Characterization of cardiac arrhythmias and maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnant women: A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. Arrhythmias are common complications during pregnancy; however, the data are limited. Our goal was to characterize the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and impact of cardiac arrhythmias on maternal-fetal outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study from the Colombian Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease was carried out from 2016 to 2019. All patients with tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia and a minimum follow-up of six months after delivery were included. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac events defined as pulmonary edema, symptomatic sustained arrhythmia requiring specific therapy, stroke, cardiac arrest, or maternal death. Secondary outcomes were other cardiac, neonatal, and obstetric events. RESULTS: Arrhythmias were the most common cause of referral to our dedicated cardio-obstetric clinic. A total of 92 patients were included, mean age 27±6 years; 8.7% had previous structural heart disease, and cardiology consultation was delayed in 79.4%. The most common arrhythmias were premature ventricular contractions (33%) and paroxysmal reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (15%); 11 patients (12%) had cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiac events occurred in 18.4% of patients, obstetric events occurred in 6.5%, and one caesarean was indicated in the context of symptomatic severe mitral stenosis. Adverse neonatal outcomes were observed in 24.3% of newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Arrhythmias were the most common cause of referral to a dedicated cardio-obstetric clinic; most had a benign course. Adverse maternal cardiovascular outcomes were significant and there was a high rate of obstetric and neonatal adverse events, underlining the importance of multidisciplinary care.

ACE Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use During Pregnancy: Data from the ESC Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC).

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are not recommended during the second and third trimester because of the significant risk of congenital anomalies associated with their use. However, data are scarce, especially regarding their use in the first trimester and about the impact of stopping just before pregnancy. Our study illustrates the profile of the women who used ACE-Is or ARBs during pregnancy and evaluates the impact on perinatal outcomes. The Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease is a prospective, global registry of pregnancies in women with structural heart disease. Outcomes were compared between women who used ACE-Is or ARBs and those who did not. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of ACE-I or ARB use on the occurrence of congenital anomalies. ACE-Is (n = 35) and/or ARBs (n = 8) were used in 42 (0.7%) of the 5,739 Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease pregnancies. Women who used ACE-Is or ARBs more often came from a low-or-middle-income country (57% vs 40%, p = 0.021), had chronic hypertension (31% vs 6%, p <0.001), or a left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (33% vs 4%, p <0.001). In the multivariable analysis, ACE-I use during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of congenital anomaly (odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 9.6). Therefore, ACE-Is should be avoided during pregnancy, also in the first trimester, because of a higher risk of congenital anomalies. However, there is no need to stop long before pregnancy. Preconception counseling is crucial to discuss the potential risks of these medications, to evaluate the clinical condition and, if possible, to change or stop the medication.

[Once in a blue moon: coronavirus disease complicates pregnancy in a patient with unknown pulmonary hypertension and subsequent left ventricular dysfunction]. / Enfermedad por coronavirus complicando el embarazo en una paciente con hipertensión pulmonar desconocida y posterior disfunción ventricular izquierda: una rara asociación.

During COVID-19 pandemic, several clinical manifestations have been described beyond respiratory compromise that characterizes the viral disease. Cardiovascular manifestations are one of the main complications. In this case, we report an unusual association between the novo diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension in a pregnant patient with SARS Cov-2, with subsquent development of left ventricular dysfunction.

