Success and Survivorship Following Charcot Reconstruction: A Review of 151 Cases.

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a debilitating condition that frequently leads to skeletal deformity and pedal ulceration in the insensate foot. Results are often poor and no clear guidelines for surgical management exist. Additionally, amputation rates vary widely making it difficult to accurately inform patients of risks. Few studies have assessed outcomes to identify patients for whom reconstruction is likely to fail. The literature is limited, with small sample sizes and mortality infrequently addressed. We performed a retrospective observational study of patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy to assess overall amputation and mortality rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 3 years postreconstruction and evaluated associated risk factors. Rates of infection, re-ulceration, and return to walking were also assessed. We identified 151 patients over a 5-year period. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazard model, and logistic regression were used. Overall, 22 (14.6%) patients died, and 23 (15.2%) patients advanced to limb amputation postoperatively. End-stage renal disease, peripheral vascular disease, reconstruction during active phase Charcot process, and reconstruction at the ankle or subtalar joint were all associated with poor outcomes. The risk of mortality was 2.5 times higher in patients with end-stage renal disease, and 3.4 times higher among patients with peripheral vascular disease. Patients with ankle or subtalar joint reconstruction were 70% less likely to return to walking compared to medial column reconstruction. Due to these findings, we suggest that patients with such comorbidities be advised of increased risk for complications including failure to return to walking, amputation, and death.

Laparoscopic near-total splenectomy: a single-center experience of a standardized procedure.

Background: Near-total splenectomy (NTS) represents an innovative and effective surgery technique for spleen disease, reducing the risk of severe infections and thromboembolic events after total splenectomy. The authors reported a laparoscopic near-total splenectomy (LNTS) surgical experience following the optimal results of the open approach, describing a standardized and effective minimally invasive technique with the purpose of preserving a minimal residual spleen.Material and methods: From November 2006 to September 2016, 15 patients with splenic and hematologic disease underwent LNTS, according to a laparoscopic procedure developed by the authors. The end criterion was to conserve a remanent spleen of 10-15 cm3 in size.Results: Patient age ranged between 18 and 59 years. Mean operative time was 70 ± 20 min. Mean hospital stay was 3.46 (range 3-7) days. One complication occurred during the surgery for a lesion of the inferior polar artery with need of a total splenectomy. No conversion to open surgery was necessary.Conclusions: LNTS is a safe and effective technique for the management of splenic and hematologic disease with a low intra- and post-operative complication rate, and it can minimize the late sequelae of secondary splenectomy. However, it requires further studies with more cases to evaluate its role.

A population-based comparison of weight and weight perceptions among overweight and obese Mexican and Mexican-American men.

OBJECTIVE: To examine actual and perceived weight in national cohorts of Mexican-origin adult men in Mexico and the United States (US). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the 2001-06 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight or obesity (OO) in Mexicans was 65% and in Mexican-Americans was 72%. OO Mexican-American men were more likely than OO Mexican men (56 vs. 49%) to perceive themselves as "overweight". Among OO men from both populations, those who had been screened for OO by a health provider were almost seven times more likely to have accurate weight perceptions. Only 9% of OO men in Mexico and 25% in the US recalled having been screened for weight. CONCLUSION: Weight misperceptions were common in both populations but more prevalent in Mexico; low screening by providers may contribute to poor weight control in both countries.

Snijders Blok-Campeau Syndrome: Description of 20 Additional Individuals with Variants in CHD3 and Literature Review.

Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome (SNIBCPS, OMIM# 618205) is an extremely infrequent disease with only approximately 60 cases reported so far. SNIBCPS belongs to the group of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Clinical features of patients with SNIBCPS include global developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech and language difficulties and behavioral disorders like autism spectrum disorder. In addition, patients with SNIBCPS exhibit typical dysmorphic features including macrocephaly, hypertelorism, sparse eyebrows, broad forehead, prominent nose and pointed chin. The severity of the neurological effects as well as the presence of other features is variable among subjects. SNIBCPS is caused likely by pathogenic and pathogenic variants in CHD3 (Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 3), which seems to be involved in chromatin remodeling by deacetylating histones. Here, we report 20 additional patients with clinical features compatible with SNIBCPS from 17 unrelated families with confirmed likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in CHD3. Patients were analyzed by whole exome sequencing and segregation studies were performed by Sanger sequencing. Patients in this study showed different pathogenic variants affecting several functional domains of the protein. Additionally, none of the variants described here were reported in control population databases, and most computational predictors suggest that they are deleterious. The most common clinical features of the whole cohort of patients are global developmental delay (98%) and speech disorder/delay (92%). Other frequent features (51-74%) include intellectual disability, hypotonia, hypertelorism, abnormality of vision, macrocephaly and prominent forehead, among others. This study expands the number of individuals with confirmed SNIBCPS due to pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in CHD3. Furthermore, we add evidence of the importance of the application of massive parallel sequencing for NDD patients for whom the clinical diagnosis might be challenging and where deep phenotyping is extremely useful to accurately manage and follow up the patients.

