSS) generated by the photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) to precisely estimate the beam waist. We establish a highly sensitive propagation model to describe the relationship between the IPSS shifts and the beam waist of an arbitrary linearly polarized light and then combine with the quantum weak measurement system to amplify the IPSS shifts. We reveal that the IPSS shifts are sensitive to the variation of beam waists when the beam is reflected near the Brewster angle. With the huge amplified IPSS shifts (maximum of 1500 microns), the variation of beam waist can be accurately detected, even by propagation amplification alone. Prospectively, our scheme may provide an effective method for accurately determining the Gaussian beam waist of arbitrary polarization.

Tunable in-plane and transverse spin angular shifts in layered dielectric structure.

The photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) manifests itself as the spin-dependent spatial and angular shifts. There are some ways for controlling the spatial shifts, however, lacks an effective method for manipulating angular shifts. In this work, we propose a simple and effective way for manipulating the spin angular shifts in photonic SHE by considering the light beam reflected at the air-layered structure interface. We theoretically derive the general expressions of the in-plane and transverse spin angular shifts in this layered structure. It is found that the in-plane and transverse spin angular shifts can be effectively regulated by adjusting the structure parameters of layered model, including amplifying or suppressing the magnitude of the angular shifts and switching their signs. Interestingly, the in-plane angular shifts can be adjusted from spin-independent to spin-dependent or vice versa when the polarization state of the incident beam varies. Importantly, as for the incident beam with vertical polarization, a near-zero reflection angle similar to Brewster angle appears. In the vicinity of this point, the large spin angular shifts can be explored.

Self-Assembled Fluorescent Nanoprobe Based on Forster Resonance Energy Transfer for Carbon Monoxide in Living Cells and Animals via Ligand Exchange.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is recognized as a biologically essential gaseous neurotransmitter that modulates many physiological processes in living subjects. Currently reported fluorescent probes for CO imaging in cells basically utilize palladium related chemistry which requires complicated synthetic work. Herein we provide a new strategy to construct a fluorescent nanoprobe, NanoCO-1, based on the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism by entrapping the existing dirhodium complex as the energy acceptor and the CO recognition part, and a commonly used nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) dye as energy donor into a micelle formed by self-assembly. The exchange of ligands in the dirhodium complex by CO in the nanoprobe disrupts the FRET and leads to the turn-on of fluorescence. The merits of NanoCO-1 including good biocompatibility, selectivity, photostability, and low cytotoxity, render this nanoprobe ability to track CO in living cells, zebrafish embryo, and larvae. Our straightforward approach can be extended to establish the CO fluorescent probes based on adsorption of CO on a variety of metal derivatives.

Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions.

Previous studies show that adults and children evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as prosocial, and have termed such actions as socially mindful actions. The current study investigates how the desirability of the available options (i.e., whether the available options are desirable or not) may influence adults' and children's evaluation of socially mindful actions. Children (N = 120, 4- to 6-year-olds) and adults (N = 124) were asked to evaluate characters selecting items for themselves from a set of three items-two identical items and one unique item-in a way that either leaves a choice (two diverse items) or leaves no choice (two identical items) for the next person (i.e., the beneficiary). We manipulated whether the available options were either desirable or undesirable (i.e., damaged). We found that adults' and 6-year-olds' evaluation of socially mindful actions is moderated by the desirability of the options. Although they evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as nicer than the act of leaving no choice both when the choosing options are desirable and when they are undesirable, the discrepancy in the evaluation becomes significantly smaller when the choosing options are undesirable. We also found that inference of the beneficiary's feeling underlies social evaluation of the actor leaving a choice (or not). These findings suggest that children consider both the diversity of options left and the desirability of the available options in understanding and evaluating socially mindful acts.

Quantitative analysis of sagittal curvatures of the tibial plafond by computed tomography.