Durante la pandemia por COVID-19, se han descrito diferentes manifestaciones clínicas que van más allá del compromiso respiratorio que caracteriza a la enfermedad viral. Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares son una de las principales complicaciones. En este caso, nosotros reportamos la asociación poco usual entre el diagnóstico de novo de hipertensión pulmonar arterial en una paciente embarazada con SARS Cov-2 que posteriormente desarrolló disfunción ventricular izquierda.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with heart disease with single evaluation vs. semi-structured evaluation by a cardio-obstetric team.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women are challenging, with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, so a cardio-obstetric team is recommended for their care. Even so, little data evaluates the impact of these teams. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the obstetric, maternal, and neonatal outcomes of semi-structured follow-up (SSF) in a Cardio-obstetric clinic concerning regular or unstructured follow-up (USF) in pregnant women with heart disease. METHODS: A prospective registry of pregnant women with heart disease was carried out. Patients with SSF by a cardio-obstetric team were compared with those with single evaluation or USF. The risk of events was calculated according to the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification and the CARPREG-II scale, and cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-eight patients were evaluated, 37 with SSF and 131 with single evaluation (USF). The primary diagnoses were congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, and valve disease. The average CARPREG-II in USF patients was 2.48 (SD 2.3); in SSF patients, it was 3.37 (SD 2.45; p = 0.041). The average of the mWHO in patients with USF was 2.1 (SD 1.6), and with SSF, it was 2.65 (SD 0.95; p = 0.0052). There were no significant differences in primary cardiac outcomes (13.8% in USF vs. 5.4% in SSF; p = 0.134), secondary cardiac (5.3% in USF vs. 2.7% in SSF; p = 0.410), obstetric (10% in USF vs. 16.2% in SSF; p = 0.253) and neonatal (35.9% in USF and 40.5% in SSF; p = 0.486) even though patients with SSF had a higher risk than patients with USF according to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. CONCLUSIONS: In pregnant women with heart disease, an SSF compared with a USF by a cardio-obstetric team did not show statistically significant differences in cardiovascular, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. However, patients with SSF had a significantly higher risk of adverse outcomes due to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. This result suggests that the SSF achieves at least equal outcomes despite the higher risk of adverse events that patients in this group had.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares en las gestantes son desafiantes, con alta morbimortalidad materna y perinatal, por lo que se recomienda un equipo cardio-obstétrico para su atención. Aun así, pocos datos evalúan el impacto de estos equipos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo comparar los resultados obstétricos, maternos y neonatales del seguimiento semiestructurado (SSE) en una clínica cardio-obstétrica con respecto a un seguimiento usual o seguimiento no estructurado (SNE) en gestantes con enfermedad cardiaca. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un registro prospectivo de gestantes con cardiopatías. Se compararon las pacientes con SSE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico, contra aquellas con evaluación única o SNE. Se calculó el riesgo de eventos según la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud modificado (OMSm) y la escala del Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Study II (CARPREG-II) y se evaluaron los desenlaces cardiacos, obstétricos y neonatales. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 168 pacientes, 37 con SSE y 131 con evaluación única (SNE). Los principales diagnósticos fueron cardiopatía congénita, arritmias y valvulopatías. La media del CARPREG-II en pacientes de SNE fue 2.48 (DE: 2.3) y en pacientes de SSE fue 3.37 (DE: 2.45; p = 0.041). La media de la OMSm en pacientes de SNE fue 2.1 (DE: 1.6) y con SSE fue 2.65 (DE: 0.95; p = 0.0052). No hubo diferencias significativas en los desenlaces cardiacos primarios (13.8% en SNE vs. 5.4% en SSE; p = 0.134), cardiacos secundarios (5.3 en SNE vs. 2.7 en SSE; p = 0.410), obstétricos (10% en SNE vs. 16.2% en SSE; p = 0.253) y neonatales (35.9% en SNE y 40.5% en SSE; p = 0.486) a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo mayor que las pacientes con SNE según las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. CONCLUSIONES: En gestantes con cardiopatía, un SSE comparado con un SNE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los desenlaces cardiovasculares, obstétricos y neonatales, a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo significativamente más alto de desenlaces adversos por las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. Esto sugiere que el SSE logra al menos equiparar los desenlaces a pesar del mayor riesgo de eventos adversos que tenían las pacientes de este grupo.

[Autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in adults: report of three cases]. / Síndrome de superposición de hepatitis autoinmune y colangitis esclerosante primaria en adultos: reporte de tres casos.

Overlap syndromes are cases of liver diseases that share clinical, serological, histological and radiological criteria of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). No definitions have been fully established and therefore there is no solid evidence on the diagnosis and treatment. This article presents the cases of three adult patients with overlapping features of AIH and PSC. Orthotopic liver transplantation was considered the best therapeutic alternative due to advanced disease progression in one patient, while medical treatment was provided in the remaining two patients.