Self-handicapping strategies in educational context: construction and validation of the Brazilian Self-Handicapping Strategies Scale (EEAPREJ).

Self-handicapping strategies refer to the set of choices and attitudes adopted to minimize blame for failure and increase the value of success in achievement situations. This paper aims to describe the stages of construction and the psychometric analysis of a scale to measure the self-handicapping strategies of university students. In study 1, the major steps for the construction of the scales and initial results are reported. The internal consistency indices were acceptable and the principal component analysis revealed factors with little explanation of data variance. In study 2, data from a sample of 834 students from several undergraduate courses of different Brazilian universities were subjected to exploratory factor analysis using the minimum rank factor analysis (MRFA) method and the matrix of polychoric correlations. The parallel analysis criterion for factor retention indicated the one-factor solution as the best fit to data. The importance of having a valid and reliable measure to assess self-handicapping strategies in educational contexts and the promising use of the scale in actions to improve learning in higher education are discussed.

Humoral response and neutralising capacity at 6 months post-vaccination against COVID-19 among institutionalised older adults in Argentina.

The COVID-19 pandemic has particularly affected older adults residing in nursing homes, resulting in high rates of hospitalisation and death. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal humoral response and neutralising capacity in plasma samples of volunteers vaccinated with different platforms (Sputnik V, BBIBP-CorV, and AZD1222). A cohort of 851 participants, mean age 83 (60-103 years), from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina were included. Sequential plasma samples were taken at different time points after vaccination. After completing the vaccination schedule, infection-naïve volunteers who received either Sputnik V or AZD1222 exhibited significantly higher specific anti-Spike IgG titers than those who received BBIBP-CorV. Strong correlation between anti-Spike IgG titers and neutralising activity levels was evidenced at all times studied (rho=0.7 a 0.9). Previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and age <80 years were both associated with higher specific antibody levels. No differences in neutralising capacity were observed for the infection-naïve participants in either gender or age group. Similar to anti-Spike IgG titers, neutralising capacity decreased 3 to 9-fold at 6 months after initial vaccination for all platforms. Neutralising capacity against Omicron was between 10-58 fold lower compared to ancestral B.1 for all vaccine platforms at 21 days post dose 2 and 180 days post dose 1. This work provides evidence about the humoral response and neutralising capacity elicited by vaccination of a vulnerable elderly population. This data could be useful for pandemic management in defining public health policies, highlighting the need to apply reinforcements after a complete vaccination schedule.

Influence of the Compaction Method in the Volumetric Design of Cold Recycled Mixtures with Emulsion.

Compaction of cold asphalt mixtures is a subject that has not been thoroughly studied, and, for this reason, requires new efforts from researchers to have a better understanding. Unlike hot mixtures, cold mixtures and mainly recycled mixtures require specific considerations for compaction. There is a lack of consensus about the methodology to select the optimum premix water and emulsion contents. In the absence of specific regulations, the use of soil tests or hot mixtures procedures is common. For these reasons, this investigation's main goal was to evaluate two compaction methods used to design cold recycled mixtures with emulsion: the modified Proctor procedure and the gyratory compaction. It was concluded that both methods could be useful to study compactability since consistent results were obtained by applying the maximum bulk density criterion. However, the higher bulk densities achieved, the smaller specimens used, and the suitability of the gyratory specimens to be later tested for mechanical properties make them preferable to the modified Proctor samples. A new approach has been proposed using iso-density lines on dual-axis premix water content-emulsion content graphs that facilitates the study of the influence on compactability of these two factors combined. These contributions can alleviate the laboratory works during the design of cold recycled asphalt mixtures and contribute to a more in-depth knowledge of the combined effect of premix water and emulsion contents on the compactability of cold recycled mixtures with emulsion.

