Targeting wild-type TP53 using AMG 232 in combination with MAPK inhibition in Metastatic Melanoma; a phase 1 study.

BACKGROUND: Targeting the MDM2-p53 interaction using AMG 232 is synergistic with MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) in preclinical melanoma models. We postulated that AMG 232 plus MAPKi is safe and more effective than MAPKi alone in TP53-wild type, MAPKi-naïve metastatic melanoma. METHODS: Patients were treated with increasing (120 mg, 180 mg, 240 mg) oral doses of AMG 232 (seven-days-on, 15-days-off, 21-day cycle) plus dabrafenib (D) and trametinib (T) (Arm 1, BRAFV600-mutant) or T alone (Arm 2, BRAFV600-wild type). Patients were treated for seven days with AMG 232 alone before adding T±D. Safety and efficacy were assessed using CTCAE v4.0 and RECIST v1.1 criteria, respectively. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed at baseline and steady-state levels for AMG 232. RESULTS: 31 patients were enrolled. Ten and 21 patients were enrolled in Arm 1 and Arm 2, respectively. The most common AMG 232-related adverse events (AEs) were nausea (87%), diarrhea (77%), and fatigue (74%). Seven patients (23%) were withdrawn from the study due to AMG 232-related AEs. Three dose-limiting AEs occurred (Arm 1, 180 mg, nausea; Arm 2, 240 mg, grade 3 pulmonary embolism; Arm 2, 180 mg, grade 4 thrombocytopenia). AMG 232 PK exposures were not altered when AMG 232 was combined with T±D. Objective responses were seen in 8/10 (Arm 1) and 3/20 (Arm 2) evaluable patients. The median progression-free survival for Arm 1 and Arm 2 was 19.0 months-not reached and 2.8 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: The maximum tolerated dose of AMG 232 for both arms was 120 mg. AMG 232 plus T±D exhibited a favorable PK profile. Although objective responses occurred in both arms, adding AMG 232 to T±D did not confer additional clinical benefit.

The clinical significance of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) genetic aberrations in patients with melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma-intrinsic activated ß-catenin pathway, the product of the catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) gene, has been associated with low/absent tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, accelerated tumor growth, metastases development, and resistance to anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4 agents in mouse melanoma models. Little is known about the association between the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and CTNNB1 gene mutations in stage IV melanoma with immunotherapy response and overall survival (OS). METHODS: We examined the prognostic significance of somatic APC/CTNNB1 mutations in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project for Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (TCGA-SKCM) database. We assessed APC/CTNNB1 mutations as predictors of response to immunotherapies in a clinicopathologically annotated metastatic patient cohort from three US melanoma centers. RESULTS: In the TCGA-SKCM patient cohort (n = 434) presence of a somatic APC/CTNNB1 mutation was associated with a worse outcome only in stage IV melanoma (n = 82, median OS of APC/CTNNB1 mutants vs. wild-type was 8.15 vs. 22.8 months; log-rank hazard ratio 4.20, p = 0.011). APC/CTNNB1 mutation did not significantly affect lymphocyte distribution and density. In the 3-melanoma institution cohort, tumor tissues underwent targeted panel sequencing using two standards of care assays. We identified 55 patients with stage IV melanoma and APC/CTNNB1 genetic aberrations (mut) and 169 patients without (wt). At a median follow-up of more than 25 months for both groups, mut compared with wt patients had slightly more frequent (44% vs. 39%) and earlier (66% vs. 45% within six months from original diagnosis of stage IV melanoma) development of brain metastases. Nevertheless, time-to-development of brain metastases was not significantly different between the two groups. Fortunately, mut patients had similar clinical benefits from PD-1 inhibitor-based treatments compared to wt patients (median OS 26.1 months vs. 29.9 months, respectively, log-rank p = 0.23). Less frequent mutations in the NF1, RAC1, and PTEN genes were seen in the mut compared with wt patients from the 3-melanoma institution cohort. Analysis of brain melanoma tumor tissues from a separate craniotomy patient cohort (n = 55) showed that melanoma-specific, activated ß-catenin (i.e., nuclear localization) was infrequent (n = 3, 6%) and not prognostic in established brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS: APC/CTNNB1 mutations are associated with a worse outcome in stage IV melanoma and early brain metastases independent of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density. However, PD1 inhibitor-based treatments provide comparable benefits to both mut and wt patients with stage IV melanoma.