Mirror syndrome with noncompaction cardiomyopathy in the mother and fetus. Case report / Síndrome en espejo con miocardiopatía no compactada en la madre y el feto. Reporte de caso

Objective: To report the case of a pregnant woman with mirror syndrome associated with non-compaction cardiomyopathy in the mother and the fetus, in which antenatal medical treatment provided to the mother resulted in a favorable perinatal maternal outcome. Case presentation: A 16-year old primigravida with 33 weeks of gestation referred from a Level I institution to a private Level IV center in Medellín, Colombia, because of a finding of fetal hydrops on obstetric ultrasound. During hospitalization, the patient showed clinical and ultrasonographic signs of heart failure (dyspnea, edema and hypoxemia), with the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis (mirror syndrome) also confirmed. Diuretic treatment with furosemide was initiated in the mother, with subsequent improvement of the maternal condition as well as of the fetal edema. During the subacute postpartum period in the hospital, the presence of non-compaction cardiomyopathy was confirmed on cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in both the mother and the newborn. After discharge in adequated condition, they were included in the cardiovascular follow-up program for heart failure and congenital heart disease, respectively. Conclusion: A case of mirror syndrome associated with maternal and fetal non-compaction cardiomyopathy is presented. There is a limited number of reports on mirror syndrome due to cardiac anomalies (maternal and fetal), with weak treatment descriptions, pointing to the need for research in this area. It would be important to consider the diagnosis of non-compaction cardiomyopathy in fetuses with hydrops unrelated to isoimmunization or cardiac dysfunction, and approach these cases from a multi-disciplinary perspective.

Objetivo: reportar el caso de una gestante con síndrome en espejo asociada a miocardiopatía no compactada, tanto en la madre como el feto, en los que el tratamiento médico antenatal en la madre llevó a un resultado materno perinatal favorable. Presentación del caso: se describe el caso de una primigestante de 16 años, con 33 semanas de embarazo, remitida desde una institución de primer nivel de atención a una institución privada de cuarto nivel en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, por presentar feto con hidropesía en ultrasonido obstétrico de control. Durante la hospitalización, la paciente presentó signos clínicos y ecocardiográficos de falla cardiaca (disnea, edema e hipoxemia), a la vez que se confirmó el diagnóstico de Hydrops fetalis (síndrome en espejo). Se instauró tratamiento diurético con furosemida en la madre, logrando mejoría del cuadro materno y del edema fetal. En el puerperio mediato hospitalario se confirmaron la presencia de miocardiopatía no compactada en la resonancia magnética nuclear cardiaca, tanto de la madre como del recién nacido. Ambos egresaron en adecuadas condiciones y fueron vinculados al programa de seguimiento cardiovascular: falla cardiaca y de cardiopatía congénitas, respectivamente. Conclusión: se presenta un caso de síndrome en espejo asociado a miocardiopatía no compactada materna y fetal. Es limitado el número de reportes de síndrome en espejo por anomalías cardiacas (maternas y fetales) y pobre la descripción de los tratamientos realizados que surgen como temas a investigar. Sería importante considerar el diagnóstico de MNC en fetos con hidropesía no asociados a isoinmunización y con disfunción cardiaca, así como su atención por equipos multidisciplinarios.

[Valve thrombosis and thrombolytic therapy in modern era: a case report]. / Trombosis valvular y terapia trombolítica en la era moderna: reporte de un caso.

Prosthetic valve thrombosis is a feared complication with an annual incidence ranging between 0.3 to 1.3%. Diagnostic approach is essential for a better prognosis and ultimately determines the chosen therapeutic strategy. Emergent valvular surgery is usually recommended in hemodinamically unstable patients, large thrombus or recurrent embolic episodes. These high-risk conditions are often not the case. Therefore, in many patients the surgical risk is much greater than that of bleeding associated with thrombolytic administration. Ultra-slow infusions have been reported with similar efficacy and lower rates of bleeding complications. We present a case of mitral prosthetic valve thrombosis considered not feasible to surgical management and subsequently treated with an ultra-slow tissue plasminogen activator infusion.

Risk factors for cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal complications in patients with heart disease during pregnancy.