Prospective cohort study in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, General Pueyrredón, Argentina (INECOVID): infection dynamics and risk factors. / Estudio de cohortes prospectivo en etapa temprana de la pandemia COVID-19, Partido de General Pueyrredón, Argentina (INECOVID): dinámica de infección y factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina: the INECOVID study. METHODS: Prospective cohort designed with participants from the District general population. The follow-up period was from June 22nd to December 18th, 2020, with a minimum appointment interval of 21 days. Data were obtained via questionnaires and serum or plasma samples. The primary event was considered as the time to seroconversion (IgG) as evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The accumulated risk of infection was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. Cox models were built with time-dependent variables. RESULTS: 345 participants were recruited (n=222 women, 64.3%; 123 men, 35.7%), with a median age of 45 years in women (Interquartile range: 19) and 49 in men (Interquartile range: 26). 12.8% of participants (n=44) had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection [incidence density of 9.1 cases (women: 11.1, men: 5.1) per 10,000 person-day]. 36.4% of the cases (n=16) were asymptomatic. The following factors were associated to the risk of infection: being in close contact of a confirmed COVID-19 case (HR=5.56; 95%CI 2.85-10.83), being a health worker (HR=2.93; 95%CI 1.55-5.52), living in crowded conditions (HR=2.23; 95%CI 1.13-4.49), and age (HR=0.98; 95%CI 0.95-1.00). CONCLUSION: The identified risk factors endorse the protection policies and protocols adopted by the Argentinian sanitary authorities for the general population and the care programs for health workers in the pre-vaccination phase.

OBJETIVO: Establecer la magnitud y los factores de riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en el Partido de General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina: estudio INECOVID. MÉTODOS: Diseño de cohortes prospectivo con participantes de población general del partido. El período de seguimiento fue del 22 de junio al 18 de diciembre de 2020, con un intervalo mínimo de citación de 21 días. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios y muestras de suero o plasma. El evento primario fue el tiempo hasta la seroconversión (IgG) como evidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se estimó el riesgo acumulado de infección por el método de Kaplan Meier. Se construyeron modelos de Cox con variables tiempo-dependientes. RESULTADOS: Fueron reclutados 345 participantes (n=222 mujeres, 64,3%; 123 hombres, 35,7%), con una edad mediana de 45 años en mujeres (Rango intercuartílico: 19) y 49 en hombres (Rango intercuartílico: 26). El 12,8% de los participantes (n=44) tuvieron evidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 [densidad de incidencia de 9,1 casos (mujeres: 11,1, hombres: 5,1) por 10.000 personas-días]. El 36,4% de los casos (n=16) fueron asintomáticos. Se mostraron asociados al riesgo de infección: ser contacto estrecho de un caso confirmado de COVID-19 (HR=5,56; IC95% 2,85­10,83), ser trabajador de salud (HR=2,93; IC95% 1,55-5,52), vivir en hacinamiento (HR=2,23; IC95% 1,13­4,49) y edad (HR=0,98; IC95% 0,95­1,00). CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores de riesgo de infección hallados avalan las políticas y protocolos de protección adoptados por las autoridades sanitarias de Argentina para la población general y los programas de atención a los trabajadores de la salud en la etapa pre-vacunación.

Objective and subjective social class gradients for substance use among Mexican adolescents.

This study examines the shape of social class gradients for substance use among Mexican adolescents. Substance use and objective and subjective indicators of social class were assessed in house-to-house surveys conducted with 7614 Mexican adolescents in 2004. The sample was designed to be representative of the poorest urban communities in seven Mexican states. The prevalence of current smoking was 16.8%, alcohol consumption was 30.2%, and drug use was 4.6%. Multiple logistic regressions are used to estimate the associations of objective indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and subjective social status (SSS)-at both community and societal levels-and smoking, alcohol and drug use. Adolescents who perceived themselves as higher in social status in reference to their local community reported more smoking and drinking. Our findings were similar when we used objective measures of SES, such as maternal education and total monthly household expenditures per person. In contrast, adolescents who perceived that they had high social standing in reference to Mexican society as a whole were less likely to report being current smokers and drinkers. We found no significant association between social status and drug use. Research into how adolescents perceive themselves in reference to their peer communities may help strengthen programs and policies aimed at promoting health in vulnerable adolescent populations.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism Following Foot and Ankle Surgery.