Long-term outcomes of patients with active melanoma brain metastases treated with combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab (CheckMate 204): final results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: Combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab was efficacious in patients with asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases (MBM) in CheckMate 204, but showed low efficacy in patients with symptomatic MBM. Here, we provide final 3-year follow-up data from the trial. METHODS: This open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study (CheckMate 204) included adults (aged ≥18 years) with measurable MBM (0·5-3·0 cm in diameter). Asymptomatic patients (cohort A) had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 and no neurological symptoms or baseline corticosteroid use; symptomatic patients (cohort B) had an ECOG performance status of 0-2 with stable neurological symptoms and could be receiving low-dose dexamethasone. Nivolumab 1 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg was given intravenously every 3 weeks for four doses, followed by nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks for up to 2 years, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was intracranial clinical benefit rate (complete responses, partial responses, or stable disease lasting ≥6 months) assessed in all treated patients. Intracranial progression-free survival and overall survival were key secondary endpoints. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02320058. FINDINGS: Between Feb 19, 2015, and Nov 1, 2017, 119 (72%) of 165 screened patients were enrolled and treated: 101 patients were asymptomatic (cohort A; median follow-up 34·3 months [IQR 14·7-36·4]) and 18 were symptomatic (cohort B; median follow-up 7·5 months [1·2-35·2]). Investigator-assessed intracranial clinical benefit was observed in 58 (57·4% [95% CI 47·2-67·2]) of 101 patients in cohort A and three (16·7% [3·6-41·4]) of 18 patients in cohort B; investigator-assessed objective response was observed in 54 (53·5% [43·3-63·5]) patients in cohort A and three (16·7% [3·6-41·4]) patients in cohort B. 33 (33%) patients in cohort A and three (17%) patients in cohort B had an investigator-assessed intracranial complete response. For patients in cohort A, 36-month intracranial progression-free survival was 54·1% (95% CI 42·7-64·1) and overall survival was 71·9% (61·8-79·8). For patients in cohort B, 36-month intracranial progression-free survival was 18·9% (95% CI 4·6-40·5) and overall survival was 36·6% (14·0-59·8). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (15 [15%] of 101 patients each) in cohort A; no grade 3 TRAEs occurred in more than one patient each in cohort B, and no grade 4 events occurred. The most common serious TRAEs were colitis, diarrhoea, hypophysitis, and increased alanine aminotransferase (five [5%] of each among the 101 patients in cohort A); no serious TRAE occurred in more than one patient each in cohort B. There was one treatment-related death (myocarditis in cohort A). INTERPRETATION: The durable 3-year response, overall survival, and progression-free survival rates for asymptomatic patients support first-line use of nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Symptomatic disease in patients with MBM remains difficult to treat, but some patients achieve a long-term response with the combination. FUNDING: Bristol Myers Squibb.

Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Melanoma Metastatic to the Brain.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases are a common cause of disabling neurologic complications and death in patients with metastatic melanoma. Previous studies of nivolumab combined with ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma have excluded patients with untreated brain metastases. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with melanoma who had untreated brain metastases. METHODS: In this open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study, patients with metastatic melanoma and at least one measurable, nonirradiated brain metastasis (tumor diameter, 0.5 to 3 cm) and no neurologic symptoms received nivolumab (1 mg per kilogram of body weight) plus ipilimumab (3 mg per kilogram) every 3 weeks for up to four doses, followed by nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram) every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxic effects. The primary end point was the rate of intracranial clinical benefit, defined as the percentage of patients who had stable disease for at least 6 months, complete response, or partial response. RESULTS: Among 94 patients with a median follow-up of 14.0 months, the rate of intracranial clinical benefit was 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47 to 68); the rate of complete response was 26%, the rate of partial response was 30%, and the rate of stable disease for at least 6 months was 2%. The rate of extracranial clinical benefit was 56% (95% CI, 46 to 67). Treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported in 55% of patients, including events involving the central nervous system in 7%. One patient died from immune-related myocarditis. The safety profile of the regimen was similar to that reported in patients with melanoma who do not have brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Nivolumab combined with ipilimumab had clinically meaningful intracranial efficacy, concordant with extracranial activity, in patients with melanoma who had untreated brain metastases. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and the National Cancer Institute; CheckMate 204 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02320058 .).