Objective: Heart disease in pregnancy can cause clinical deterioration and maternal-fetal death. It is essential to evaluate risk factors related to complications. Methodology: This was a observational, analytical retrospective cohort study with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease, corrected or not, or arrhythmias requiring urgent intervention. Patients with mild or moderate valvular regurgitation, mild valvular stenosis, patients without echocardiography or without delivery information were excluded from the study. The outcome was a composite of cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal events. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed with logistic regression model and discriminatory capacity with area under the curve and independent analysis of the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification (mWHO). Results: A total of 104 patients with an average age of 25 ± 6.5 years presented cardiac events in 13.5%, obstetric in 14.42%, and neonatal in 28.85%. The univariate analysis found an association with New York Heart Association functional status, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, gestational age < 27 weeks, hypoxemia, and mWHO risk. In multivariate only cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-6.86) and gestational age at delivery (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67) maintain association with outcomes. The area under the curve for the mWHO risk is 0.75. Conclusions: There is a high rate of adverse events in patients with heart disease during pregnancy. Gestational age and cesarean delivery behaved as predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. The mWHO risk classification had an acceptable prediction of adverse outcomes.

Objetivo: La enfermedad cardíaca en el embarazo puede ocasionar deterioro clínico y muerte maternofetal. Es indispensable evaluar factores de riesgo relacionados con complicaciones. Método: Estudio observacional y analítico de cohorte retrospectivo con muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de embarazadas con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida, corregida o no, o arritmias que requerían intervención urgente. Se excluyó a pacientes con insuficiencias valvulares leves o moderadas, estenosis valvulares leves, pacientes sin ecocardiografía o sin información del parto. El desenlace fue un compuesto de episodios cardíacos, obstétricos y neonatales. Se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado con modelo de regresión logística y capacidad diferenciadora con área bajo la curva y análisis independiente de la clasificación de riesgo de la OMS modificada (OMSm). Resultados: 104 pacientes con edad promedio de 25 ± 6.5 años presentaron episodios cardíacos en 13.5%, obstétricos en 14.42% y neonatales en 28.85%. El análisis univariado encontró una relación con el estado funcional de la NYHA, trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, parto por cesárea, edad gestacional < 27 semanas, hipoxemia y riesgo de la OMSm. En el multivariado sólo el parto por cesárea (OR, 2.68; IC 95%, 1.05-6.86) y la edad gestacional al momento del parto (OR, 0.39; IC 95%, 0.22-0.67) mantienen nexo con los desenlaces. El área bajo la curva para el riesgo de la OMSm es de 0.75. Conclusiones: Hay una elevada tasa de efectos adversos en pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca durante el embarazo. La edad gestacional y el parto por cesárea se comportaron como predictores de resultados adversos maternofetales. La clasificación de riesgo de la OMSm tuvo una predicción aceptable de desenlaces adversos.

Risk factors for cardiac, obstetric and neonatal complications in patients with heart disease during pregnancy.

Objective: Heart disease in pregnancy can cause clinical deterioration and maternal-fetal death. It is essential to evaluate risk factors related to complications. Method: Observational, analytical retrospective cohort study with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease, corrected or not, or arrhythmias requiring urgent intervention. Patients with mild or moderate valvular regurgitation, mild valvular stenosis, patients without echocardiography or without delivery information were excluded. The outcome was a composite of cardiac, obstetric and neonatal events. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed with logistic regression model and discriminatory capacity with area under the curve and independent analysis of the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) risk classification (mWHO). Results: 104 patients with an average age of 25 ± 6.5 years presented cardiac events in 13.5%, obstetric in 14.42% and neonatal in 28.85%. The univariate analysis found an association with New York Heart Association functional status, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, gestational age <27 weeks, hypoxemia, and mWHO risk. In multivariate only cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-6.86) and gestational age at delivery (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67) maintain association with outcomes. The area under the curve for the mWHO risk is 0.75. Conclusions: There is a high rate of adverse events in patients with heart disease during pregnancy. Gestational age and cesarean delivery behaved as predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. The mWHO risk classification had an acceptable prediction of adverse outcomes.