Background: Although the talar morphology has been well understood, studies on the corresponding tibial plafond are still lacking. Based on computed tomography (CT) data, this quantitative study divided the tibial plafond into anterior and posterior regions on five sagittal sections. The objectives of this study were (I) to determine whether the sagittal curvatures of the tibial plafond can be quantitatively and accurately described using the double-diameter method; (II) to compare the difference between the anterior and posterior diameters on five sagittal sections. Methods: In this study, CT data were collected from 100 adult ankles, and the three-dimensional (3D) ankle joint model was reconstructed using CT images. An anatomical coordinate system of the 3D ankle joint model was created to establish the standard coronal and sagittal planes. The measurement outcomes of sagittal curvatures included: the anterior and posterior diameters, the distal tibial arc length (TiAL) and the distal tibial mortise depth (TMD) on five sagittal sections (the most medial, medial 1/4, middle, lateral 1/4 and the most lateral section). Subgroup analysis was performed to compare the differences between males and females. Results: Analysis of the sagittal curvatures showed that the anterior diameter of tibial plafond was significantly smaller than the posterior diameter on five sagittal sections with a mean difference ranging from 3.9 to 6.8 mm (P<0.001). For the anterior diameters, the anteromedial curve had the smallest diameter (35.3±5.3 mm), and the anterolateral curve had the largest diameter (38.0±5.8 mm). For the posterior diameter, the posteromedial curve had the smallest diameter (39.2±6.4 mm), and the posterolateral 1/4 curve had the largest diameter (43.5±6.9 mm). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in the anterior and posterior diameters among five groups (P<0.012). Subgroup analysis showed that gender partly affected the results of sagittal curvature measurements. Conclusions: The sagittal curvatures of the tibial plafond can be described quantitatively and accurately using anterior and posterior diameters. Our study showed that there were significant differences between the anterior and posterior diameters, and gender was an important factor influencing the sagittal curvatures of the tibial plafond.

Donate for your Secrets: Relationship between Secrecy, Guilt and Donation Behavior.

Previous research has well documented the negative sides of secrecy, ignoring its potential constructive aspects. Based on the concept of compensatory behavior, this study conducted two experiments with 532 adults to explore the mediating role of felt guilt between secrecy and donation, and the moderating role of moral identity. Study 1 (N = 272) showed that felt guilt mediated the relationship between secrecy and donation behaviors. Study 2 (N = 260) validated the mediation effect of Study 1 and further indicated that the mediated path was stronger for participants with higher moral identity. Specifically, participants with higher moral identity felt more guilty and donated more after secrecy than those with lower moral identity. The results of this study not only expand the constructive consequences of secrecy but also add more ways to appeal for donations.

Preparation of spherical porous carbon from lignin-derived phenolic resin and its application in supercapacitor electrodes.

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biomass resource in nature and is the main by-product of paper industry and biorefinery industry, which has the characteristics of abundant source, renewable and low cost. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are a nascent environmentally friendly solvent option that is gaining traction. DES composed of p-toluenesulfonic acid and choline chloride is used for batch treatment of alkaline lignin, and the bio-oil obtained is ternary polymerized with formaldehyde and phenol to obtain lignin phenolic resin. The porous carbon material is produced through a two-step carbonization process, utilizing phenolic resin derived from lignin as the primary source of carbon. The morphology and composition of the carbon were analyzed by SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, XPS and Raman spectroscopy, the specific surface area and pore size distribution were analyzed by BET. The results showed that the specific surface area of the lignin-based phenolic resin was significantly higher than that of the pure phenolic resin carbon, and the porous carbon material that was acquired demonstrated a specific surface area of as much as 1026 m2/g. In the three-electrode system, the specific capacitance of DLPFC can reach 245.8 F/g (0.25 A/g), with a very small decrease in the value of specific capacitance at 10,000 cycles, with a retention of 97.62% (10 A/g). The porous carbon demonstrated a specific capacitance of 112.4 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, and the capacitance retention rate could still reach 98.8% after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, with high cycling stability (in the two-electrode system). The prepared symmetrical supercapacitors exhibited high energy density and power density of 3.9 Wh/kg and 125.0 W/kg. The results suggest a new idea of high value-added application of lignin phenolic resin for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.

Biochar Enhances Soil Resource Availability and Suppresses Microbial Metabolism Genes in the Rhizosphere of Wheat.

Despite the well-documented role of biochar in promoting soil quality and crop productivity, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the effects of straw biochar on soil microbiome in the rhizosphere from wheat using metagenomic sequencing. Our results showed that straw return decreased the yields of wheat, while the straw biochar return increased the wheat yields. Further, both the richness and community composition confirmed different effects of the straw return and straw biochar return. The straw biochar return also resulted in greater rhizosphere effects from wheat, represented by resource availability, including soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The rhizosphere effects from wheat, represented by microbial metabolism genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium cycling, however, were decreased by straw biochar returning. In addition, the rhizosphere effects from nitrogen content and the nitrogen cycling genes showed negative relationships with wheat yields. Together, these results revealed that straw biochar enhanced soil resource availability but suppressed microbial metabolism genes in the rhizosphere from wheat, supporting the idea that straw biochar serves as a nutrient pool for crops.