BACKGROUND:: The incidence rate of venous thrombotic events (VTEs) following foot and ankle surgery is low. Currently, there is no consensus regarding postoperative prophylaxis or evidence to support risk stratification. METHODS:: A 2-part study assessing the incidence and factors for the development of VTE was conducted: (1) a retrospective observational cohort study of 22 486 adults to calculate the overall incidence following foot and/or ankle surgery from January 2008 to May 2011 and (2) a retrospective matched case-control study to identify risk factors for development of VTE postsurgery. One control per VTE case matched on age and sex was randomly selected from the remaining patients. RESULTS:: The overall incidence of VTE was 0.9%. Predictive risk factors in bivariate analyses included obesity, history of VTE, history of trauma, use of hormonal replacement or oral contraception therapy, anatomic location of surgery, procedure duration 60 minutes or more, general anesthesia, postoperative nonweightbearing immobilization greater than 2 weeks, and use of anticoagulation. When significant variables from bivariate analyses were placed into the multivariable regression model, 4 remained statistically significant: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for obesity, 6.1; history of VTE, 15.7; use of hormone replacement therapy, 8.9; and postoperative nonweightbearing immobilization greater than 2 weeks, 9.0. The risk of VTE increased significantly with 3 or more risk factors ( P = .001). CONCLUSION:: The overall low incidence of VTE following foot and ankle surgery does not support routine prophylaxis for all patients. Among patients with 3 or more risk factors, the use of chemoprophylaxis may be warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Level III, retrospective case series.

Predictive Potential of Motivation to Learn in the use of Learning Strategies / Potencial Preditivo da Motivação para Aprender no Uso das Estratégias de Aprendizagem

Abstract This paper investigates motivation to learn and learning strategies in a sample of 353 Brazilian students in elementary and secondary education. Data were collected through the Motivation to learn scale and two Learning Strategies Assessment Scales, one for elementary school and another for high school. Learning goals and use of metacognitive strategies were predominant in the sample. Significant positive and negative correlations between the subscales were found. Two models emerged explaining 33% and 37% of the variance in the use of learning strategies that can be attributed to motivation to learn factors. The study underscores the importance of motivation to learn for engaging students in strategic behavior.

Resumo O artigo investigou a motivação para aprender e as estratégias de aprendizagem em uma amostra de 353 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio brasileiro. Foram utilizadas a Escala de avaliação da motivação para a aprendizagem e uma Escala de Avaliação das Estratégias de Aprendizagem para o Ensino Fundamental e outra para o Ensino Médio. A Meta Aprender e as estratégias metacognitivas foram predominantes na amostra. Foram encontradas correlações positivas e negativas significativas entre as subescalas e emergiram dois modelos que explicaram 33% e 37% da variância no uso de estratégias de aprendizagem que podem ser atribuídos aos fatores da motivação. O estudo reforçou a importância da motivação para aprender no engajamento dos estudantes em comportamentos estratégicos.

Self-handicapping strategies in educational context: construction and validation of the Brazilian Self-Handicapping Strategies Scale (EEAPREJ)

Abstract Self-handicapping strategies refer to the set of choices and attitudes adopted to minimize blame for failure and increase the value of success in achievement situations. This paper aims to describe the stages of construction and the psychometric analysis of a scale to measure the self-handicapping strategies of university students. In study 1, the major steps for the construction of the scales and initial results are reported. The internal consistency indices were acceptable and the principal component analysis revealed factors with little explanation of data variance. In study 2, data from a sample of 834 students from several undergraduate courses of different Brazilian universities were subjected to exploratory factor analysis using the minimum rank factor analysis (MRFA) method and the matrix of polychoric correlations. The parallel analysis criterion for factor retention indicated the one-factor solution as the best fit to data. The importance of having a valid and reliable measure to assess self-handicapping strategies in educational contexts and the promising use of the scale in actions to improve learning in higher education are discussed.

Male cytogenetic evaluation prior to assisted reproduction procedures performed in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to estimate the frequency of occurrence and the types of chromosomal abnormalities found in 141 infertile men with abnormal semen parameters. METHODS: the frequency and type of chromosomal abnormalities were determined with male mitotic karyotype analysis from peripheral blood through chromosome banding techniques before assisted reproduction procedures. RESULTS: In this series of 141 infertile men, 19 (13%) had chromosomal anomalies and 35 (25%) had polymorphic variants. The main chromosome abnormalities were reciprocal translocations and marker chromosomes in mosaic. CONCLUSIONS: These results stress the relevance of cytogenetic studies for infertile males as a diagnostic tool and a valuable input in genetic counseling.