Immune Checkpoint Markers in Superficial Angiosarcomas: PD-L1, PD-1, CD8, LAG-3, and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes.

ABSTRACT: Cutaneous angiosarcomas may express programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L1 expression, and the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) correlates with outcome. These observations provide a basis for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor that interacts with the PD-L1 axis and is considered to be a marker of immune exhaustion. The presence of LAG-3-positive lymphocytes in cutaneous angiosarcoma has not been established. We reviewed 10 cases of treatment naive angiosarcoma of skin and superficial soft tissue and assessed for PD-L1 (ZR3) expression, presence of TILs, and expression of CD8, PD1, and LAG-3 by tumor-associated inflammatory cells by immunohistochemistry. All 10 angiosarcomas were positive for PD-L1: 7 with high expression and 3 with low expression. TILs were present in all tumors: brisk in 7 and nonbrisk in 3. CD8 lymphocytes were present in all tumors with a range of 212-1274 cells per square millimeter (mean 557 CD8 cells/mm2). LAG-3-positive lymphocytes were present in 9 of 10 angiosarcomas with a range of 0-728 cells/mm2 (mean 146 LAG-3 cells cells/mm2). The ratio of LAG-3 lymphocytes to CD8 lymphocytes was 0%-59% (mean 27%). The PD1 cell counts were intermediate between CD8 and LAG3 counts. Cutaneous angiosarcomas frequently express PD-L1, have prominent numbers of CD8 positive, and have smaller numbers of LAG-3-positive and PD-1-positive TILs. Our findings provide further evidence of PD-L1 expression in cutaneous angiosarcoma and the promise for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Chemotherapy Following PD-1 Inhibitor Blockade in Patients with Unresectable Stage III/Stage IV Metastatic Melanoma: A Single Academic Institution Experience.

Retrospective case studies in various cancers have shown clinical benefit from chemotherapy following PD-1 inhibitor progression. We asked whether we see a similar clinical benefit with chemotherapy following PD-1 inhibitor progression in metastatic melanoma. We performed a retrospective study in patients with metastatic melanoma, who had received PD-1 inhibitor-based treatments, subsequently progressed, and eventually received chemotherapy. We identified 25 patients (median age 58 years; range 31-77 years; 13 females). Most patients had cutaneous melanoma (72%), were BRAFV600E-negative (75%), and received single-agent temozolomide (84%). At a median follow-up of 21.0 months (range: 4.1-154.2 months), 2 patients had durable response to chemotherapy (progression-free survival is 31.9+ and 21.6+ months, respectively), and 1 patient had a partial, short-term response. We conclude that in this poor prognosis group administration of chemotherapy has a 12% response rate that can be durable. Overall, the clinical benefit is not inferior to that of PD-1 inhibitor-based treatments.

Examination and prognostic implications of the unique microenvironment of breast cancer brain metastases.

PURPOSE: Brain metastases (BM) are a complication of advanced breast cancer (BC). Histology of melanoma BM offers prognostic value; however, understanding the microenvironment of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) is less characterized. This study reports on four histological biomarkers, gliosis, immune infiltrate, hemorrhage, necrosis, and their prognostic significance in BCBM. METHODS: A biobank of 203 human tissues from patients who underwent craniotomy for BCBM was created across four academic institutions. Degree of gliosis, immune infiltrate, hemorrhage, and necrosis were identified and scored via representative H&E stain (0-3+). Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated prognostic value of the biomarkers in the context of standard clinical characteristics. RESULTS: BCBM subtype (available for n = 158) was 36% Her2+, 26% hormone receptor (HR)+/Her2- 38% HR-/Her2- (triple negative, TN). Gliosis was observed in 82% (116/141) of BCBM, with immune infiltrate 44% (90/201), hemorrhage 82% (166/141), and necrosis 87% (176/201). Necrosis was significantly higher in TNBC (p < 0.01). Presence of gliosis, immune infiltrate, and hemorrhage correlated with improved OS (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.1), while necrosis correlated with inferior OS (p = 0.01). Improved OS was associated with gliosis in TN (p = 0.02), and immune infiltrate (p = 0.001) and hemorrhage (p = 0.07) in HER2+. In a multivariable model for OS, incorporating these biomarkers with traditional clinical variables improved the model fit (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Gliosis confers superior prognosis in TNBC BM; immune infiltrate and hemorrhage correlate with superior prognosis in HER2+ BCBM. Understanding the metastatic microenvironment of BCBM refines prognostic considerations and may unveil novel therapeutic strategies.

Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma brain metastases (COMBI-MB): a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Dabrafenib plus trametinib improves clinical outcomes in BRAFV600-mutant metastatic melanoma without brain metastases; however, the activity of dabrafenib plus trametinib has not been studied in active melanoma brain metastases. Here, we report results from the phase 2 COMBI-MB trial. Our aim was to build on the current body of evidence of targeted therapy in melanoma brain metastases through an evaluation of dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma brain metastases. METHODS: This ongoing, multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 2 study evaluated oral dabrafenib (150 mg twice per day) plus oral trametinib (2 mg once per day) in four patient cohorts with melanoma brain metastases enrolled from 32 hospitals and institutions in Europe, North America, and Australia: (A) BRAFV600E-positive, asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases, with no previous local brain therapy, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1; (B) BRAFV600E-positive, asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases, with previous local brain therapy, and an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1; (C) BRAFV600D/K/R-positive, asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases, with or without previous local brain therapy, and an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1; and (D) BRAFV600D/E/K/R-positive, symptomatic melanoma brain metastases, with or without previous local brain therapy, and an ECOG performance status of 0, 1, or 2. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed intracranial response in cohort A in the all-treated-patients population. Secondary endpoints included intracranial response in cohorts B, C, and D. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02039947. FINDINGS: Between Feb 28, 2014, and Aug 5, 2016, 125 patients were enrolled in the study: 76 patients in cohort A; 16 patients in cohort B; 16 patients in cohort C; and 17 patients in cohort D. At the data cutoff (Nov 28, 2016) after a median follow-up of 8·5 months (IQR 5·5-14·0), 44 (58%; 95% CI 46-69) of 76 patients in cohort A achieved an intracranial response. Intracranial response by investigator assessment was also achieved in nine (56%; 95% CI 30-80) of 16 patients in cohort B, seven (44%; 20-70) of 16 patients in cohort C, and ten (59%; 33-82) of 17 patients in cohort D. The most common serious adverse events related to study treatment were pyrexia for dabrafenib (eight [6%] of 125 patients) and decreased ejection fraction (five [4%]) for trametinib. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events, regardless of study drug relationship, were pyrexia (four [3%] of 125) and headache (three [2%]). INTERPRETATION: Dabrafenib plus trametinib was active with a manageable safety profile in this melanoma population that was consistent with previous dabrafenib plus trametinib studies in patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma without brain metastases, but the median duration of response was relatively short. These results provide evidence of clinical benefit with dabrafenib plus trametinib and support the need for additional research to further improve outcomes in patients with melanoma brain metastases. FUNDING: Novartis.

The incidence of radiation necrosis following stereotactic radiotherapy for melanoma brain metastases: the potential impact of immunotherapy.

Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is the standard treatment for patients with limited number of brain metastases. In the past few years, newer immunotherapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors) have been proven to prolong survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. The safety of the combination of SRT and immunotherapy for brain metastases is unknown. We retrospectively identified patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with SRT between 2007 and 2015. Patients who did not have at least 3 months of follow-up with imaging after SRT were excluded from the analysis. Outcomes were compared between patients who were treated with or without immunotherapy. A total of 58 patients were included; of these, 29 were treated with SRT and immunotherapy. MAPK inhibitors (BRAF, MEK inhibitors) were used more often in the immunotherapy group (nine vs. two patients). There was a higher incidence of intracranial complications in patients treated with immunotherapy and SRT. Eight patients had radiation necrosis; all occurred in patients who were treated with immunotherapy. Nine patients had hemorrhage, of which seven occurred in patients who were treated with immunotherapy (P=0.08). However, patients treated with immunotherapy and SRT had a significant overall survival advantage compared with SRT without immunotherapy (15 vs. 6 months, P=0.0013). Patients treated with SRT and immunotherapy have a higher incidence/risk of intracranial complications, but a longer overall survival.

Use of Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) in the Detection of Brain Hemorrhagic Metastases from Breast Cancer and Melanoma.