Objetivo: La enfermedad cardíaca en el embarazo puede ocasionar deterioro clínico y muerte maternofetal. Es indispensable evaluar factores de riesgo relacionados con complicaciones. Método: Estudio observacional y analítico de cohorte retrospectivo con muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de embarazadas con cardiopatía congénita o adquirida, corregida o no, o arritmias que requerían intervención urgente. Se excluyó a pacientes con insuficiencias valvulares leves o moderadas, estenosis valvulares leves, pacientes sin ecocardiografía o sin información del parto. El desenlace fue un compuesto de episodios cardíacos, obstétricos y neonatales. Se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado con modelo de regresión logística y capacidad diferenciadora con área bajo la curva y análisis independiente de la clasificación de riesgo de la OMS modificada (OMSm). Resultados: 104 pacientes con edad promedio de 25 ± 6.5 años presentaron episodios cardíacos en 13.5%, obstétricos en 14.42% y neonatales en 28.85%. El análisis univariado encontró una relación con el estado funcional de la NYHA, trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, parto por cesárea, edad gestacional < 27 semanas, hipoxemia y riesgo de la OMSm. En el multivariado sólo el parto por cesárea (OR, 2.68; IC 95%, 1.05-6.86) y la edad gestacional al momento del parto (OR, 0.39; IC 95%, 0.22-0.67) mantienen nexo con los desenlaces. El área bajo la curva para el riesgo de la OMSm es de 0.75. Conclusiones: Hay una elevada tasa de efectos adversos en pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca durante el embarazo. La edad gestacional y el parto por cesárea se comportaron como predictores de resultados adversos maternofetales. La clasificación de riesgo de la OMSm tuvo una predicción aceptable de desenlaces adversos.

Clinical outcomes and complications following percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale

Introduction: patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with systemic embolic events, and evidence in favor of its closure is increasing. Our objective is to describe the main clinical outcomes and complications of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. Materials and methods: patients who underwent percutaneous PFO closure from January 1, 2016, through September 1, 2021, were recorded retrospectively. Immediate outcomes (<72 hours), and early and late-onset clinical outcomes were evaluated. In-hospital and follow-up mortality were evaluated through medical chart reviews or telephone calls. Results: forty patients who underwent percutaneous PFO closure were included. There was a mean follow up of 2.3 years, the mean age was 43 ± 13.6 years, 7% were over 60 years old, 72.5% were women, 25% were hypertensive, 20% had diabetes, and 10% had a history of migraines. The mean RoPE score was 6, and 50% had a score greater than 7. Out of all the cases, three (7.5%) had serious adverse events and four had immediate complications. During follow-up, 2.5% had early-onset events consisting of atrial fibrillation and 2.5% had late-onset events due to CVA recurrence. There were no deaths from neurological causes and we reported a 100% survival. Discussion: From our experience, we highlight a low percentage of serious adverse events, and a low number of immediate, early and late-onset events, with a 100% survival, showing excellent results for percutaneous PFO closure. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2585).

Desenlaces maternos y neonatales en gestantes con cardiopatía con evaluación única vs. evaluación semiestructurada por un equipo cardio-obstétrico / Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with heart disease with single evaluation vs. semi-structured evaluation by a cardio-obstetric team