Estudio de cohortes prospectivo en etapa temprana de la pandemia COVID-19, Partido de General Pueyrredón, Argentina (INECOVID): dinámica de infección y factores de riesgo / Prospective cohort study in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, General Pueyrredón, Argentina (INECOVID): infection dynamics and risk factors

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Establecer la magnitud y los factores de riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en el Partido de General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina: estudio INECOVID. Métodos: Diseño de cohortes prospectivo con participantes de población general del partido. El período de seguimiento fue del 22 de junio al 18 de diciembre de 2020, con un intervalo mínimo de citación de 21 días. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios y muestras de suero o plasma. El evento primario fue el tiempo hasta la seroconversión (IgG) como evidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se estimó el riesgo acumulado de infección por el método de Kaplan Meier. Se construyeron modelos de Cox con variables tiempo-dependientes. Resultados: Fueron reclutados 345 participantes (n=222 mujeres, 64,3%; 123 hombres, 35,7%), con una edad mediana de 45 años en mujeres (Rango intercuartílico: 19) y 49 en hombres (Rango intercuartílico: 26). El 12,8% de los participantes (n=44) tuvieron evidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 [densidad de incidencia de 9,1 casos (mujeres: 11,1, hombres: 5,1) por 10.000 personas-días]. El 36,4% de los casos (n=16) fueron asintomáticos. Se mostraron asociados al riesgo de infección: ser contacto estrecho de un caso confirmado de COVID-19 (HR=5,56; IC95% 2,85-10,83), ser trabajador de salud (HR=2,93; IC95% 1,55-5,52), vivir en hacinamiento (HR=2,23; IC95% 1,13-4,49) y edad (HR=0,98; IC95% 0,95-1,00). Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo de infección hallados avalan las políticas y protocolos de protección adoptados por las autoridades sanitarias de Argentina para la población general y los programas de atención a los trabajadores de la salud en la etapa pre-vacunación.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the magnitude and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina: the INECOVID study. Methods: Prospective cohort designed with participants from the District general population. The follow-up period was from June 22nd to December 18th, 2020, with a minimum appointment interval of 21 days. Data were obtained via questionnaires and serum or plasma samples. The primary event was considered as the time to seroconversion (IgG) as evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The accumulated risk of infection was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. Cox models were built with time-dependent variables. Results: 345 participants were recruited (n=222 women, 64.3%; 123 men, 35.7%), with a median age of 45 years in women (Interquartile range: 19) and 49 in men (Interquartile range: 26). 12.8% of participants (n=44) had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection [incidence density of 9.1 cases (women: 11.1, men: 5.1) per 10,000 person-day]. 36.4% of the cases (n=16) were asymptomatic. The following factors were associated to the risk of infection: being in close contact of a confirmed COVID-19 case (HR=5.56; 95%CI 2.85-10.83), being a health worker (HR=2.93; 95%CI 1.55-5.52), living in crowded conditions (HR=2.23; 95%CI 1.13-4.49), and age (HR=0.98; 95%CI 0.95-1.00). Conclusion: The identified risk factors endorse the protection policies and protocols adopted by the Argentinian sanitary authorities for the general population and the care programs for health workers in the pre-vaccination phase.

Abordaje epidemiológico en establecimiento de estancia prolongada de adultos mayores con antecedente de brote de COVID-19 / Epidemiological approach in a long-term care facility for the elderly with antecedent of COVID-19 outbreak

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante la pandemia de enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) los adultos mayores residentes en instituciones semicerradas y su personal de salud constituyen una subpoblación vulnerable con riesgo elevado de hospitalización y muerte. OBJETIVO: Describir el abordaje epidemiológico efectuado en un establecimiento de estancia prolongada para adultos mayores bajo vigilancia activa, en el aglomerado urbano Mar del Plata-Batán, en diciembre de 2020. MÉTODOS: La estrategia de abordaje combinó la indicación de aislamiento de los casos sospechosos, la realización de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) y la detección de anticuerpos del tipo inmunoglobulina G (IgG). RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 4 casos de infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) por RT-PCR en miembros del personal de salud; solo 1 tenía antecedente de detección por RT-PCR durante el brote inicial ocurrido 95 días antes; los resultados en los residentes fueron negativos. Se encontraron 40 casos con anticuerpos de tipo IgG (63,5%); 12 de ellos (30%) no tenían antecedente de detección mediante RT-PCR en ninguno de los brotes. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos indican que el hecho de haber atravesado un primer episodio de brote en el establecimiento confirió inmunidad a personas que no habían tenido manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad, lo cual, probablemente, contribuyó a evitar la propagación del segundo brote entre los residentes

Laparoscopic treatment of unicentric Castleman's disease with abdominal localization.