PURPOSE: Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has significantly increased our sensitivity in detecting hemorrhagic brain lesions. We sought to explore the prevalence of intratumoral hemorrhage as detected by SWI in brain metastases from melanoma and breast cancer. METHODS: Lesions with a size of 0.1 cm were categorized as micrometastases, whereas larger lesions were categorized as macrometastases. Susceptibility-weighted imaging findings on locations corresponding to enhancing lesions were categorized as either positive or negative based on presence/absence of signal dropout. The percentage of SWI positivity was then estimated as a function of lesion size. Two-tailed Fisher exact test was performed to examine differences in the contingency tables. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging studies from 73 patients with 1173 brain metastases, which enhanced on postcontrast T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) were selected for analysis. Of these lesions, 952 had SWI data available, and 342 of 952 were micrometastases. Only 10 of the 342 micrometastases and 410 (67.2%) of the 610 macrometastases were SWI positive (P < 0.0001). When examined by tumor type, 76.9% (melanoma) versus 55.6% (breast cancer) were SWI positive (P < 0.0001), regardless of tumor size. All melanoma lesions (8/8) and only 1 of 15 breast cancer lesions larger than 1.5 cm were SWI positive. CONCLUSION: With the use of combined SWI and contrast-enhanced high-resolution T1 imaging, we found that presence of intratumoral brain hemorrhage is uncommon in micrometastases but common in metastases greater than 0.1 cm from breast cancer or melanoma. Large metastases commonly harbored hemorrhage, and this occurred more frequently in patients with melanoma than with breast cancer.

Nine-year change in statistical design, profile, and success rates of Phase II oncology trials.

We investigated nine-year trends in statistical design and other features of Phase II oncology clinical trials published in 2005, 2010, and 2014 in five leading oncology journals: Cancer, Clinical Cancer Research, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Annals of Oncology, and Lancet Oncology. The features analyzed included cancer type, multicenter vs. single-institution, statistical design, primary endpoint, number of treatment arms, number of patients per treatment arm, whether or not statistical methods were well described, whether the drug was found effective based on rigorous statistical testing of the null hypothesis, and whether the drug was recommended for future studies.

Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with melanoma that progresses on ipilimumab and, if BRAF(V600) mutant-positive, a BRAF or MEK inhibitor or both, have few treatment options. We assessed the efficacy and safety of two pembrolizumab doses versus investigator-choice chemotherapy in patients with ipilimumab-refractory melanoma. METHODS: We carried out a randomised phase 2 trial of patients aged 18 years or older from 73 hospitals, clinics, and academic medical centres in 12 countries who had confirmed progressive disease within 24 weeks after two or more ipilimumab doses and, if BRAF(V600) mutant-positive, previous treatment with a BRAF or MEK inhibitor or both. Patients had to have resolution of all ipilimumab-related adverse events to grade 0-1 and prednisone 10 mg/day or less for at least 2 weeks, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, and at least one measurable lesion to be eligible. Using a centralised interactive voice response system, we randomly assigned (1:1:1) patients in a block size of six to receive intravenous pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks or investigator-choice chemotherapy (paclitaxel plus carboplatin, paclitaxel, carboplatin, dacarbazine, or oral temozolomide). Randomisation was stratified by ECOG performance status, lactate dehydrogenase concentration, and BRAF(V600) mutation status. Individual treatment assignment between pembrolizumab and chemotherapy was open label, but investigators and patients were masked to assignment of the dose of pembrolizumab. We present the primary endpoint at the prespecified second interim analysis of progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01704287. The study is closed to enrolment but continues to follow up and treat patients. FINDINGS: Between Nov 30, 2012, and Nov 13, 2013, we enrolled 540 patients: 180 patients were randomly assigned to receive pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg, 181 to receive pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg, and 179 to receive chemotherapy. Based on 410 progression-free survival events, progression-free survival was improved in patients assigned to pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg (HR 0·57, 95% CI 0·45-0·73; p<0·0001) and those assigned to pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg (0·50, 0·39-0·64; p<0·0001) compared with those assigned to chemotherapy. 6-month progression-free survival was 34% (95% CI 27-41) in the pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg group, 38% (31-45) in the 10 mg/kg group, and 16% (10-22) in the chemotherapy group. Treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 20 (11%) patients in the pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg group, 25 (14%) in the pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg group, and 45 (26%) in the chemotherapy group. The most common treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse event in the pembrolizumab groups was fatigue (two [1%] of 178 patients in the 2 mg/kg group and one [<1%] of 179 patients in the 10 mg/kg group, compared with eight [5%] of 171 in the chemotherapy group). Other treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events include generalised oedema and myalgia (each in two [1%] patients) in those given pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg; hypopituitarism, colitis, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, hyponatremia, and pneumonitis (each in two [1%]) in those given pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg; and anaemia (nine [5%]), fatigue (eight [5%]), neutropenia (six [4%]), and leucopenia (six [4%]) in those assigned to chemotherapy. INTERPRETATION: These findings establish pembrolizumab as a new standard of care for the treatment of ipilimumab-refractory melanoma. FUNDING: Merck Sharp & Dohme.

Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 50% of melanomas harbor activating (V600) mutations in the serine-threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF). The oral BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032) frequently produced tumor regressions in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma in a phase 1 trial and improved overall survival in a phase 3 trial. METHODS: We designed a multicenter phase 2 trial of vemurafenib in patients with previously treated BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma to investigate the efficacy of vemurafenib with respect to overall response rate (percentage of treated patients with a tumor response), duration of response, and overall survival. The primary end point was the overall response rate as ascertained by the independent review committee; overall survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients had a median follow-up of 12.9 months (range, 0.6 to 20.1). The confirmed overall response rate was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44 to 62; 6% with a complete response and 47% with a partial response), the median duration of response was 6.7 months (95% CI, 5.6 to 8.6), and the median progression-free survival was 6.8 months (95% CI, 5.6 to 8.1). Primary progression was observed in only 14% of patients. Some patients had a response after receiving vemurafenib for more than 6 months. The median overall survival was 15.9 months (95% CI, 11.6 to 18.3). The most common adverse events were grade 1 or 2 arthralgia, rash, photosensitivity, fatigue, and alopecia. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas (the majority, keratoacanthoma type) were diagnosed in 26% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Vemurafenib induces clinical responses in more than half of patients with previously treated BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma. In this study with a long follow-up, the median overall survival was approximately 16 months. (Funded by Hoffmann-La Roche; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00949702.).

Development of [18F]F-5-OMe-Tryptophans through Photoredox Radiofluorination: A New Method to Access Tryptophan-Based PET Agents.

Although various radiolabeled tryptophan analogs have been developed to monitor tryptophan metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) for various human diseases including melanoma and other cancers, their application can be limited due to the complicated synthesis process. In this study, we demonstrated that photoredox radiofluorination represents a simple method to access novel tryptophan-based PET agents. In brief, 4-F-5-OMe-tryptophans (l/d-T13) and 6-F-5-OMe-tryptophans (l/d-T18) were easily synthesized. The 18F-labeled analogs were produced by photoredox radiofluorination with radiochemical yields ranging from 2.6 ± 0.5% to 32.4 ± 4.1% (3 ≤ n ≤ 5, enantiomeric excess ≥ 99.0%) and over 98.0% radiochemical purity. Small animal imaging showed that l-[18F]T13 achieved 9.58 ± 0.26%ID/g tumor uptake and good contrast in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice (n = 3). Clearly, l-[18F]T13 exhibited prominent tumor uptake, warranting future evaluations of its potential usage in precise immunotherapy monitoring.

Blocking Genomic Instability Prevents Acquired Resistance to MAPK Inhibitor Therapy in Melanoma.

Blocking cancer genomic instability may prevent tumor diversification and escape from therapies. We show that, after MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) therapy in patients and mice bearing patient-derived xenografts (PDX), acquired resistant genomes of metastatic cutaneous melanoma specifically amplify resistance-driver, nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), and homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes via complex genomic rearrangements (CGR) and extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNA). Almost all sensitive and acquired-resistant genomes harbor pervasive chromothriptic regions with disproportionately high mutational burdens and significant overlaps with ecDNA and CGR spans. Recurrently, somatic mutations within ecDNA and CGR amplicons enrich for HRR signatures, particularly within acquired resistant tumors. Regardless of sensitivity or resistance, breakpoint-junctional sequence analysis suggests NHEJ as critical to double-stranded DNA break repair underlying CGR and ecDNA formation. In human melanoma cell lines and PDXs, NHEJ targeting by a DNA-PKCS inhibitor prevents/delays acquired MAPKi resistance by reducing the size of ecDNAs and CGRs early on combination treatment. Thus, targeting the causes of genomic instability prevents acquired resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: Acquired resistance often results in heterogeneous, redundant survival mechanisms, which challenge strategies aimed at reversing resistance. Acquired-resistant melanomas recurrently evolve resistance-driving and resistance-specific amplicons via ecDNAs and CGRs, thereby nominating chromothripsis-ecDNA-CGR biogenesis as a resistance-preventive target. Specifically, targeting DNA-PKCS/NHEJ prevents resistance by suppressing ecDNA/CGR rearrangements in MAPKi-treated melanomas. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 799.

