The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region.

The role of milk and dairy products in supplying iodine to pregnant women is unknown in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between milk and dairy product consumption and the iodine status of pregnant women in the IoMum cohort of the Oporto region. Pregnant women were recruited between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation, when they provided a spot urine sample and information on lifestyle and intake of iodine-rich foods. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma MS. A total of 468 pregnant women (269 iodine supplement users and 199 non-supplement users) were considered eligible for analysis. Milk (but not yogurt or cheese) intake was positively associated with UIC, in the whole population (P = 0·02) and in the non-supplement users (P = 0·002), but not in the supplement users (P = 0·29). In non-supplement users, adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that milk consumption <3 times/month was associated with a five times increased risk of having UIC < 50 µg/l when compared with milk consumption ≥2 times/d (OR 5·4; 95 % CI 1·55, 18·78; P = 0·008). The highest UIC was observed in supplement users who reported consuming milk once per d (160 µg/l). Milk, but not yogurt or cheese, was positively associated with iodine status of pregnant women. Despite the observed positive association, daily milk consumption may not be sufficient to ensure adequate iodine intake in this population.

Iodine knowledge is associated with iodine status in Portuguese pregnant women: results from the IoMum cohort study.

Lack of knowledge about iodine has been suggested as a risk factor for iodine deficiency in pregnant women, but no studies have addressed this issue in Portugal. So, the aim of this study was to investigate iodine knowledge among Portuguese pregnant women and its association with iodine status. IoMum, a prospective observational study, included 485 pregnant women recruited at Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de S. João, Porto, between the 10th and 13th gestational weeks. Partial scores for knowledge on iodine importance, on iodine food sources or on iodised salt were obtained through the application of a structured questionnaire. Then, a total iodine knowledge score was calculated and grouped into low, medium and high knowledge categories. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in spot urine samples by inductively coupled plasma MS. Of the pregnant women, 54 % correctly recognised iodine as important to neurocognitive development, 32 % were unable to identify any iodine-rich food and 71 % presented lack of knowledge regarding iodised salt. Of the women, 61 % had a medium total score of iodine knowledge. Knowledge on iodine importance during pregnancy was positively associated with iodine supplementation and also with UIC. Nevertheless, median UIC in women who correctly recognised the importance of iodine was below the cut-off for adequacy in pregnancy (150 µg/l). In conclusion, knowledge on iodine importance is positively associated with iodine status. Despite this, recognising iodine importance during pregnancy may not be sufficient to ensure iodine adequacy. Literacy-promoting actions are urgently needed to improve iodine status in pregnancy.

Bone Metastases from Thyroid Carcinoma of Follicular Origin: A Single Institutional Experience.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Overall, 2-13% of patients with thyroid cancer develop bone metastases (BM). In addition to decreased survival, patients with BM may present skeletal-related events (SRE) that impair the quality of life. Our objectives were to characterize clinical features, treatment approaches, and outcomes of patients with thyroid cancer and BM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We identified patients diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma of follicular origin and BM followed at the Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal, from 1991 to 2017. SRE were defined as the need for bone irradiation, bone surgery, spinal cord compression, or pathologic fractures. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 86 patients, with a median follow-up time of 54 months (IQR 22.8-82.8), mainly women (67.4%), and a median age of 64 years (IQR 53.6-71.2). BM was the initial presentation of thyroid cancer in 36.0% of the patients. Bone involvement was multiple in 59.3% of the cases. Papillary carcinoma was the most frequent histological type, present in 47.7% of the patients, of which 56.1% presented the follicular variant. SRE were found in 76.7% of the patients. The most frequent SRE was radiotherapy (66.3%). Treatment with bisphosphonates was initiated in 19.8% of the patients. The 5-year specific survival was 60%, whereas the 10-year specific survival decreased to 50%. There were no differences in 5- or 10-year specific survival regarding gender, the occurrence of SRE, or histological type. However, patients with initial radioiodine non-avid lesions had a lower 5- and 10-year specific survival (p = 0.002). DISCUSSION: The high frequency of patients with SRE was notable. The follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer was the variant most commonly associated with BM, reflecting a more similar behavior to follicular carcinoma than the classic variant.

Universal vs. risk-factor-based screening for gestational diabetes-an analysis from a 5-Year Portuguese Cohort.

PURPOSE: The criteria to screen for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus are not internationally consensual. In opposition to the universal screening performed in Portugal, certain countries advocate a risk-factor-based screening. We aim to compare obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with and without risk factors treated for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. METHODS: Retrospective and multicentric study of 12,006 pregnant women diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus between 2011 and 2015, in Portugal. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus was diagnosed according to the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. RISK FACTORS: body mass index > 30kg/m2, history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, history of macrossomic newborn (birth weight > 4000 g) or first-degree relatives with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: lack of data concerning risk factors (n = 1563). RESULTS: At least one risk factor was found in 68.2% (n = 7123) pregnant women. Pregnant women with risk factors were more frequently medicated with insulin (p < 0.001), caesarean section was more commonly performed (p < 0.001), their newborns were more frequently large-for-gestational-age (p < 0.001) and neonatal morbidity was higher (p = 0.040) in comparison to pregnant women without risk factors. The Diabetes Mellitus reclassification test showed an increased frequency of intermediate hyperglycaemia and Diabetes Mellitus in women with risk factors (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Almost one-third of pregnant women would have remained undiagnosed if risk-based-factor screening were implemented in Portugal. Women without risk factors presented fewer obstetric and neonatal complications. However, more than one third required insulin therapy.