We report a case of unicentric Castleman's disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) with abdominal localization, that was treated laparoscopically. The patient, a 23-year-old male, was referred to our unit for subtle symptoms of recurrent palpitations and vague abdominal pain. His physician had prescribed an abdominal echtomograph, which showed a mass located at the lower and anterior lower splenic pole. In order to reach a definite diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment, a diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. Exploration of the abdominal cavity helped detect a well-vascularized solid round mass at the level of the left hypochondrium, with a vascular pedicle; the lesion was detached, and the pedicle sectioned using an Endo-GIA 40. The postoperative course was regular and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 2. The laparoscopic approach enabled the resection of the lesion (with consequent histological diagnosis) and exploration of the peritoneal cavity with the advantages of minimal invasiveness, magnified images, and more rapid recovery). The pathology was totally resolved, with satisfactory results in terms of recovery, postoperative pain, and cosmesis.

Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos de Mar del Plata-Batán, 2015-2016 / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in adults from Mar del Plata-Batán, 2015-2016

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), que incluyen entre otras la diabetes mellitus (DM), afectan en mayor proporción a los países de ingresos bajos y medios, donde causan más de 31 millones de muertes por año. El objetivo fue describir aspectos metodológicos y resultados del estudio de prevalencia de DM, alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en Mar del Plata-Batán (MdP-B) en 2015-2016. MÉTODOS Se utilizó un diseño transversal en población de 35 años y más. La muestra fue polietápica, estratificada según nivel de instrucción del jefe de hogar y probabilística en la primera etapa. El estudio constó de dos fases: encuestas por autorreporte en domicilio; examen físico, medidas antropométricas, cuestionario FINDRISC y determinaciones analíticas sanguíneas en los institutos de investigación. RESULTADOS Se encuestó a 1034 participantes; el 37,1% realizó determinaciones de laboratorio. El 54,7% eran mujeres. La mediana de edad fue 54±12,9 años. Las prevalencias halladas fueron DM: cruda 22,1%, ajustada 21,1%; hipertensión arterial: cruda 41,2%, ajustada 38,9%; colesterol elevado: cruda 37,3%, ajustada 35,7%. Se observó mayor prevalencia de DM en varones. DISCUSIÓN MdP-B mostró una prevalencia de DM ajustada por edad significativamente mayor que la de Argentina, y los varones exhibieron peor situación cardio-metabólica, aspectos que merecen consideración en la elaboración de políticas de prevención de ENT.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which include among others diabetes mellitus (DM), disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, where they cause over 31 million deaths each year. The aim was to describe the methodological aspects and results of the study of the prevalence of DM, glucose metabolism disorders and cardiovascular risk factors in Mar del Plata-Batán (MdP-B), Argentina, in 2015-2016. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used in a population aged 35 years and over. The sample was multi-stage, stratified by education level of the head of household and probabilistic in the first stage. The study consisted of two phases: selfreport surveys at home; physical examination, anthropometric measurements, FINDRISC questionnaire and blood analytical determinations in research institutes. RESULTS A total of 1034 participants were surveyed, 37.1% underwent laboratory determinations, 54.7% were women, and the median age was 54±12.9 years. Prevalences found were DM: crude 22.1%, adjusted 21.1%; arterial hypertension: crude 41.2%, adjusted 38.9%; high cholesterol: crude 37.3%, adjusted 35.7%. There was a higher prevalence of DM in males. DISCUSSION MdP-B showed an age-adjusted prevalence of DM significantly higher than that of Argentina and men had a worse cardio-metabolic situation, aspects that should be taken into account in NCD prevention policies.

Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos de Mar del Plata-Batan, 2015-2016 / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in adults from Mar del Plata-Batán, 2015-2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), que incluyen entre otras la diabetes mellitus (DM), afectan en mayor proporción a los países de ingresos bajos y medios, donde causan más de 31 millones de muertes por año. El objetivo fue describir aspectos metodológicos y resultados del estudio de prevalencia de DM, alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en Mar del Plata-Batán (MdP-B) en 2015-2016. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un diseño transversal en población de 35 años y más. La muestra fue polietápica, estratificada según nivel de instrucción del jefe de hogar y probabilística en la primera etapa. El estudio constó de dos fases: encuestas por autorreporte en domicilio; examen físico, medidas antropométricas, cuestionario FINDRISC y determinaciones analíticas sanguíneas en los institutos de investigación. RESULTADOS: Se encuestó a 1034 participantes; el 37,1% realizó determinaciones de laboratorio. El 54,7% eran mujeres. La mediana de edad fue 54±12,9 años. Las prevalencias halladas fueron DM: cruda 22,1%, ajustada 21,1%; hipertensión arterial: cruda 41,2%, ajustada 38,9%; colesterol elevado: cruda 37,3%, ajustada 35,7%. Se observó mayor prevalencia de DM en varones. DISCUSIÓN: MdP-B mostró una prevalencia de DM ajustada por edad significativamente mayor que la de Argentina, y los varones exhibieron peor situación cardio-metabólica, aspectos que merecen consideración en la elaboración de políticas de prevención de ENT

Obesity-Related Behaviors among Poor Adolescents and Young Adults: Is Social Position Associated with Risk Behaviors?

HighlightsDifferent measures of social position capture unique dimensions of relative rank among youth.Youth-specific measures of social position may be important in identifying the most at-risk for obesity.Lower social status youth are more likely to be at-risk for obesity-related behaviors compared to those with a higher rank. This cross-sectional study examines multiple dimensions of social position in relation to obesity-related behaviors in an adolescent and young adult population. In addition to using conventional measures of social position, including parental education and household expenditures, we explore the usefulness of three youth-specific measures of social position - community and society subjective social status and school dropout status. Data are taken from a 2004 house-to-house survey of urban households within the bottom 20th percentile of income distribution within seven states in Mexico. A total of 5,321 Mexican adolescents, aged 12-22 years, provided information on obesity-related behaviors (e.g., diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior) and indicators of subjective and objective social position. A parent in each household provided information on socioeconomic status of the parent and household. Ordinal logistic regressions are used to estimate the associations of parental, household and adolescent indicators of social position and obesity-related risk behaviors. Those adolescents with the highest odds of adopting obesity risk behaviors were the ones who perceived themselves as lower in social status in reference to their peer community and those who had dropped out of school. We found no significant associations between parental education or household expenditures and obesity-related risk behaviors. Immediate social factors in adolescents' lives may have a strong influence on their health-related behaviors. This study provides evidence for the usefulness of two particular measures, both of which are youth-specific. Adolescents and young adults who have dropped out of school and those with lower perceived relative social position within their community are more likely to be at-risk for obesity-related behaviors than those with higher relative social position. We conclude that youth-specific measures may be important in identifying the most at-risk among relatively homogeneous populations of youth.

Perceptions of social mobility: development of a new psychosocial indicator associated with adolescent risk behaviors.

Social class gradients have been explored in adults and children, but not extensively during adolescence. The first objective of this study was to examine the association between adolescent risk behaviors and a new indicator of adolescent relative social position, adolescent "perceived social mobility." Second, it investigated potential underlying demographic, socioeconomic, and psychosocial determinants of this indicator. Data were taken from the 2004 urban adolescent module of Oportunidades, a cross-sectional study of Mexican adolescents living in poverty. Perceived social mobility was calculated for each subject by taking the difference between their rankings on two 10-rung ladder scales that measured (1) projected future social status and (2) current subjective social status within Mexican society. Adolescents with higher perceived social mobility were significantly less likely to report alcohol consumption, drinking with repercussions, compensated sex, police detainment, physical fighting, consumption of junk food or soda, or watching ≥4 h of television during the last viewing. They were significantly more likely to report exercising during the past week and using a condom during last sexual intercourse. These associations remained significant with the inclusion of covariates, including parental education and household expenditures. Multiple logistic regression analyses show higher perceived social mobility to be associated with staying in school longer and having higher perceived control. The present study provides evidence for the usefulness of perceived social mobility as an indicator for understanding the social gradient in health during adolescence. This research suggests the possibility of implementing policies and interventions that provide adolescents with real reasons to be hopeful about their trajectories.