Multi-organ landscape of therapy-resistant melanoma.

Metastasis and failure of present-day therapies represent the most common causes of mortality in patients with cutaneous melanoma. To identify the underlying genetic and transcriptomic landscapes, in this study we analyzed multi-organ metastases and tumor-adjacent tissues from 11 rapid autopsies after treatment with MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) and/or immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and death due to acquired resistance. Either treatment elicits shared genetic alterations that suggest immune-evasive, cross-therapy resistance mechanisms. Large, non-clustered deletions, inversions and inter-chromosomal translocations dominate rearrangements. Analyzing data from separate melanoma cohorts including 345 therapy-naive patients and 35 patients with patient-matched pre-treatment and post-acquired resistance tumor samples, we performed cross-cohort analyses to identify MAPKi and ICB as respective contributors to gene amplifications and deletions enriched in autopsy versus therapy-naive tumors. In the autopsy cohort, private/late mutations and structural variants display shifted mutational and rearrangement signatures, with MAPKi specifically selecting for signatures of defective homologous-recombination, mismatch and base-excision repair. Transcriptomic signatures and crosstalks with tumor-adjacent macroenvironments nominated organ-specific adaptive pathways. An immune-desert, CD8+-macrophage-biased archetype, T-cell exhaustion and type-2 immunity characterized the immune contexture. This multi-organ analysis of therapy-resistant melanoma presents preliminary insights with potential to improve therapeutic strategies.

Increased tryptophan, but not increased glucose metabolism, predict resistance of pembrolizumab in stage III/IV melanoma.

Clinical trials of combined IDO/PD1 blockade in metastatic melanoma (MM) failed to show additional clinical benefit compared to PD1-alone inhibition. We reasoned that a tryptophan-metabolizing pathway other than the kynurenine one is essential. We immunohistochemically stained tissues along the nevus-to-MM progression pathway for tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes (TMEs; TPH1, TPH2, TDO2, IDO1) and the tryptophan transporter, LAT1. We assessed tryptophan and glucose metabolism by performing baseline C11-labeled α-methyl tryptophan (C11-AMT) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of tumor lesions in a prospective clinical trial of pembrolizumab in MM (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03089606). We found higher protein expression of all TMEs and LAT1 in melanoma cells than tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within MM tumors (n = 68). Melanoma cell-specific TPH1 and LAT1 expressions were significantly anti-correlated with TIL presence in MM. High melanoma cell-specific LAT1 and low IDO1 expression were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in MM. Exploratory optimal cutpoint survival analysis of pretreatment 'high' vs. 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax of the hottest tumor lesion per patient revealed that the 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax was associated with longer progression-free survival in our clinical trial (n = 26). We saw no such trends with pretreatment FDG PET SUVmax. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with telotristat, a TPH1 inhibitor, increased IDO expression and kynurenine production in addition to suppression of serotonin production. High melanoma tryptophan metabolism is a poor predictor of pembrolizumab response and an adverse prognostic factor. Serotoninergic but not kynurenine pathway activation may be significant. Melanoma cells outcompete adjacent TILs, eventually depriving the latter of an essential amino acid.

InterMEL: An international biorepository and clinical database to uncover predictors of survival in early-stage melanoma.