The Development and Validation of an Outdoor Free Play Scale for Preschool Children.

Children's outdoor free play, which is characterized by intensive physical engagement and diverse social interactions, plays a unique role in early childhood development and education. However, existing scales cannot comprehensively measure children's performance in outdoor free play. The research purpose of this study was to develop and validate an Outdoor Free Play Scale for Children-Preschool Version (OFPS-P) with good reliability and validity, in order to provide a practical tool for teachers to understand the level of children's outdoor free play. Based on the review of existing scales of children's play and the uniqueness of children's outdoor free play, we developed a scale with 12 items and validated the scale with two samples of preschool children with exploratory (nsample1 = 140) and confirmatory (nsample2 = 241) factor analyses. Four factors were identified in this scale: physical fitness, approaches to learning, social interaction, and imagination. The results indicated good reliability and validity of OFPS-P, which can be used to evaluate preschool children's performance on outdoor free play and to support teachers' effective support in outdoor play activities in kindergartens.

Family Socio-Economic Status and Children's Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment.

Family socio-economic status (SES) is a significant predictor of children's early learning performance, while little is known about the relationship between family SES and children's play. This study aimed to examine how family SES was related to different aspects of children's play behaviors and whether the home environment served as a mediator in this relationship. A total of 844 mothers of children aged three to six (Nboys = 431) from different SES backgrounds (Nlow-SES = 123, Nmedium-SES = 322, Nhigh-SES = 399) reported the situation of the home environment and their children's play behaviors with self-developed questionnaires. Results of regression analyses showed that family SES significantly predicted the level of Imagination, Approaches to Learning, and Emotion Expression in children's play and that the home environment partially mediated such relationships. The results indicate SES-related differences in children's play behaviors and offer the possibility of narrowing such discrepancies by establishing a child-friendly home environment.

Case Report: Late-Onset Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treated With Stereotactic Electroencephalography-Guided Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation Before Craniotomy.

The onset of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), a severe epilepsy syndrome, is typically before 8 years of age. Late-onset LGS (with onset in adolescence and adulthood) is relatively rare clinically and has some differences from classical LGS. Herein, we describe the case of a patient with late-onset LGS and provide a literature review of such cases. The patient had focal epilepsy onset at 8 years of age. After a 9-year evolution, he suffered seizures of different types and had a diagnosis of late-onset LGS. Drug treatment was ineffective. Nothing was found on stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during the course of the disease. After the second presurgical evaluation, we found a suspicious focus on high-resolution structural MRI which was verified by SEEG at last. After SEEG-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFTC), his seizures were controlled, and his cognitive function and quality of living clearly improved. However, his seizures recurred 2 years later, and he underwent left occipital resection. Thereafter, his seizures have been controlled until now. This case emphasizes the importance of high-resolution structural MRI in the treatment of LGS. Furthermore, it suggests that late-onset LGS may be caused by focal lesions and evolve from focal epilepsy. Thus, characterizing the clinical symptoms and performing individualized electroencephalographic follow-up are both very important. Additionally, the clinical outcome in this case implies the value and limitations of RFTC in patients with epilepsy and a clear focal lesion. Moreover, this case further supports differences between late-onset and classical LGS in terms of clinical manifestation, cognitive changes, prognosis, and treatment.

Analysis of Driving Behavior Based on Dynamic Changes of Personality States.

This study investigated the relationship between personality states and driving behavior from a dynamic perspective. A personality baseline was introduced to reflect the driver's trait level and can be used as a basic reference for the dynamic change of personality states. Three kinds of simulated scenarios triggered by pedestrian crossing the street were established using a virtual reality driving simulator. Fifty licensed drivers completed the driving experiments and filled in the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) questionnaire to measure the drivers' personality baselines. Key indicators were quantified to characterize the five types of personality states by K-means clustering algorithm. The results indicated that the high-risk situation had a greater impact on the drivers, especially for drivers with openness and extroversion. Furthermore, for the drivers of extroverted personality, the fluctuation of personality states in the high-risk scenario was more pronounced. This paper put forward a novel idea for the analysis of driving behavior, and the research results provide a personalized personality database for the selection of different driving modes.

A pH-sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe with alkaline pKa for chronic wound monitoring in diabetic mice.

A pH-sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe with alkaline pKa, AlkaP-1, was developed by incorporating a benzoyl hydrazine group into a cyanine dye. The significant fluorescence changes in the alkaline regions enable the probe to monitor the alkalization process from acute wounds to chronic wounds in diabetic mice.