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares en las gestantes son desafiantes, con alta morbimortalidad materna y perinatal, por lo que se recomienda un equipo cardio-obstétrico para su atención. Aun así, pocos datos evalúan el impacto de estos equipos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo comparar los resultados obstétricos, maternos y neonatales del seguimiento semiestructurado (SSE) en una clínica cardio-obstétrica con respecto a un seguimiento usual o seguimiento no estructurado (SNE) en gestantes con enfermedad cardiaca. Métodos: Se realizó un registro prospectivo de gestantes con cardiopatías. Se compararon las pacientes con SSE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico, contra aquellas con evaluación única o SNE. Se calculó el riesgo de eventos según la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud modificado (OMSm) y la escala del Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Study II (CARPREG-II) y se evaluaron los desenlaces cardiacos, obstétricos y neonatales. Resultados: Se evaluaron 168 pacientes, 37 con SSE y 131 con evaluación única (SNE). Los principales diagnósticos fueron cardiopatía congénita, arritmias y valvulopatías. La media del CARPREG-II en pacientes de SNE fue 2.48 (DE: 2.3) y en pacientes de SSE fue 3.37 (DE: 2.45; p = 0.041). La media de la OMSm en pacientes de SNE fue 2.1 (DE: 1.6) y con SSE fue 2.65 (DE: 0.95; p = 0.0052). No hubo diferencias significativas en los desenlaces cardiacos primarios (13.8% en SNE vs. 5.4% en SSE; p = 0.134), cardiacos secundarios (5.3 en SNE vs. 2.7 en SSE; p = 0.410), obstétricos (10% en SNE vs. 16.2% en SSE; p = 0.253) y neonatales (35.9% en SNE y 40.5% en SSE; p = 0.486) a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo mayor que las pacientes con SNE según las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. Conclusiones: En gestantes con cardiopatía, un SSE comparado con un SNE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los desenlaces cardiovasculares, obstétricos y neonatales, a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo significativamente más alto de desenlaces adversos por las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. Esto sugiere que el SSE logra al menos equiparar los desenlaces a pesar del mayor riesgo de eventos adversos que tenían las pacientes de este grupo.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women are challenging, with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, so a cardio-obstetric team is recommended for their care. Even so, little data evaluates the impact of these teams. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the obstetric, maternal, and neonatal outcomes of semi-structured follow-up (SSF) in a Cardio-obstetric clinic concerning regular or unstructured follow-up (USF) in pregnant women with heart disease. Methods: A prospective registry of pregnant women with heart disease was carried out. Patients with SSF by a cardio-obstetric team were compared with those with single evaluation or USF. The risk of events was calculated according to the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification and the CARPREG-II scale, and cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated. Results: One hundred sixty-eight patients were evaluated, 37 with SSF and 131 with single evaluation (USF). The primary diagnoses were congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, and valve disease. The average CARPREG-II in USF patients was 2.48 (SD 2.3); in SSF patients, it was 3.37 (SD 2.45; p = 0.041). The average of the mWHO in patients with USF was 2.1 (SD 1.6), and with SSF, it was 2.65 (SD 0.95; p = 0.0052). There were no significant differences in primary cardiac outcomes (13.8% in USF vs. 5.4% in SSF; p = 0.134), secondary cardiac (5.3% in USF vs. 2.7% in SSF; p = 0.410), obstetric (10% in USF vs. 16.2% in SSF; p = 0.253) and neonatal (35.9% in USF and 40.5% in SSF; p = 0.486) even though patients with SSF had a higher risk than patients with USF according to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. Conclusions: In pregnant women with heart disease, an SSF compared with a USF by a cardio-obstetric team did not show statistically significant differences in cardiovascular, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. However, patients with SSF had a significantly higher risk of adverse outcomes due to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. This result suggests that the SSF achieves at least equal outcomes despite the higher risk of adverse events that patients in this group had.

Validación de los modelos de predicción de desenlaces cardiacos adversos CARPREG II (Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy) y clasificación modificada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en gestantes con cardiopatía / Validation of the CARPREG II risk stratification model and the WHO scale in pregnant women with heart disease

Resumen Introducción: En gestantes con cardiopatía, los modelos de estratificación del riesgo de desenlaces adversos permiten guiar las decisiones clínicas y establecer estrategias de seguimiento y manejo de acuerdo con cada categoría. Objetivo: Validar los modelos de predicción de riesgo de desenlaces cardiacos adversos CARPREG II y OMSm en gestantes con cardiopatía. Materiales y método: Estudio de validación y comparación de dos modelos de predicción de riesgo en una cohorte prospectiva de gestantes con cardiopatía, valoradas por un equipo cardioobstétrico en un país de ingresos medios. Se evaluaron los desenlaces cardiovasculares y perinatales y se determinó la calibración y el nivel de discriminación de estas herramientas. Resultados: Entre 328 gestantes (27 años DE = 7), el 33% (n = 110) tenían cardiopatía congénita, el 30% (n = 98) arritmias, el 14% (n = 46) valvulopatías y el 9% (n = 29) miocardiopatía. Un evento cardiaco ocurrió en el 15% (10% primario y 5% secundario). La discriminación de ambos modelos fue adecuada (AUC-ROC: 0.74; IC 95%: 0.64-0.84 para CARPREG II y 0.77 para OMSm; IC 95%: 0.69-0.86). La calibración también es buena (Hosmer-Lemeshow > 0.05). Las variables numéricas fracción de eyección y presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar, pueden mejorar la capacidad de predicción del CARPREG II. Conclusiones: Los modelos CARPREG II y OMSm tienen buena capacidad de predicción del riesgo de desenlaces cardiacos adversos y se ajustan a nuestras gestantes con cardiopatía.