INTRODUCTION: We are conducting a multicenter study to identify classifiers predictive of disease-specific survival in patients with primary melanomas. Here we delineate the unique aspects, challenges, and best practices for optimizing a study of generally small-sized pigmented tumor samples including primary melanomas of at least 1.05mm from AJTCC TNM stage IIA-IIID patients. We also evaluated tissue-derived predictors of extracted nucleic acids' quality and success in downstream testing. This ongoing study will target 1,000 melanomas within the international InterMEL consortium. METHODS: Following a pre-established protocol, participating centers ship formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for the centralized handling, dermatopathology review and histology-guided coextraction of RNA and DNA. Samples are distributed for evaluation of somatic mutations using next gen sequencing (NGS) with the MSK-IMPACTTM assay, methylation-profiling (Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays), and miRNA expression (Nanostring nCounter Human v3 miRNA Expression Assay). RESULTS: Sufficient material was obtained for screening of miRNA expression in 683/685 (99%) eligible melanomas, methylation in 467 (68%), and somatic mutations in 560 (82%). In 446/685 (65%) cases, aliquots of RNA/DNA were sufficient for testing with all three platforms. Among samples evaluated by the time of this analysis, the mean NGS coverage was 249x, 59 (18.6%) samples had coverage below 100x, and 41/414 (10%) failed methylation QC due to low intensity probes or insufficient Meta-Mixed Interquartile (BMIQ)- and single sample (ss)- Noob normalizations. Six of 683 RNAs (1%) failed Nanostring QC due to the low proportion of probes above the minimum threshold. Age of the FFPE tissue blocks (p<0.001) and time elapsed from sectioning to co-extraction (p = 0.002) were associated with methylation screening failures. Melanin reduced the ability to amplify fragments of 200bp or greater (absent/lightly pigmented vs heavily pigmented, p<0.003). Conversely, heavily pigmented tumors rendered greater amounts of RNA (p<0.001), and of RNA above 200 nucleotides (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our experience with many archival tissues demonstrates that with careful management of tissue processing and quality control it is possible to conduct multi-omic studies in a complex multi-institutional setting for investigations involving minute quantities of FFPE tumors, as in studies of early-stage melanoma. The study describes, for the first time, the optimal strategy for obtaining archival and limited tumor tissue, the characteristics of the nucleic acids co-extracted from a unique cell lysate, and success rate in downstream applications. In addition, our findings provide an estimate of the anticipated attrition that will guide other large multicenter research and consortia.

Importance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in advanced melanoma.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a prognostic factor for patients with stage IV melanoma. To gain insights into the biology underlying this prognostic factor, we analyzed total serum LDH, serum LDH isoenzymes, and serum lactate in up to 49 patients with metastatic melanoma. Our data demonstrate that high serum LDH is associated with a significant increase in LDH isoenzymes 3 and 4, and a decrease in LDH isoenzymes 1 and 2. Since LDH isoenzymes play a role in both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), we subsequently determined using tissue microarray (TMA) analysis that the levels of proteins associated with mitochondrial function, lactate metabolism, and regulators of glycolysis were all elevated in advanced melanomas compared with nevic melanocytes. To investigate whether in advanced melanoma, the glycolysis and OXPHOS pathways might be linked, we determined expression of the monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4. Analysis of a nevus-to-melanoma progression TMA revealed that MCT4, and to a lesser extend MCT1, were elevated with progression to advanced melanoma. Further analysis of human melanoma specimens using the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer indicated that metastatic melanoma tumors derived a large fraction of energy from OXPHOS. Taken together, these findings suggest that in stage IV melanomas with normal serum LDH, glycolysis and OXPHOS may provide metabolic symbiosis within the same tumor, whereas in stage IV melanomas with high serum LDH glycolysis is the principle source of energy.

Melanoma Brain Metastases: An Update on the Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Molecularly Targeted Agents.

Brain metastases from melanoma are no longer uniformly associated with dismal outcomes. Impressive tumor tissue-based (craniotomy) translational research has consistently shown that distinct patient subgroups may have a favorable prognosis. This review provides a historical overview of the standard-of-care treatments until the early 2010s. It subsequently summarizes more recent advances in understanding the biology of melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) and treating patients with MBMs, mainly focusing upon prospective clinical trials of BRAF/MEK and PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitors in patients with previously untreated MBMs. These additional systemic treatments have provided effective complementary treatment approaches and/or alternatives to radiation and craniotomy. The current role of radiation therapy, especially in conjunction with systemic therapies, is also discussed through the lens of various retrospective studies. The combined efficacy of systemic treatments with radiation has improved overall survival over the last 10 years and has sparked considerable research interest regarding optimal dosing and sequencing of radiation treatments with systemic treatments. Finally, the review describes ongoing clinical trials in patients with MBMs.