Iron Deficiency and Obesity - Are we Diagnosing with Appropriate Indicators?

INTRODUCTION: We aim to define the iron deficiency prevalence and eventual differences between obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of patients evaluated at multidisciplinary consultation of obesity in our institution between 2013 and 2015 (n = 260). Iron deficiency: ferritin levels < 15 ng/mL. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: prior bariatric surgery; lack of ferritin or hemoglobin determinations. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 215 patients (84.2% female) with a mean age of 42.0 ± 10.3 years. The median body mass index was 42.5 (40.0 - 46.8) kg/m2 and 52.1% had metabolic syndrome. Iron deficiency was present in 7.0%, with no differences between genders or between patients with or without metabolic syndrome. Hypertension was associated with lower prevalence of iron deficiency. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension patients had higher levels of ferritin. The multivariate analysis showed that metabolic syndrome and increasing body mass index were predictive of higher risk of iron deficiency while hypertension predicted lower odds of iron deficiency. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of iron deficiency was similar in other published studies. Iron deficiency may be underdiagnosed if based only on ferritin concentrations. In our study, diabetes and hypertension appear to contribute to the increase in ferritin levels described in obesity. CONCLUSION: Ferritin may not be a reliable index for evaluating iron stores in obese patients, particularly when associated with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Further studies are needed to guide the diagnosis and iron supplementation in these patients.

Introdução: Os objetivos foram a determinação da prevalência de défice de ferro e de eventuais diferenças entre os doentes obesos com e sem síndrome metabólica. Material e Métodos: Análise dos doentes observados na consulta multidisciplinar de obesidade na nossa instituição entre 2013 e 2015 (n = 260). Défice de ferro: ferritina < 15 ng/mL. Critérios de exclusão: cirurgia bariátrica prévia, ausência de doseamentos de ferritina e de hemoglobina. Resultados: Avaliaram-se 215 doentes (84,2% mulheres) com uma idade média de 42,0 ± 10,3 anos. O índice de massa corporal mediano foi 42,5 (40,0 - 46,8) kg/m2 e 52,1% apresentavam síndrome metabólica. O défice de ferro estava presente em 7,0% sem diferenças entre os géneros e entre os doentes com e sem síndrome metabólica. A hipertensão associou-se a menor prevalência de défice de ferro. Doentes com diabetes tipo 2 e hipertensão apresentaram valores mais elevados de ferritina. Na análise multivariada, a síndrome metabólica e o índice de massa corporal constituíram fatores preditivos de défice de ferro, enquanto a hipertensão se associou a um menor risco. Discussão: A prevalência de défice de ferro foi similar a estudos previamente publicados. O défice de ferro pode ser subdiagnosticado se baseado apenas nas concentrações de ferritina. No nosso estudo, a diabetes e a hipertensão parecem contribuir para os níveis elevados de ferritina descritos na obesidade. Conclusão: A ferritina poderá não ser um índice fiável para avaliação de reservas de ferro na obesidade, particularmente quando associada a diabetes tipo 2 e hipertensão. São necessários mais estudos de forma a orientar o diagnóstico e a suplementação com ferro nestes doentes.

Type 2 Diabetes Decompensation as the Clinical Presentation of Thyroid Storm - Cause or Consequence?

This case study aims to discuss the unusual forms of hyperthyroidism presentation, the nonspecific symptoms and precipitating events. A 70-year-old male was taken to the emergency department for hyperglycaemia, nausea, vomiting and altered mental status with a week of evolution. He had a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. He had no history of any recent intercurrent illness or infection. At the emergency room, besides hyperglycaemia, ketonemia and slightly elevated C-reactive protein, the basic laboratory panel workup was normal, as was the head computed tomography. He was admitted for metabolic compensation and to study the altered neurological status. During hospitalisation, despite the good glycemic control, he had no improvements in neurological status. At day four of hospitalisation, thyrotoxicosis with thyroid storm criteria was diagnosed. He started on adequate treatment with complete clinical recovery. The associated morbidity and mortality of thyroid storm requires immediate recognition and treatment. Elderly patients are frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed later due to fewer and less pronounced signs and symptoms.

Cardiovascular safety of type 2 diabetes medications: Review of existing literature and clinical implications.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the cardiovascular effect of antidiabetic drugs are today critical medical issues, with the prevalence of T2DM in particular showing a steep increase worldwide, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle habits. T2DM in association with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, results in the development of CVD, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM. Thus, treatment of T2DM is an individualized and complex challenge in which targeting cardiovascular risk factors is an important component in the decision making. Given the cardiovascular adverse events associated with rosiglitazone, both the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency currently require the demonstration of cardiovascular safety of new antidiabetic drugs. Consequently, clinical trials to guarantee their cardiovascular safety are now obligatory. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the cardiovascular effects and safety of the major drugs used in T2DM treatment and also to provide an overview of upcoming and ongoing clinical trials in this field. Our belief is that this review will be of substantial assistance to all medical doctors who are treating diabetic patients, namely primary care physicians, internal medicine doctors, endocrinologists, diabetologists and less well experienced personnel such as young doctors in training.