Abstract Introduction: In pregnant women with heart disease, risk stratification models for adverse outcomes allow guiding clinical decisions and establish monitoring and management strategies according to each category. Objective: To validate CARPREG II and WHOm adverse cardiac outcome risk prediction models in this population. Materials and methods: Validation and comparison study of two risk prediction models in a prospective cohort of pregnant women with heart disease, assessed by a team cardio-obstetrician in a middle-income country. We assessed cardiovascular and perinatal outcomes and determined the calibration and level of discrimination of these tools. Results: Among 328 pregnant women (27 years SD = 7), 33% (n = 110) had congenital heart disease, 30% (n = 98) arrhythmias, 14% (n = 46) valvular pathologies and 9% (n = 29) cardiomyopathies. A cardiac event occurred in 15% (10% primary and 5% secondary). Discrimination of both models was adequate (AUC-ROC 0.74 CI 95% 0.64-0.84 for CARPREG II and 0.77 for WHOm 95% CI 0.69-0.86). The calibration is also good (Hosmer-Lemeshow >0.05). The Numerical variables of fraction of ejection and systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery can improve the predictive ability of CARPREG II. Conclusions: The CARPREG II and WHOm risk stratification models have good ability to predict the risk of adverse cardiac outcomes and are adjusted to our pregnant women with heart disease.

Alteraciones del embarazo como factores de riesgo cardiovascular / Pregnancy alterations as cardiovascular risk factors

Resumen La enfermedad cardiovascular es la principal causa de muerte en el mundo. Las complicaciones del embarazo y el parto se han identificado como factores de riesgo cardiovascular específicos de la mujer, lo cual resalta la importancia del enfoque de riesgo cardiovascular teniendo en cuenta las diferencias de género. Es necesario reconocer los riesgos cardiovasculares futuros de las mujeres que experimentaron un trastorno hipertensivo asociado al embarazo o un parto prematuro. Se proporciona, por tanto, una revisión completa de estos factores de riesgo específicos de la mujer, con énfasis en las alternativas de manejo para impactar en estos “nuevos factores de riesgo”.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth have been identified as specific cardiovascular risk factors for women, which highlights the importance of the cardiovascular risk approach taking into account gender differences. It is necessary to recognize the future cardiovascular risks of women who have experienced a hypertensive disorder associated with pregnancy or premature delivery. Therefore, a complete review of these risk factors specific to women is proposed, with a review of the management alternatives to impact on these “new risk factors”.

Hipertensión arterial y embarazo / High blood pressure and pregnancy

Resumen Los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo son una complicación frecuente y causa importante de morbimortalidad materno-fetal. Realizar un diagnóstico oportuno, definir la necesidad de inicio de terapias farmacológicas orales o intravenosas, así como las indicaciones de cuidado en centros de referencia, es el papel fundamental de los diferentes médicos que pueden verse enfrentados a este tipo de pacientes. Se propone una revisión completa de la clasificación, el enfoque diagnóstico y los aspectos fundamentales del tratamiento durante el embarazo, el parto y el posparto de los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo, así como las consecuencias futuras en el riesgo cardiovascular de la mujer con este tipo de enfermedades.

Abstract Hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy are a frequent complication and an actual cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Perform a timely diagnosis, defining the need to start oral or intravenous pharmacological therapies and the indications for care in referral centers is the different physicians’ fundamental role. They can meet with this type of patient. A complete review of the classification, the diagnostic approach, and the fundamental aspects of the treatment during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum of the hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy is reviewed and the future consequences in the woman’s cardiovascular risk.

Current treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. A systematic review of the new therapies

Abstract Introduction: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction has a growing therapeutic arsenal. Thus, the indications for each therapy must be refined. Methods: a systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, to update the systematic search performed in the development of the "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation" (CPG) of the Colombian Ministry of Health. Results: six new clinical trials were found which substantially modify the main recommendations of the CPG. Angiotensin receptor antagonists combined with neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, betablockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) are now the main core of treatment for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Other therapeutic options should be considered after beginning and titrating the doses of these four medications. Discussion: given the robustness of the evaluating studies, the proposed practical scheme, as the central core with four fundamental therapeutic strategies, will improve the treatment of patients with heart failure and allow the stepwise inclusion of other alternatives, plotted as orbits, to impact on other individual outcomes. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.2108).

Síndrome en espejo con miocardiopatía no compactada en la madre y el feto. Reporte de caso / Mirror syndrome with noncompaction cardiomyopathy in the mother and fetus. Case report

Objetivo: reportar el caso de una gestante con síndrome en espejo asociada a miocardiopatía no compactada (MNC), tanto en la madre como el feto, en los que el tratamiento médico antenatal en la madre llevó a un resultado materno perinatal favorable. Presentación del caso: se describe el caso de una primigestante de 16 años, con 33 semanas de embarazo, remitida desde una institución de primer nivel de atención a una institución privada de cuarto nivel en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, por presentar feto con hidropesía en ultrasonido obstétrico de control. Durante la hospitalización, la paciente presentó signos clínicos y ecocardiográficos de falla cardiaca (disnea, edema e hipoxemia), a la vez que se confirmó el diagnóstico de Hydrops fetalis (síndrome en espejo). Se instauró tratamiento diurético con furosemida en la madre, logrando mejoría del cuadro materno y del edema fetal. En el puerperio mediato hospitalario se confirmaron la presencia de miocardiopatía no compactada en la resonancia magnética nuclear cardiaca, tanto de la madre como del recién nacido. Ambos egresaron en adecuadas condiciones y fueron vinculados al programa de seguimiento cardiovascular: falla cardiaca y de cardiopatía congénitas, respectivamente. Conclusión: se presenta un caso de síndrome en espejo asociado a miocardiopatía no compactada materna y fetal. Es limitado el número de reportes de síndrome en espejo por anomalías cardiacas (maternas y fetales) y pobre la descripción de los tratamientos realizados que surgen como temas a investigar. Sería importante considerar el diagnóstico de MNC en fetos con hidropesía no asociados a isoinmunización y con disfunción cardiaca, así como su atención por equipos multidisciplinarios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the case of a pregnant woman with mirror syndrome associated with noncompaction cardiomyopathy in the mother and the fetus, in which antenatal medical treatment provided to the mother resulted in a favorable perinatal maternal outcome. Case presentation: A 16-year old primigravida with 33 weeks of gestation referred from a Level I institution to a private Level IV center in Medellín, Colombia, because of a finding of fetal hydrops on obstetric ultrasound. During hospitalization, the patient showed clinical and ultrasonographic signs of heart failure (dyspnea, edema and hypoxemia), with the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis (mirror syndrome) also confirmed. Diuretic treatment with furosemide was initiated in the mother, with subsequent improvement of the maternal condition as well as of the fetal edema. During the subacute postpartum period in the hospital, the presence of non-compaction cardiomyopathy was confirmed on cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in both the mother and the newborn. After discharge in adequated condition, they were included in the cardiovascular follow-up program for heart failure and congenital heart disease, respectively. Conclusion: A case of mirror syndrome associated with maternal and fetal non-compaction cardiomyopathy is presented. There is a limited number of reports on mirror syndrome due to cardiac anomalies (maternal and fetal), with weak treatment descriptions, pointing to the need for research in this area. It would be important to consider the diagnosis of non-compaction cardiomyopathy in fetuses with hydrops unrelated to isoimmunization or cardiac dysfunction and approach these cases from a multidisciplinary perspective.